1. what is google............................................................................................................................................

1
1.1 definition..............................................................................................................................................2
1.2 beginning.............................................................................................................................................4
1.4 now a days.........................................................................................................................................17
2 how does the company words...................................................................................................................18
2.1company..............................................................................................................................................18
3services.......................................................................................................................................................18
3.1seach machine.....................................................................................................................................18
3.2gmail...................................................................................................................................................18
3.3blogger................................................................................................................................................19
3.3.1 what is blogger, what is a blog...................................................................................................19
3.3.2 blogger history............................................................................................................................19
3.3.3 Pros of Blogger Platform............................................................................................................19
3.4 picassa................................................................................................................................................20
3.5google maps/google earth...................................................................................................................20
4influence in our society..............................................................................................................................20

1. what is google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search,
cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of
Internet-based services and products,[5] and generates profit primarily from advertising
through its AdWords program.[6][7] The company was founded by Larry Page and
Sergey Brin, often dubbed the "Google Guys",[8][9][10] while the two were attending
Stanford University as PhD candidates.

It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its
initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey
Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until the
year 2024.[11] The company's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the
world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",[12] and the
company's unofficial slogan – coined by Google engineer Amit Patel[13] and supported
by Paul Buchheit – is "Don't be evil".[14][15] In 2006, the company moved to its
current headquarters in Mountain View, California.

Google's rapid growth since its incorporation has triggered a chain of products,
acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company's core web search engine. The
company offers online productivity software, such as its Gmail email service, and social
networking tools, including Orkut and, more recently, Google Buzz and Google+.
Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications such as the web
browser Google Chrome, the Picasa photo organization and editing software, and the
Google Talk instant messaging application. Google leads the development of the
Android mobile operating system, used on a number of phones such as the Motorola
Droid and the Samsung Galaxy smartphone series', as well as the new Google Chrome
OS,[16] best known as the main operating system on the Cr-48 and also, since 15 June
2011, on commercial Chromebooks such as the Samsung Series 5[17] and Acer AC700.
[18]

It has been estimated that Google runs over one million servers in data centers around
the world,[19] and processes over one billion search requests[20] and about twenty-four
petabytes of user-generated data every day.[21][22][23][24]Alexa lists the main U.S.-

1
focused google.com site as the Internet's most visited website, and numerous
international Google sites (google.co.in(14) is the most visited site in India,
google.co.uk in the U.K, etc.) are in the top hundred, as are several other Google-owned
sites such as YouTube (Alexa:3), Blogger (Alexa:6), and Orkut.[25] Google also ranks
number two in the BrandZ brand equity database.[26] The dominant market position of
Google's services has led to criticism of the company over issues including privacy,
copyright, and censorship

1.1 definition

Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in CaliforniaWhile
conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many times the search
terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the
relationships between websites They called this new technology, where a website's
relevance was determined by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages,
that linked back to the original site. A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD
Information Services designed by was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy
for site-scoring and page ranking The technology in RankDex would be patentedand
used later when Li founded in China. Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new
search engine "BackRub", because the system checked to estimate the importance of a
site. Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the
word the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that
the search engine wants to provide large quantities of information for people.
Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the domain
google.stanford.edu. and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was
based in a friend's garage in California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at
Stanford, was hired as the first employee. In May 2011, unique visitors of Google
surpassed 1 billion mark for the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from a year ago with
931 million unique visitors.
The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of US$100,000 from
Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was even
incorporated.[50] Early in 1999, while still graduate students, Brin and Page decided
that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much of their time from
academic pursuits. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him
for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excite's
venture capitalists, after he had negotiated Brin and Page down to $750,000. On June 7,
1999, a $25 million round of funding was announced,[51] with major
Google's (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. The company offered
19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were sold in a unique online
auction format using a system built by, underwriters for the deal. The sale of
$1.67 billion gave Google a of more than $23 billion. The vast majority of the
271 million shares remained under the control of Google, and many Google employees
became instant paper millionairesa competitor of Google, also benefited because it
owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.
Some people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to changes in company
culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to
the fact that many company executives would become instant paper millionaires. al
investors that the IPO would not change the company's culture. In 2005, however,

2
articles in and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no
evil philosophy. In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google
designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of Human
Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the
culture and work on ways to keep true to the core values that the company was founded
on: a flat organization with a collaborative Google has also faced allegations of from
former employees.
The stock's performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first
time on October 31, 2007, primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online
advertising market The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors,
as opposed to large institutional investors and The company is now listed on the stock
exchange under the GOOG and under the under the ticker symbol GGQ1.
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to, home to several other noted
technology startups. The next year, against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an
advertising-funded search engine Google began selling advertisements associated with
search keywords.] In order to maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed,
advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a combination of
price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at five cents per click. This model of
selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an Idealab spin-off
created by Bill Gross.[7 When the company changed names to Overture Services, it
sued Google over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding
patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo!
Search Marketing. The case was then settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue
shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.[72]
During this time, Google was granted a patent describing its PageRank mechanism.[73]
The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the
inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased its current
office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in The complex
has since come to be known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the
number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by
Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years later, Google would buy the property from SGI
for $319 millionBy that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday
language, causing the verb
Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on small venture
capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired The start-up company developed a product
called Earth Viewer that gave a view of the Earth. Google renamed the service t in
2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in
stock On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire for $3.1 billion,
giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and
advertising agencies. Later that same year, Google purchased for $50 millionThe site
would later be changed over to On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public
company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 millio Google
also acquired, a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commented on its
internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we can take itIn
April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.
In addition to the many companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered
with other organizations for everything from research to advertising. In 2005, Google
partnered with to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m2) of officesThe offices would
be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, , and the
entrepreneurial space industry. Google entered into a partnership with in October 2005

3
to help share and distribute each other's technologies. The company also partnered with
to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005 partnerships also included
financing the new for mobile devices, along with other companies including Google
would later launch "Adsense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile
advertising market.] Increasing its advertising reach even further, Google and
advertising on popular social networking site MySpace
In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the video-sharing site YouTube
for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006
Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's
revenues in 2007 were noted as " in a regulatory filing. In June 2008, a magazine article
projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising
sales. In 2007, Google began sponsoring, a service that follows Santa Claus' progress on
Christmas Eve using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time, and
displacing former sponsor. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its
own channel
In 2008, Google developed a partnership with to launch a satellite providing Google
with high-resolution (0.41 m monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth.
The satellite was launched fromon September 6, 2008Google also announced in 2008
that it was hosting an archive of photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of
the images in the archive were never published in the magazine. The photos were In
2010 made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting $38.8 million into
two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced the two locations will
generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to supply 55,000 homes. The farms,
which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the
region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake
in the project to get funding for its development Also in 2010, Google purchased Global
IP Solutions, a Norway-based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and
other related services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style
services to its list of products On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed
the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the
closed its investigation into the purchase. Google acquired the company for an
undisclosed amount. In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm
to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years
On April 4, 2011 reported that Google bid $900 million for six thousand
On August 15, 2011, Google announced that it would acquire for $12.5 billion subject
to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Google's blog,
Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that Google's acquisition
of Motorola Mobility is a strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The
company's Android operating system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent
battle, as Apple and Microsoft have taken to court Android device makers such as HTC,
Samsung and Motorola This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's
considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies to help protect
it in its ongoing patent disputes with other companie and to allow it to continue to freely

1.2 beginning
In November 1999, Douglas Edwards became fledgling Google's first "brand manager,"
making him employee No. 59. In this excerpt from his new book, "I'm Feeling Lucky," Mr.
Edwards gives an inside view of the company's early days, starting with his job interview
with co-founder Sergey Brin, then 26 years old.

