Atomic Structure Part 2

Inorganic Chemistry

Oleh
Nur Alawiyah, M.Pd
Email: alawiyah@walisongo.ac.id
 Bohr Atomic Theory

In Rutherford atomic model, it can be seen that a

hydrogen atom consists of nucleus and an
electron. The nucleus is more massive than
electron, then Bohr is assumed that the nucleus
is quiescent and electrons move surround it.

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 Electrostatic forces are attractive or repulsive
forces between particles that are caused by
their electric charges

coulomb electrostatic
force

Bohr’s the nucleus is quiescent

Assumption and electrons move
surround it
centrifugal force on
electrons

a force which makes things move away from

the centre of something when they are
moving around it
 Bohr Atomic Theory

coulomb electrostatic force centrifugal force on electrons

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 Bohr Atomic Theory

There is a stationary electron theory in which electrons are orbit at a fixed speed,
which is obtained from equation (3)

The angular momentum of electrons, m v r must be quanta, following the equation:

where n = Bohr's quantum number 1,2,3,4, ... etc.

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 Bohr Atomic Theory

To explain the line spectrum, Bohr assumed that the total energy of electrons (E) is
the sum between kinetic energy and potential energy.

With n= 1,2,3,4,5..........etc

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 Bohr Atomic Theory

For states of higher energy levels (n> 1) in hydrogen atoms, the excited electrons will
tend to return to the ground state by emitting radiation energy as a spectrum of lines. It
is equal to the energy difference between the two energy levels. (n2> n1)

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 The Expansion of Bohr atomic Theory

Hydrogen atom ionization energy

Lines Spectrum for species like hydrogen atom

distribution of electrons in many electron elements

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 The Expansion of Bohr atomic Theory

ionization energy

The energy needed to remove the outermost, or highest energy, electron from a
neutral atom in the gas phase.

Einstein’s Formula

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 The Expansion of Bohr atomic Theory

Lines Spectrum for species like hydrogen atom

Atomic number

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 Hydrogen Fine Structure

When the familiar red spectral line of the hydrogen spectrum is examined at very high
resolution, it is found to be a closely-spaced doublet. This splitting is called fine structure

Arnold Sommerfeld

he assumed that electron orbits are not always circular, but elliptical

Azimuth quantum number (0,2,3,.......) (n-1)

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 Dualism of light

The nature of light or radiation energy in general

relates to wave properties and particle or
properties often known as the dualism of light,
the nature of light waves.

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 Dualism of light

The assumptions are then the basis of quantum theory can be formulated
as following:

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 Dualism of light

These three assumptions can be summarized in form original quantum proposed by

Max Planck, oscillators radiate inner energy form of an integral multiple of the base
energy package (photon) as E = nhv (n = quantum / discrete numbers, and v =
oscillator frequency).

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Dualism of light

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Dualism of light

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 Exercise

1. Berapa Panjang gelombang de Broglie (dalam Meter) dari benda dengan

massa 1 Kg yang bergerak dengan kecepatan5,00 m.s-1?

2. Berapa panjang gelombang (dalam amstrong) yang terasosiasi dengan

elektron jika masaanya 9,11 x 10-31 kg, bergerak dengan kecepatan 4,19 x 106
m.s-1?

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Dualism of light

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