4
Cindy McCaffrey, director of public relations, brought me back to the conference room
to wait for Sergey. I wasn't nervous. Sergey was about the age of my favorite T-shirt (I
was 41) and a Russian by birth. I had lived in Russia. I spoke some Russian. I had
Russian friends.
I felt unusually confident that the interview would go well. Perhaps I would become his
mentor and we would toast each other's health with fine Siberian vodka. Sergey showed
up wearing roller-hockey gear: gym shorts, a T-shirt and in-line skates. He had
obviously been playing hard. I had known better than to wear a tie, but he took office
casual to a new level.
Sergey pored over my résumé and began peppering me with questions. "What
promotion did you do that was most effective?" "What metrics did you use to measure
it?" "What types of viral marketing did you do?"
"How much do you think a company our size should spend on marketing?" Sergey
asked me. Based on his earlier questions, it was easy to guess what he wanted to hear
from me. "I don't think at this stage you should spend much at all," I said. "You can do a
lot with viral marketing and small budgets."
He nodded his agreement, then asked about my six months in Siberia, casually
switching to Russian to see how much I had picked up. Finally, he leaned forward and
fired his best shot, what he came to call "the hard question."
"I'm going to give you five minutes," he told me. "When I come back, I want you to
explain to me something complicated that I don't already know." He then rolled out of
the room toward the snack area. I looked at Cindy. "He's very curious about
everything," she told me. "You can talk about a hobby, something technical, whatever
you want. Just make sure it's something you really understand well."
I reached for a piece of scrap paper as my mind raced. What complicated thing did I
know well enough to describe to Sergey? I decided to go with the general theory of
marketing, which was fresh in my mind, because I'd only learned it recently.
One of my dirty little secrets was a complete lack of academic preparation for the
business world. Fortunately, my boss at the San Jose Mercury News, where I was
working as a brand manager, had a Harvard MBA and a desire to drive some business
theory into my thick skull. She had given me a bunch of her old textbooks, along with
strong hints that I should spend time reading them. I began regurgitating everything that
I could remember onto the paper in front of me: The five P's (or was it six?), the four
M's, barriers to entry, differentiation on quality or price.
By the time Sergey came back, I had enough to talk for 10 minutes and was confident I
could fill any holes with the three Bs (Buckets of Baffling Bulls—). I went to the
whiteboard and began drawing circles and squares and lots of arrows. I was nervous, but
not very. Sergey bounced on a ball and asked questions that required me to make up
things on the spot.
"What's more important: product differentiation or promotion?"
"How does the strategy change if the price is zero?"
He seemed to be paying attention, and I began enjoying myself. We were developing a
special rapport! Clearly, he wanted to hear what I had to say and valued my opinions.
Later I found out that Sergey did this with everyone he interviewed. An hour wasted
with an unqualified candidate wasn't a total loss if Sergey gained insight into something
he didn't already know.
The light was fading by the time I finished, and Sergey invited me to join the staff for
dinner, which was being brought into a small kitchen across from the conference room.
A crowd of hungry engineers bounced from plate to plate with chopsticks picking at a
large selection of sushi.

5
"We just hired a chef, so this is a temporary set-up," Sergey told me. "And we've got a
couple of massage therapists coming in as well."
A warning light flashed in my head at that. This was the guy who didn't think there
should be a marketing budget, and he had hired a chef and two massage therapists? But
then I saw the platters of fatty tuna and shrimp and salmon and yellowtail. I grabbed
some chopsticks and began loading my plate. Concerns about a business plan and
revenue streams and organizational structure faded away.
Google met most of my requirements. It offered at least the appearance of superior
Internet-related technology, some eccentric genius types, funding that should last at
least a year and a fun consumer brand that I could help to develop. Two weeks later, on
Nov. 29, 1999, I started work as Google's online brand manager.
You would have needed uncanny foresight or powerful pharmaceuticals to envision
Google's success in 1999. Or maybe just money to burn. Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia
Capital had something, because the two venture capital firms invested $12.5 million
each, leading cynics in the Valley to define "Googling" as "getting funding without a
business plan."
It's just as well that I hadn't realized how fragile Google truly was as I set up the
meeting to discuss next steps for my marketing plan.
"The most important thing to consider," I began, "is that our own internal research
shows our competitors are beginning to approach Google's level of quality. In a world
where all search engines are equal, we'll need to rely on branding to differentiate us
from everyone else." The room grew quiet.
I looked around nervously. Had I said something wrong? Yes. Not just wrong but
heretical to engineers who believed anything could be improved through the iterative
application of intelligence. Co-founder Larry Page made my apostasy clear. "If we can't
Sometimes a founder put forth "a good idea."
"I have a good idea," Sergey informed marketing manager Susan Wojcicki a couple of
weeks after I started. "Why don't we take the marketing budget and use it to inoculate
Chechen refugees against cholera. It will help our brand awareness, and we'll get more
new people to use Google."
Our company was barely a year old at the time. We had no real revenue. Spending a
million dollars of our investors' money on a land war in Asia would indeed be a
revolutionary approach to growing market share.
Looking back a dozen years later, I kind of get Sergey's perspective. Saving lives was a
better use of our budget than running ads, which just annoyed people to no effect—and
were therefore evil. Why not make a big donation to a humanitarian cause and build
awareness by doing good? It had all the classic elements of a Sergey solution: a wildly
unconventional approach to a common problem, technology harnessed to improve the
human condition, an international scope.
Sergey didn't ask my marketing colleague Shari or me what we thought of his idea. He
knew that we would have ridiculed it. Instead, he turned to Susan, an early member of
the inner circle. Sergey had met her family (he'd later marry her sister), and Susan
understood Sergey well enough not to dismiss his outlandish suggestions out of hand.
Instead, she went to gather data, which in this case meant asking her mom, a teacher in
Palo Alto. As an educator, Susan's mother carried authority with Sergey, and when she
confessed to being confused about our plan to support a rebel army in Russia, it took
some of the wind out of his sails.
He had a backup plan, though. "What if we gave out free Google-branded condoms to
high-school students?"

6
Sergey asked Shari and me to investigate other charitable promotions along these lines,
and we dutifully did, but it wasn't lost on us that our opinions had only been sought as
an afterthought.
April was right around the corner. My first April at Google. My first Google April
Fools' joke.
April Fools' Day would become a perennial black hole in my calendar, a gravity well
into which my attention would be sucked from increasingly great distances in time.
Sergey, on the other hand, loved April Fools'. When it came to April Fools', he
dynamited decorum and put moderation to the torch.
My idea for our first prank was "ante-temporal search," a breakthrough development
that anticipated user requests. The tone was heavily geekish, but Susan liked it. Sergey
thought it was overdone (akin to the pope saying you're overly religious), but
encouragingly, he said it had potential. An engineer pinned the name "MentalPlex" on
our new mind-reading technology.
That settled, I hashed out the text for a link on the home page and a dozen error
messages that would be displayed randomly if someone entered a query in the
MentalPlex search box.
Someone pointed out that with our newly launched foreign-language interfaces, we
could extend the joke beyond English. "One of the error messages should say that
MentalPlex has detected foreign thoughts," she suggested, "and then we can translate
the interface text on the results page into German."
The joke went up on Friday night. Soon Google users would see a spinning cartoon
spiral on our homepage inviting them to try MentalPlex. I was relieved that we'd made
the deadline. I was also terrified.
As soon as we hit Submit on the push, I started compulsively refreshing my inbox to
check for feedback from users. At 8:01 the first email arrived. "Google is great!" was
the header. More emails started trickling in. People were surprised. They didn't think
search engines had a sense of humor. They liked it. They were: LOL. ROFL.
ROFLMAO. A chorus of hosannas sounded over the next few hours.
"Turn it off. It thinks I'm German." The off-key refrain caught my ear.
"I found MentalPlex mildly amusing, but the different languages on the results page
make it harder to use. The joke gets old very quickly."
Discordant voices increasingly sang about confusion and annoyance.
Unfortunately, it was a Friday night. The engineering staff were with Sergey at Zibibbo,
a trendy restaurant 20 minutes away in downtown Palo Alto. No one in the office was
authorized to make changes to the joke.
We were taking a pounding on email. Finally, an engineer stepped in. Now our
unwanted results were in Portuguese. The engineers thought the joke was just too funny
to eliminate entirely, so they simply shifted the interface to another language.
Complaints kept coming. Though the tone was less virulent, users were still unhappy
that they couldn't navigate the site easily. I had worked at Google long enough not to be
intimidated by an org chart. I called Sergey. It was hard to hear over the background
noise of rowdy engineers in a crowded restaurant, but I could tell he was surprised when
I insisted that we drop all the foreign-language results.
Sergey reluctantly agreed. It was midnight before all the foreign-language text was
stripped off the site.
"A not-insignificant fraction of our users are complete idiots," groused one engineer, "if
they can't figure out how to use our site, just because it's all in Portuguese." Google had
clearly crossed the gap from serving the tech elite to playing in the mainstream market
—an online segment that he knew to be densely populated with the clueless.

7
"I'm more worried that we got spooked by a little negative feedback," said another
engineer. "We backed off the playfulness that's an important part of Google. We
watered down our April Fools' joke to make it less invasive. I guess that's what happens
as we grow up—we become a more conservative company." He did not see that as a
positive development.
I've heard the speculation about Google since I've left. That it's a monopoly. That it's
tracking users. That it's in cahoots with the government. That it spies on people. That it's
evil.
Well, maybe it is all that. I haven't worked there in more than five years. Things change.
But based on the people I knew during my time in the Plex—many of whom still put in
long hours perfecting a product used by millions every day—I'd say that's highly
unlikely.
Is Google secretive? No question. Arrogant? Maybe. Tone-deaf to the concerns of the
very users it claims to serve? Occasionally. But evil? I don't think so.
I started my career working at ad agencies. It was fun, challenging and potentially well-
paying. I quit because I didn't like the idea that I might have to sell something I didn't
believe in. I worked in public broadcasting and then newspapers, where I found co-
workers who sacrificed material rewards to be part of something more connected to the
common good than selling someone else's products. I got that same sense at Google, but
with greater intensity and urgency. And stock options.
This was no institution continuing a long tradition of public service. This was a
headlong rush to reshape the world in a generation. And therein lies the company's
biggest flaw in my estimation—impatience with those not quick enough to grasp the
obvious truth of Google's vision.
"When were we ever wrong?" Larry once asked me.
Not often. But "not often" is not never. If Google's leaders accepted that reality, they
might understand why some people are unwilling to suspend skepticism and surrender
to Google's assurances that the company can be trusted.
After Google, I find myself impatient with the way the world works. Why is it so hard
to schedule a recording on my DVR? Why aren't all the signal lights synched to keep
traffic flowing at optimum speed? Why, if I punch in my account number when I call
customer service, do I have to give it to them again when I get a live person? These are
all solvable problems. Smart people, motivated to make things better, can do almost
anything. I feel lucky to have seen firsthand just how true that is.
The Unlikely Making of the Google 'Doodle'

LEGO anniversary, 2008

One of the convictions that I brought with me to Google was that you needed to present
your company's graphic signature in a monomaniacally consistent manner; to pound it
into the public consciousness with a thousand tiny taps, each one exactly the same as the
one before.
So when Sergey reminded me that he wanted us to play with Google's signature home-
page graphic in 1999, I put my foot down. This was not only the most prominent

8
placement of our logo; it was the only placement of our logo. We weren't advertising on
TV or on billboards or in print. The logo floating in all that white space was it.

Cookie Monster, 2009

Sergey didn't see the big deal. He had changed the logo twice during Google's infancy,
adding a clip-art turkey on Thanksgiving in 1998 and putting up a Burning Man cartoon
when the staff took off to explore nakedness in the Nevada desert. But now Google was
a real company, I told him. Real companies don't do that.
Even as we argued, Sergey enlisted webmaster Karen White to resurrect the turkey for
Thanksgiving, create a holiday snowman in December and festoon the logo with a hat
and confetti for New Year's 2000.
"What about aliens?" he asked. "Let's put aliens on the home page. We'll change it every
day. It will be like a comic strip that people come back to read."
I tried not to be condescending. I gave him my spiel about consistency of messaging and
uniform touchpoints and assured him that it wasn't just my opinion; it was the consensus
of marketing professionals world-wide. I knew I had finally convinced him when he
stopped asking me about it.

Michael Jackson's birthday, 2009

I was wrong. Sergey wasn't convinced; he just didn't like repeating himself. So he
turned to marketing manager Susan Wojcicki, who found illustrator Ian Marsden and
put him to work. In May 2000, Ian created the first Google doodle. It featured—
surprise, surprise—aliens making off with our logo.
Our users loved the randomness of the logo artwork and sent us dozens of appreciative
emails. Google's brilliant strategy of humanizing an otherwise sterile interface with cute
little cartoon creatures was an enormous hit.
It was so blindingly obvious that I was right, yet I was so clearly wrong. Google did that
to you—it made you challenge all your assumptions and experience-based ideas until
you began to wonder if up was really up, or if it might not actually be a different kind of
down.

9
1.3 history
Google began in March 1998 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin,
Ph.D. students at Stanford[1] working on the Stanford Digital Library Project (SDLP).
The SDLP's goal was “to develop the enabling technologies for a single, integrated and
universal digital library." and was funded through the National Science Foundation
among other federal agencies.[2][3][4][5] In search for a dissertation theme, Page
considered—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World
Wide Web, understanding its link structure as a huge graph.[6] His supervisor Terry
Winograd encouraged him to pick this idea (which Page later recalled as "the best
advice I ever got"[7]) and Page focused on the problem of finding out which web pages
link to a given page, considering the number and nature of such backlinks to be valuable
information about that page (with the role of citations in academic publishing in mind).
[6] In his research project, nicknamed "BackRub", he was soon joined by Sergey Brin, a
fellow Stanford Ph.D. student supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate
Fellowship.[2] Brin was already a close friend, whom Page had first met in the summer
of 1995 in a group of potential new students which Brin had volunteered to show
around the campus.[6] Page's web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996,
setting out from Page's own Stanford home page as its only starting point.[6] To convert
the backlink data that it gathered into a measure of importance for a given web page,
Brin and Page developed the PageRank algorithm.[6] Analyzing BackRub's output—
which, for a given URL, consisted of a list of backlinks ranked by importance—it
occurred to them that a search engine based on PageRank would produce better results
than existing techniques (existing search engines at the time essentially ranked results
according to how many times the search term appeared on a page).[6][8]
A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services (a subsidiary
of Dow Jones) designed by Robin Li was, since 1996, already exploring a similar
strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.[9] The technology in RankDex would be
patented [10] and used later when Li founded Baidu in China.[11][12]
Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant Web
pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested
their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. By
early 1997, the backrub page described the state as follows:[13]
Some Rough Statistics (from August 29th, 1996)
Total indexable HTML urls: 75.2306 Million
Total content downloaded: 207.022 gigabytes
...
BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel
Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on an Sun Ultra II with 28GB of
disk. Scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented
implementation help. Sergey Brin has also been very involved and deserves many
thanks.
-Larry Page page@cs.stanford.edu
Originally the search engine used the Stanford website with the domain
google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997.
They formally incorporated their company, Google Inc., on September 4, 1998 at a
friend's garage in Menlo Park, California.
Both Brin and Page had been against using advertising pop-ups in a search engine, or an
"advertising funded search engines" model, and they wrote a research paper in 1998 on
the topic while still students. However, they soon changed their minds and early on
allowed simple text ads.[14]

10
The name "Google" originated from a misspelling of "googol,"[15][16] which refers to
the number represented by a 1 followed by one-hundred zeros (although Enid Blyton
used the phrase "Google Bun" in The Magic Faraway Tree (published 1941), The Folk
of the Faraway Tree (published 1946),[17] and called a clown character "Google" in
Circus Days Again (published 1942),[18] and there is also the Googleplex Star Thinker
from Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy). Having found its way
increasingly into everyday language, the verb, "google," was added to the Merriam
Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006, meaning, "to
use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."[19][20] The use of
the term itself reflects their mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of
information on the web.[16]
Google Home Page
September 1998
By the end of 1998, Google
had an index of about 60
million pages.[21] The home
page was still marked
"BETA", but an article in
Salon.com already argued that
Google's search results were
better than those of
competitors like Hotbot or
Excite.com, and praised it for
being more technologically innovative than the overloaded portal sites (like Yahoo!,
Excite.com, Lycos, Netscape's Netcenter, AOL.com, Go.com and MSN.com) which at
that time, during the growing dot-com bubble, were seen as "the future of the Web",
especially by stock market investors.[21]
In March 1999, the company moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto,
home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups.[22] After quickly
outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain
View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003.[23] The
company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become
known as the Googleplex (a play on the word googolplex, a number that is equal to 1
followed by a googol of zeros). In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319
million.[24]
The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of
Internet users, who liked its simple design.[25] In 2000, Google began selling
advertisements associated with search keywords.[1] The ads were text-based to
maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed.[1] Keywords
were sold based on a combination of price bid and click-throughs, with bidding starting
at $.05 per click.[1] This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by
Goto.com (later renamed Overture Services, before being acquired by Yahoo! and
rebranded as Yahoo! Search Marketing).[26][27][28] While many of its dot-com rivals
failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating
revenue.[1]
Google's declared code of conduct is "Don't be evil", a phrase which they went so far as
to include in their prospectus (aka "S-1") for their 2004 IPO, noting, "We believe
strongly that in the long term, we will be better served — as shareholders and in all
other ways — by a company that does good things for the world even if we forgo some
short term gains."[29]

11
[edit]Financing and initial public offering

The first funding for Google as a company was secured on August 1998 in the form of a
$100,000USD contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems,
given to a corporation which did not yet exist.[30]
On June 7, 1999, a round of equity funding totalling $25 million was announced;[31]
the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers
and Sequoia Capital.[30]
While Google still needed a lot of funding for their further expansion, Brin and Page
were hesitant to take the company public even though that would basically solve most
of their financial issues. They were not ready to give up their control over Google. After
borrowing the $25 million venture capital money from Kleiner Perkins Caufield &
Byers and Sequoia Capital, Sequoia forced Brin and Page to hire a CEO or else they
would take back that borrowed $12.5 million. Finally, Brin and Page gave in and hired
Eric Schmidt as Google’s first CEO in March 2001 and the company went public three
years later.[32]
In October 2003, while discussing a possible initial public offering of shares (IPO),
Microsoft approached the company about a possible partnership or merger.[33]
However, no such deal ever materialized. In January 2004, Google announced the hiring
of Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs Group to arrange an IPO. The IPO was
projected to raise as much as $4 billion.
On April 29, 2004, Google made an S-1 form SEC filing for an IPO to raise as much as
$2,718,281,828. This alludes to Google's corporate culture with a touch of mathematical
humor as e ≈ 2.718281828. April 29 was also the 120th day of 2004, and according to
section 12(g) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, "a company must file financial
and other information with the SEC 120 days after the close of the year in which the
company reaches $10 million in assets and/or 500 shareholders, including people with
stock options."[34] Google has stated in its annual filing for 2004 that every one of its
3,021 employees, "except temporary employees and contractors, are also equity holders,
with significant collective employee ownership", so Google would have needed to make
its financial information public by filing them with the SEC regardless of whether or not
they intended to make a public offering. As Google stated in the filing, their, "growth
has reduced some of the advantages of private ownership. By law, certain private
companies must report as if they were public companies. The deadline imposed by this
requirement accelerated our decision." The SEC filing revealed that Google turned a
profit every year since 2001 and earned a profit of $105.6 million on revenues of $961.8
million during 2003.
In May 2004, Google officially cut Goldman Sachs from the IPO, leaving Morgan
Stanley and Credit Suisse First Boston as the joint underwriters. They chose the
unconventional way of allocating the initial offering through an auction (specifically, a
"Dutch auction"), so that "anyone" would be able to participate in the offering. The
smallest required account balances at most authorized online brokers that are allowed to
participate in an IPO, however, are around $100,000. In the run-up to the IPO the
company was forced to slash the price and size of the offering, but the process did not
run into any technical difficulties or result in any significant legal challenges. The initial
offering of shares was sold for $85 a piece. The public valued it at $100.34 at the close
of the first day of trading, which saw 22,351,900 shares change hands.
Google's initial public offering took place on August 25, 2004. A total of 19,605,052
shares were offered at a price of $85 per share.[35] Of that, 14,142,135 (another
mathematical reference as √2 ≈ 1.4142135) were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by

12
selling stockholders. The sale raised US$1.67 billion, and gave Google a market
capitalization of more than $23 billion.[36] The vast majority of Google's 271 million
shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant
paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO
because it owns 2.7 million shares of Google.[37]
The company is listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the ticker symbol
GOOG.
[edit]Growth

The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware
and was designed to be very fault-tolerant
In February 2003, Google acquired Pyra Labs, owner of Blogger, a pioneering and
leading web log hosting website. Some analysts considered the acquisition inconsistent
with Google's business model. However, the acquisition secured the company's
competitive ability to use information gleaned from blog postings to improve the speed
and relevance of articles contained in a companion product to the search engine Google
News.
At its peak in early 2004, Google handled upwards of 84.7% of all search requests on
the World Wide Web through its website and through its partnerships with other
Internet clients like Yahoo!, AOL, and CNN. In February 2004, Yahoo! dropped its
partnership with Google, providing an independent search engine of its own. This cost
Google some market share, yet Yahoo!'s move highlighted Google's own
distinctiveness, and today the verb "to google" has entered a number of languages (first
as a slang verb and now as a standard word), meaning, "to perform a web search" (a
possible indication of "Google" becoming a genericized trademark).
Analysts speculate that Google's response to its separation from Yahoo! will be to
continue to make technical and visual enhancements to personalized searches, using the
personal data that is gathering from orkut, Gmail, and Google Product Search to
produce unique results based on the user. Frequently, new Google enhancements or
products appear in its inventory. Google Labs, the experimental section of Google.com,
helps Google maximize its relationships with its users by including them in the beta
development, design and testing stages of new products and enhancements of already
existing ones.[38]

the relationship between Google, Baidu, and Yahoo

After the IPO, Google's stock market capitalization rose greatly and the stock price
more than quadrupled. On August 19, 2004 the number of shares outstanding was
172.85 million while the "free float" was 19.60 million (which makes 89% held by
insiders). In January 2005 the number of shares outstanding was up 100 million to
273.42 million, 53% of that was held by insiders, which made the float 127.70 million
(up 110 million shares from the first trading day). The two founders are said to hold
almost 30% of the outstanding shares. The actual voting power of the insiders is much
higher, however, as Google has a dual class stock structure in which each Class B share
gets ten votes compared to each Class A share getting one. Page says in the prospectus
that Google has, "a dual class structure that is biased toward stability and independence
and that requires investors to bet on the team, especially Sergey and me." The company
has not reported any treasury stock holdings as of the Q3 2004 report.

13
On June 1, 2005, Google shares gained nearly four percent after Credit Suisse First
Boston raised its price target on the stock to $350. On that same day, rumors circulated
in the financial community that Google would soon be included in the S&P 500.[39]
When companies are first listed on the S&P 500 they typically experience a bump in
share price due to the rapid accumulation of the stock within index funds that track the
S&P 500. The rumors, however, were premature and Google was not added to the S&P
500 until 2006. Nevertheless, on June 7, 2005, Google was valued at nearly $52 billion,
making it one of the world's biggest media companies by stock market value.
On August 18, 2005 (one year after the initial IPO), Google announced that it would sell
14,159,265 (another mathematical reference as π ≈ 3.14159265) more shares of its stock
to raise money. The move would double Google's cash stockpile to $7 billion. Google
said it would use the money for "acquisitions of complementary businesses,
technologies or other assets".[40]
On September 28, 2005, Google announced a long-term research partnership with
NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2)
R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center, and on December 31, 2005 Time
Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership—see Partnerships
below.
Additionally in 2005, Google formed a partnership with Sun Microsystems to help share
and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the partnership Google will hire
employees to help in the open source office program OpenOffice.org.[41]
With Google's increased size comes more competition from large mainstream
technology companies. One such example is the rivalry between Microsoft and Google.
[42] Microsoft has been touting its Bing search engine to counter Google's competitive
position. Furthermore, the two companies are increasingly offering overlapping
services, such as webmail (Gmail vs. Hotmail), search (both online and local desktop
searching), and other applications (for example, Microsoft's Windows Live Local
competes with Google Earth). In addition to an Internet Explorer replacement Google is
designing its own Linux-based operating system called Chrome OS to directly compete
with Microsoft Windows. There were also rumors of a Google web browser, fueled
much by the fact that Google is the owner of the domain name "gbrowser.com". These
were later proven when Google released Google Chrome. This corporate feud is most
directly expressed in hiring offers and defections. Many Microsoft employees who
worked on Internet Explorer have left to work for Google. This feud boiled over into the
courts when Kai-Fu Lee, a former vice-president of Microsoft, quit Microsoft to work
for Google. Microsoft sued to stop his move by citing Lee's non-compete contract (he
had access to much sensitive information regarding Microsoft's plans in China).
Google and Microsoft reached a settlement out of court on 22 December 2005, the
terms of which are confidential.[43]
Click fraud has also become a growing problem for Google's business strategy. Google's
CFO George Reyes said in a December 2004 investor conference that "something has to
be done about this really, really quickly, because I think, potentially, it threatens our
business model."[44] Some have suggested that Google is not doing enough to combat
click fraud. Jessie Stricchiola, president of Alchemist Media, called Google, "the most
stubborn and the least willing to cooperate with advertisers", when it comes to click
fraud.
While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has also
recently began to experiment with other markets, such as radio and print publications.
On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising
company dMarc, which provides an automated system that allows companies to

14
advertise on the radio.[45] This will allow Google to combine two advertising media—
the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers.
Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in
offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-
Times.[46] They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have
normally been used for in-house advertisements.
During the third quarter 2005 Google Conference Call, Eric Schmidt said, "We don't do
the same thing as everyone else does. And so if you try to predict our product strategy
by simply saying well so and so has this and Google will do the same thing, it's almost
always the wrong answer. We look at markets as they exist and we assume they are
pretty well served by their existing players. We try to see new problems and new
markets using the technology that others use and we build."
After months of speculation, Google was added to the Standard & Poor's 500 index
(S&P 500) on March 31, 2006.[47] Google replaced Burlington Resources, a major oil
producer based in Houston that had been acquired by ConocoPhillips.[48] The day after
the announcement Google's share price rose by 7%.[49]
Over the course of the past decade, Google has become quite well known for its
corporate culture and innovative, clean products, and has had a major impact on online
culture. In July 2006, the verb "to google" was officially added to both the Merriam
Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, meaning "to use the
Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet.".[50][51] In November
2009, The Global Language Monitor named google No. 7 on the Top Words of the
Decade list.[52] In December 2009 the BBC highlighted Google in their Portrait of the
Decade (Words) series.[53]
[edit]Philanthropy

In 2004, Google formed a non-profit philanthropic wing, Google.org, giving it a starting

fund of $1 billion.[54] The express mission of the organization is to help with the issues
of climate change (see also global warming), global public health, and global poverty.
Among its first projects is to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can
attain 100 mpg.[55]
[edit]Acquisitions

Main article: List of Google acquisitions

Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of
innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was
Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first
launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra
Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004. In early
2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online collaborative
word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was combined with Google
Spreadsheets to become Google Docs & Spreadsheets.
On October 9, 2006, Google announced that it would buy the popular online video site
YouTube for $1.65 billion.[56] The brand, YouTube, will continue to exist, and will not
merge with Google Video. Meanwhile, Google Video signed an agreement with Sony
BMG Music Entertainment and the Warner Music Group, for both companies to deliver
music videos to the site.[57] The deal was finalized by November 13.[58]
On October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased JotSpot, a company that
helped pioneer the market for collaborative, web-based business software to bolster its
position in the online document arena.[59]

15
On March 17, 2007, Google announced its acquisition of two more companies. The first
is Gapminder's Trendalyzer software, a company that specializes in developing
information technology for provision of free statistics in new visual and animated
ways[60] On the same day, Google also announced its acquisition of Adscape Media, a
small in-game advertising company based in San Francisco, California.[61]
Google also acquired PeakStream Technologies.
[edit]Partnerships

Google has worked with several corporations, in order to improve production and
services. On September 28, 2005,Google announced a long-term research partnership
with NASA which would involve Google building a 1,000,000-square-foot (93,000 m2)
R&D center at NASA's Ames Research Center. NASA and Google are planning to
work together on a variety of areas, including large-scale data management, massively
distributed computing, bio-info-nano convergence, and encouragement of the
entrepreneurial space industry. The new building would also include labs, offices, and
housing for Google engineers.[62] In October 2006, Google formed a partnership with
Sun Microsystems to help share and distribute each other's technologies. As part of the
partnership Google will hire employees to help the open source office program
OpenOffice.org.[63]
Time Warner's AOL unit and Google unveiled an expanded partnership on December
21, 2005, including an enhanced global advertising partnership and a $1 billion
investment by Google for a 5% stake in AOL.[64] As part of the collaboration, Google
plans to work with AOL on video search and offer AOL's premium-video service within
Google Video. This did not allow users of Google Video to search for AOL's premium-
video services. Display advertising throughout the Google network will also increase.
In August 2003, Google signed a $900 million offer with News Corp.'s Fox Interactive
Media unit to provide search and advertising on MySpace and other News Corp.
websites including IGN, AmericanIdol.com, Fox.com, and Rotten Tomatoes, although
Fox Sports is not included as a deal already exists between News Corp. and MSN.[65]
[66]
On 6 December 2006, British Sky Broadcasting released details of a Sky and Google
alliance.[67] This includes a feature where Gmail will link with Sky and host a mail
service for Sky, incorporating the email domain "@sky.com".
In 2007, Google displaced America Online as a key partner and sponsor of the NORAD
Tracks Santa program.[68][69][70] Google Earth was used for the first time to give
visitors to the website the impression that they were following Santa Claus' progress in
3-D.[71] The program also made its presence known on YouTube in 2007 as part of its
partnership with Google.[72]
In January 2009, Google announced a partnership with the Pontifical Council for Social
Communications, allowing the Pope to have his own channel on YouTube.[73]
[edit]New mobile top-level domain
In coordination with several of the major corporations, including Microsoft, Nokia,
Samsung, and Ericsson, Google provided financial support in the launch of the .mobi
top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet, stating that it is supporting
the new domain extension to help set the standards that will define the future of mobile
content and improve the experience of Google users.[74] In early 2006, Google
launched Google.mobi, a mobile search portal offering several Google mobile products,
including stripped-down versions of its applications and services for mobile users.[75]
On September 17, 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service to its
publishing partners providing the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the

16
targeted placement of mobile text ads.[76] Also in September, Google acquired the
mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi to "provide people worldwide with direct
access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right
from their mobile devices."[77]
[edit]Legal battles

[edit]Gonzales v. Google
On Wednesday, January 18, 2006, the U.S. Justice Department filed a motion to compel
in United States district court in San Jose seeking a court order that would compel
search engine company Google Inc. to turn over, "a multi-stage random sample of one
million URL’s", from Google’s database, and a computer file with, "the text of each
search string entered onto Google’s search engine over a one-week period (absent any
information identifying the person who entered such query)."[78] Google maintains that
their policy has always been to assure its users privacy and anonymity, and challenged
the subpoena. On March 18, 2006, a federal judge ruled that while Google must
surrender 50,000 random URLs, the Department of Justice did not meet the necessary
burden to force Google to disclose any search terms entered by its users.
[edit]See a dit]Bedrock Computer Technologies, LLC vs. Google, Inc
A jury in Texas awarded Bedrock Computer Technologies $5 million in a patent lawsuit
against Google. [79][80] The patent allegedly covered use of hash tables with garbage
collection and external chaining in the Red Hat Linux kernel. The judgment was later
vacated by the court.[81]lso

1.4 now a days

the period of time that is happening now; any continuous stretch of time including the
moment of speech; "that is enough for the present"; "he lives in the present with no
thought of tomorrow"
present
time - the continuum of experience in which events pass from the future through the
present to the past
now - the momentary present; "Now is a good time to do it"; "it worked up to right
now"
here and now, present moment, moment - at this time; "the disappointments of the here
and now"; "she is studying at the moment"
date - the present; "they are up to date"; "we haven't heard from them to date"
nonce, time being - the present occasion; "for the nonce"
today - the present time or age; "the world of today"; "today we have computers"
tonight - the present or immediately coming night
Buy and Sell business is good, many people find this costless than having a physical
shop / store.
There are a lot of Buy and Sell businesses over the web, as well as scammers.
Scamming is the only worry of buyers, online and offline.
So you need to built a positive reputation for your potential customers.

Regarding the forfeit, you have to show some proof that you are a legitimate supplier /
distributor, or a private seller of the said product(s) else you will get trouble with some
legalities.
Also be aware if there's a rule / limitation about internet transaction in your country.
Better be safe and secure.

17
Now if you have made up your mind pursuing this kind of business, don't forget some
important factors like:
Actual images of your product. Do not upload images you get from google or any image
hosting sites, being honest is the best policy.
Give a full description of the product. As a buyer point of view, I need to know what are
the details / information I should know about this product.
Like "Is it new?", "How long it has been used?", "What are the defects / possible
malfunction I should expect, and how often this occur" (for second hand items).
And so many questions a curious customer would ask.
Below are some of the information / details a possible customer would need:
Contact information. Provide your business contact number for the serious customers.
And other alternative information a possible customer could reach you even not going
online. Not your personal.
Delivery / shipping / meet-ups and other receiving options. Include this information for
the user, so they will have option which one they will prefer.
Reason for Buying / Selling. Of course a customer need to know why you are selling
that product.
Warranty / replacement option. Giving warranty / replacement period for the customer
will surely add some comfort and trust.
Of course there's still a downfall, if the customer is far.

2 how does the company words

his guide sets out the main requirements for incorporating a company in the United
Kingdom i.e. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. It includes information
and advice about:
how to incorporate a limited company;
the type of company you wish to incorporate;
the company's officers;
choosing a company name including controls and restrictions; &
disclosure of company name and other information
back to top
Chapter 1 - Incorporating a new company
1. What is Incorporation?
Incorporation is the process by which a new or existing business registers as a limited
company. A company is a legal entity with a separate identity from those who own or
run it. The vast majority of companies are limited liability companies where the liability
of the members is limited by shares or by guarantee.
A business cannot operate as a limited company until it has been incorporated at
Companies House under the Companies Act 2006. Establishing your business as a
company means the directors are required to file certain documents every year such as
annual accounts and an annual return. They must also inform Companies House about
any changes, such as the appointment or resignation of directors or a change to the
company's registered office.It may be worthwhile seeking professional advice from a
solicitor or accountant before deciding whether an incorporated company is the best
way for you to run your business. You can also find useful practical advice for business
start up on the business link website.
2. Who can incorporate a company?
One or more persons can form a company for any lawful purpose by subscribing their
names to a memorandum of association (see question 8). In law, 'person' includes

18
individuals, companies and other bodies. By completing the memorandum the
subscribers are confirming their agreement to form a company.
3. Is there more than one type of company?
There are four types of company
Private company limited by shares: This company has a share capital and the liability of
each member is limited to the amount, if any, unpaid on their shares. A private company
cannot offer its shares for sale to the general public.
Private company limited by guarantee: This company does not have a share capital and
its members are guarantors rather than shareholders. The members' liability is limited to
the amount they agree to contribute to the company's assets if it is wound up.
Private unlimited company: An unlimited company may or may not have a share
capital but there is no limit to the members' liability.
Public limited company: A publiccompany has a share capital and limits the liability of
each member to the amount unpaid on their shares. It may offer its shares for sale to the
general public and may be quoted on the stock exchange. Further information about
public companies is explained in chapter 3.
4. How do I incorporate my company and what fees apply?
There are three ways to incorporate a company.
Electronic Software Filing
Electronic incorporations can be submitted electronically through suitably enabled
software. However, many incorporation agents and software providers have developed
their systems to the point where they are able to offer customers a web-based electronic
service (this is chargeable). This means that occasional as well as regular customers can
apply for incorporation.
Many of the businesses shown on our list of software suppliers provide web-based
services and depending on the volume of filings you anticipate making, it may be more
practical for you to use their services. You can find more information about software
filing and a list of providers on our website.
The standard fee for electronic filing is £14 (or £30 for the 'Same-Day' service for
applications received by 3pm Monday to Friday). Straightforward applications are
normally processed within 24 hours.
Web Incorporation Service via Business Link
Web Incorporation is the safe and reliable way to file online, enabling you to quickly
and easily incorporate your company. The standard fee for Web Incorporation is £18.
There is no same day service and currently only applications for a private company
limited by shares adopting model articles in their entirety with a proposed non sensitive
name can use this service.
For more information please visit the Businesslink website
Paper filing
Paper documents, which must be sent to the appropriate office, take longer to process
than electronic documents. The standard registration fee is £40 (or £100 for the 'Same-
Day' service for applications received by 3pm Monday to Friday).The fee is £20 (or
£100 for the 'Same-Day' service) in the following circumstances:
your company's registered office is stated as being situated in Wales ("Welsh
company") and you file documents in the Welsh language;
your company is a Community Interest Company (the total fee will be £35 including the
CIC Regulator fee and there is no same day service); or
your company is an unlimited company.
Cheques should be made payable to Companies House. Straightforward applications are
normally processed within 5 days of receipt. When filing 'Same Day' applications by

19
post, courier or by hand please ensure that you clearly mark the envelope "Same-Day
Incorporation".
5. What documents are required to incorporate my company?
To incorporate your company you must file the following documents:
application to register a company (form IN01) and the fee;
memorandum of association (see question 8);
articles of association (unless you adopt model articles in their entirety (see question 9);
additional information if your application includes a sensitive word or expression (see
chapter 7).
You may not be able to incorporate your chosen company name if it is the 'same as'
another name appearing on the registrar's index of company names. There is an
exception to this if an existing company (or LLP or other body on the index) is part of
the same group as your company and consents to the use of your proposed name. This is
explained more fully in chapter 6.
6. Can I reserve my proposed name?
No. You cannot reserve a name. We cannot guarantee to process applications in strict
order of the time or date of their receipt and in general electronic documents are
processed more quickly than paper documents.
7. What is included in the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)"?
This form requires the following information:the proposed company name;
the situation of the company's registered office ('RO') i.e. whether it is in England and
Wales, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland;
the address of the RO (which must be the same as the situation of the RO);
whether the company will be private, public or unlimited (see question 3);
choice of articles of association;
details of the proposed director(s), and the secretary if it has one;
directors' service and residential addresses;
a statement of capital and initial shareholdings or a statement of guarantee;
whether a company limited by guarantee wishes to apply to be exempt from the
requirement to use "limited" or "cyfyngedig" in its name (see chapter 6,);
if the proposed name contains a sensitive word and a section requiring confirmation that
you have requested the views of a government department or other body. (see chapter
7).
a statement of compliance or guarantee
8. What is the memorandum of association?
The memorandum of association confirms the subscribers' intention to form a company
and become members of that company on formation. In the case of a company that is to
be limited by shares, the memorandum will also provide evidence of the members'
agreement to take at least one share each in the company.
Under the Companies Act 2006, the memorandum is a much shorter document because
all the constitutional rules of the company are contained in the articles of association
(see question 9). Consequently, the memorandum serves a more limited purpose and
once the company has been incorporated, it cannot be amended.Information on capital
and shareholdings is no longer part of the memorandum as it is contained in the
application to register (form IN01) as a 'statement of capital and shareholdings' or for a
company limited by guarantee, a 'statement of guarantee',
The required memorandum wording is included in the 'The Companies (Registration)
Regulations 2008 (2008/3014)' and you should use this format when preparing your
memorandum. You can also download a proforma memorandum from our website.

20
Please note, the wording of the memorandum is prescribed and it cannot be amended in
any way. If you add or change the wording your application will not be accepted.
9. What are the articles of association?
A company's articles of association are its internal rulebook, chosen by its members.
Every company is required to have articles, which are legally binding on the company
and all of its members. The articles help to ensure the company's business runs as
smoothly and efficiently as possible and will set out how decisions are taken by the
members and directors as well as various matters connected with the shares.
The articles cannot contain rules that are against the law. Provided the members observe
this general principle they have complete freedom to choose which rules are included in
the company's articles, although they may find it convenient to rely on model articles as
a default position. If the members decide to draw up their own rules as bespoke articles
they may wish to obtain professional advice before proceeding.
On incorporation your company can adopt model articles in entirety, model articles with
amendments or it can draft its own bespoke articles.
10. What are model articles?
Although the members can determine their own articles, they can also choose to adopt
standard model articles set out in legislation. You are not obliged to adopt the
provisions of model articles, but they are suitable for most standard companies, provide
useful guidance and in some cases provide a safety net. They are available for private
companies limited by shares, private companies limited by guarantee and public
companies.The model articles are set out in schedules 1-3 of 'The Companies (Model
Articles) Regulations 2008 (SI No. 3229)'. They can also be found in the FAQ's on our
website.When you complete the 'Application to register a company (Form IN01)' you
will need to specify if the proposed company is adopting:
model articles in their entirety (they should not be filed with application form IN01);
model articles with amendments (only the amended articles should be filed with the
form IN01); or
bespoke articles (copy of the articles must be filed with the form IN01).
If you do not indicate which articles you are adopting, we will automatically apply the
model articles appropriate to your company type.
11. Where can I find further guidance on the memorandum and articles of association?
You can find very useful information in the guide, 'Companies Act 2006 final
implementation - changes to constitutional documents, including model articles: a
summary of what the new approach means.
12. Are there any model articles for unlimited companies?
No. There are no model articles provided for unlimited companies. However, an
unlimited company can choose to use model articles as the basis of its own articles of
association. The articles must not include the provision for the liability of the members
to be limited and the members should consider including an article containing power for
an unlimited company by special resolution to increase or consolidate share capital,
subdivide or cancel shares or reduce share capital and any share premium account. If
you are thinking of incorporating an unlimited company you may wish to obtain
professional advice.13. Do I need to notify Companies House if I change my articles?
Yes. Once your company is incorporated, you must notify Companies House every time
your company makes changes to its articles. You and your company may commit an
offence if you do not do so. You can amend your articles by special resolution and
deliver a copy to Companies House within 15 days of the date it is passed. You must
also deliver a copy of the amended articles within 15 days of the date the amendment
takes effect. It will help us if you file both at the same time.

21
Further information about what you need to do if you amend your company's articles
can be found in our guidance, 'Life of a Company – Event Driven Filings GP3'.
14. What are entrenched or restricted articles?
Your company may choose to adopt articles which include restricted provisions which
can only be repealed or amended if certain conditions are met. For example, a rule
which can only be changed with the support of a higher majority of shareholders than
the 75 per cent that would be required to pass a special resolution.
If your company's articles include any entrenched provisions you must complete the
appropriate section of the 'Application to register a company (Form IN01)'. The articles
themselves must make it clear what conditions need to be satisfied in order to change
the entrenched provisions in question.
15. Where can I obtain articles which are appropriate for my company?
Companies House cannot supply bespoke articles of association but you can purchase
them from a company law stationer or formation agent. Alternatively, you can find
model articles for your company on our website
16. What is the registered office?
Every company must have a registered office. The registered office must be a physical
location where notices, letters and reminders can be delivered to the company. The
registered office does not need not be the place where the company carries on its day-to-
day business so it could, for example, be your accountant's address. If the address is not
effective for delivering documents, the company could risk being struck off the register
or wound up by a creditor.
If any person you deal with in the course of your business requests in writing the
address of your registered office, or the location where they can inspect your company
records, or details of the records that you keep at your registered office, you must
respond within five working days.
When you apply to incorporate your company you must state whether your company's
registered office is to be situated in England and Wales, in Wales (a "Welsh" company),
in Scotland or in Northern Ireland. The address of your registered office must also be in
the same country as its situation.
If you decide to change your registered office address, you must file a 'Change of
registered office address' form AD01. The change is not effective until we register the
form, which can be filed electronically as well as on paper. You can change the address
of your registered office but you cannot change its jurisdiction. For example, if your
registered office is in Northern Ireland you cannot change it to an address in Scotland.
17. What happens to the company incorporation documents sent to Companies House?
We will carry out a number of examination checks including one necessary to ensure
proposed officers are not on the 'Disqualified Directors Register' maintained by
Companies House.
If the documents satisfy all the appropriate examination checks, we will incorporate the
company, issue a certificate of incorporation and place the documents on the company
record for public inspection. Please note the incorporation does not take
effectCompanies House has issued the certificate of incorporation. You should bear this
in mind before obtaining company stationery or creating bank accounts.
18. What is the certificate of incorporation?
The certificate of incorporation is conclusive evidence that the requirements of the
Companies Act 2006 as to registration have been complied with and that the company is
duly registered under this Act. The certificate will state:
the name and registered number of the company;
the date of its incorporation;

22
whether it is a limited or unlimited company, and if it is limited whether it is limited by
shares or limited by guarantee;
whether it is a private or a public company; and
whether the company's registered office is situated in England and Wales, Wales,
Scotland or Northern Ireland.
The certificate must be signed by the registrar or authenticated by the registrar's official
seal.back to top
Chapter 2 - Directors and secretaries
Additional information about the role and responsibilities of directors' and secretaries
can be found in our 'Life of a Company Part 2 – Event Driven Filings' guide.
1. What is the minimum number of officers a company requires?
Private companies: The Companies Act 2006 requires a private company to have atleast
one director. However, a company's articles of association could impose a higher
minimum requirement. At least one director must be an individual. A private company
does not need to have a secretary unless the company's articles of association require it.
Public companies: A public company must have at least two directors and a secretary.
At least one director must be an individual. The secretary of a public company must be
qualified (see question 3).
2. Can anyone be a company director?
It is up to the members to appoint the directors who will run the company on their
behalf. The only restrictions that prevent anyone becoming a director are:
they must not have been disqualified from acting as a company director (unless the
court has given them permission to act for a particular company);
they must not be an undischarged bankrupt (unless they have been given permission by
the court to act for a particular company);
they must not be under the age of 16.
3. Does a company secretary need any qualifications?
Not in the case of a private company. A secretary of a public company must have one or
more of the qualifications described in chapter 3.back to top
Chapter 3 - Public Companies
1. What are the requirements a public company must meet?
A public company must meet the following requirements:
it must have at least two directors (who may also be members of the company);
it must have at least one director who is an individual;
all individual directors must be aged 16 or over;
it must have at least one secretary;
the secretary must be qualified to act as a secretary.
A qualified secretary is someone who:
has held the office of secretary of a public company for at least three of the five years
before their appointment; or
is a barrister, advocate or solicitor called or admitted in any part of the United Kingdom;
or
is a person who, by virtue of his or her previous experience or membership of another
body, appears to the directors to be capable of discharging the functions of secretary; or
entity regardless of who holds its shares.
Leaseholders can also exercise their right to manage the building they live in. To obtain
the right to manage the leaseholders must set up a 'Right to Manage' ('RTM') limited
company. Further information is included in question 3.

23
A limited company could also be formed to own and manage the common parts of a
development made up of separate units under 'commonhold'. This type of company is
called a 'commonhold association'. Further information is included in question 6.
2. What documents are required to incorporate a Flat Management company?
To incorporate a Flat Management company you need to file the documents set out in
chapter 1, question 5. When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form
IN01)' you will need to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the
articles with the other documents.
The Leasehold Advisory Service (LEASE) provides free advice on the law affecting
residential leasehold property in England and Wales. Its website includes advice and
contact information.
3. What are Right to Manage ('RTM') companies?
RTM companies were introduced under theCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act
2002. These are private companies limited by guarantee enabling long leaseholders in
blocks of flats to take over the management of their building.
Leaseholders must form a limited by guarantee company to exercise the management
functions. The constitutional rules of an English RTM company are prescribed in
articles of association included in The 'RTM Companies (Model Articles) (England)
Regulations 2009' (SI 2009/2767). These regulations apply to all existing and proposed
RTM companies.
4. What documents are required to incorporate an RTM company?
To incorporate an RTM you need to file the documents set out in chapter 1, question 5.
When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form IN01)' you will need
to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the articles with the other
documents. The name of your company must end with "RTM" Company Limited' or the
Welsh equivalent.
The Department of Communities and Local Government ('DCLG') is responsible for
RTM companies in England. Further information and guidance can be found on the
DCLG website.
The Welsh Government is seeking to introduce amended regulations for Welsh RTM
companies in Wales as soon as possible. Further information can be obtained by
emailing alyn.williams@wales.gsi.gov.uk or you can telephone 01685 729191
Please note, RTM companies do not exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland.
5. What are Commonhold Associations?
Commonhold Associations were introduced under the Commonhold and Leasehold
Reform Act 2002. Commonhold is a form of freehold land ownership which is an
alternative to long leasehold ownership of flats and other interdependent properties. It
combines freehold ownership of a single property (a unit) in a larger development with
membership of a limited company that owns and manages the common parts of the
development, for example a block of flats where each flat is a unit and all the other
parts, such as the hallway are commonhold.
The constitutional rules of commonhold associations registered in England and Wales
are prescribed in the articles of association included in The Commonhold Regulations
2009 (SI 2009/2363).
6. What documents are required to incorporate a commonhold association company?

To incorporate your commonhold association you need to file the documents set out in
chapter 1, question 5. When you complete the 'Application to register a company (form
IN01)' you will need to tick option 3 (bespoke articles) of section A7 and include the

24
articles with the other documents. The name of your company must end with
'commonhold association limited' or the Welsh equivalents.
The Ministry of Justice is the responsible for commonhold associations. The Leasehold
Advisory Service (LEASE) provides free advice on the law affecting residential
leasehold property in England and Wales. Its website includes advice and contact
information.
Commonhold Associations do not exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland.
back to top
Chapter 6 - Choosing a Company name
This chapter provides information about the restrictions, controls and requirements for
approval of certain words and expressions when used in a company name. It includes
guidance on name endings and company type; same as names; names that imply a
connection with any part of government; punctuation and permitted characters; and
sensitive words and expressions.
Before choosing a name you should use our WebCHeck service to ensure your chosen
name is not the 'same as' an existing name on the index of company names. You should
also check the Trade Marks Register of the UK Intellectual Property Office to ensure
that the proposed name does not infringe an existing trade mark. You can also seek
advice from the Institute of Trade Mark Attorneys.
1. Can I choose any name I want for my proposed company?
No. There are a number of restrictions and controls on your choice of company name.
If your company is a private company limited by shares or guarantee its name must end
with "limited" or "Ltd". However, if your company's registered office is stated as being
situated in Wales (a "Welsh"company), its name may instead end with "cyfyngedig" or
"cyf".
If your company is a public company its name must end with 'public limited company'
or 'p.l.c.'. However, if your company's registered office is stated as being situated in
Wales (a "Welsh"company), its name may instead end with 'Cwmni Cyfyngedig
Cyhoeddus' or 'CCC'
The Company and Business Names (Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 2009
(SI2009/1085) set out the controls and restrictions on your choice of company name
including:
requirement that certain expressions and abbreviations (including Welsh equivalents)
which describe a particular form of company, can only be used at the end of a name,
such as "Public Limited Company" or "Community Interest Company".
controls that restrict the use of "Right to Manage" (or the Welsh equivalent) or "RTM"
in any part of the name unless the company is an RTM company;
conditions a private company limited by guarantee must meet to enable it to be exempt
from including "limited", "ltd", "cyfyngedig" or "cyf" at the end of its name (see
question 2);
rules which prevent the registration of a name which is the 'same as' an existing name
on the index (see questions 3-7);
controls over the use of certain characters, signs, symbols and punctuation in a company
name.
The following restrictions apply under sections 53-55 and 1197-8 of the Companies Act
2006:
names that suggest a connection with Her Majesty's Government, a devolved
government or administration or a specified public authority;
names that include "sensitive" words and expressions included in regulations;
names that include words that would constitute an offence;

25
offensive names.
2. How can I be exempt from including "limited" in my company name?
Your company must be a private company limited by guarantee and the articles of
association must include clauses that:
state that the objects of the company are the promotion or regulation of commerce, art,
science, education, religion, charity or any profession.
require its income to be applied in promoting its objects;
prohibit the payment of dividends, or any return of capital, to its members; and
require each member to contribute to the assets of the company if it is wound up during
the time that he is a member or within 1 year of him ceasing to be a member
If you wish to apply for the exemption upon incorporation you must complete Section
A3 of the application to register (form IN01).
3. What is meant by 'same as'?
If two company names are so similar they are likely to confuse the public as to which
company is which, then they are the 'same as'. To determine whether a name is the
'same as' an existing name the regulations set out:
the words and expressions that must be disregarded (see question 4); and
the words, expressions, signs and symbols that are to be regarded as the same (see
question 5).
There is one exception to these rules which is explained in question 7.
4. What will be disregarded?
The full list is set out in the regulations. They include:
designated name endings (including permitted abbreviations and Welsh
equivalents),e.g. "limited", "unlimited", "public limited company";
certain words and expressions including "biz", "co", "co.uk", "com", "company", "UK",
"United Kingdom", "Wales", "Cymru", "net", "org.uk", "services", "international";
a blank space between or after a word, expression, character, sign or symbol;
punctuation including a full stop, comma, colon, bracket, apostrophe;
characters "*", "=", "#", "%" and "+" when used as one of the first three characters in a
name;
"s" at the end of a name (irrespective of whether it is a plural) ;
"the" and "www" at the beginning of a name;
any characters after the first 60 characters in a name.
5. What words and expressions will be regarded as the 'same as'?
When comparing one name with another certain words and expressions will be regarded
as the 'same as', for example, "and" and "&", "plus" and "+", "1" and "one", "6" and
"six", "€" and "euro", "$" and "dollar", "%" and "percent", "@" and "at".
6. Can you give some examples of 'same as' names?
Catering Company Services Public Limited Company
7. Are there any exceptions to the 'same as' rules?
Yes. The 'same as' rule will not be applied in the following circumstances:
that the proposed company will be part of the same group as an existing company;
the existing company consents to the registration of the proposed name;
the application to register includes a letter/statement from the existing company which
confirms its consent to the incorporation of the new company name and that it will form
part of the same group.

2.1company
Google’s mission is to organize the world‘s information and make it universally
accessible and useful.

26
Beginning in 1996, Stanford University graduate students Larry Page and Sergey Brin
built a search engine called “BackRub” that used links to determine the importance of
individual web pages. By 1998 they had formalized their work, creating the company
you know today as Google.
Since then, Google has grown by leaps and bounds. From offering search in a single
language we now offer dozens of products and services—including various forms of
advertising and web applications for all kinds of tasks—in scores of languages. And
starting from two computer science students in a university dorm room, we now have
thousands of employees and offices around the world.
On these pages, you can find more information about Google’s products and services,
our principles, history, company culture and more. A lot has changed since the first
Google search engine appeared. But some things haven’t changed: our dedication to our
users and our belief in the possibilities of the Internet itself.
The global leader in "daily deals" is now valued at almost $13 billion after saying it
increased the offering by 5 million shares to 35 million in total and pricing them at $20
each, above an initial range of $16 to $18.

The debut of the three-year-old company, which sells Internet coupons for everything
from spa treatments to nose jobs, is one of this year's most closely watched. Its tiny float
represents just above 5 percent of the company and helped drive up demand and price.

That constraint -- one of the smallest floats of the past decade -- should support
Groupon's share price when it begins trading on the Nasdaq on Friday under the ticker
GRPN, analysts say.

But in the longer run, they cited concerns about competition from the deep-pocketed
likes of Google and Amazon.com Inc; the need to spend continuously to drive user
growth; and questions about accounting after the company altered its IPO filings twice
to change the way it accounted for revenue.

"Groupon is expensive. The $12.8 billion valuation is only achievable because of the
low float," said Rob Romero, head of technology-focused hedge fund firm Connective
Capital Management.

"Today's reaction to LinkedIn floating additional share supply is an indication of how

tight supply-demand of shares can distort valuation for a new IPO."

LinkedIn, which remains well above its $45 IPO price, plummeted 9 percent after-hours
after unveiling a proposal to sell up to $500 million in stock. It had floated 8.3 percent
of its shares during the IPO.

Pandora Media, a music streaming service and another recent dotcom debutante, sold
9.2 percent of the company.

At $12.8 billion, Groupon commands a price tag more than twice what Google offered
to buy the company last year.

WIDESPREAD CRITICISM

27
Beyond Friday, Groupon shares may prove volatile on concern about the company's
ability to generate long-term profit and revenue growth, plus the likelihood that existing
investors will sell some of their holdings at some point.

Quirky music major and CEO Andrew Mason and his executive team spent almost two
weeks on the road pitching to investors and addressing widespread criticism about
Groupon's replicable business model, slowing growth and accounting concerns.

"The post-IPO investor will be taking a risk on this deal," said Josef Schuster, founder
of IPO research and investment house IPOX Schuster. "It's maybe a good trade for a
day trader, in and out in a single day, but I don't want to be in it for the long run."

To pull the deal off, the company cut its valuation by about half. Existing shareholders
aren't selling. And it skipped meetings with potential investors in Europe and Asia.

If underwriters, led by Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs and Credit Suisse, exercise
their right to buy just over 5 million more Groupon shares in the IPO, known as the
greenshoe, Groupon will raise more than $800 million, before fees.

Wall Street will scrutinize Groupon's Friday showing for clues as to how other highly
anticipated dotcom IPOs -- from the likes of Facebook or Zynga -- may fare.

LinkedIn surged on the first day of trading in May and remains far above its $45 IPO
price. Pandora's shares surged initially, then slumped. Its shares traded below the $16
IPO price on Thursday at just over $15.

Groupon "is a company with permission to market to 150 million consumers daily. No
other company in the world has ever had that type of reach," said Boyan Josic, chief
executive at DailyDealMedia, which tracks the industry

Services
1. Your relationship with Google
1.1 Your use of Google’s products, software, services and web sites (referred to
collectively as the “Services” in this document and excluding any services provided to
you by Google under a separate written agreement) is subject to the terms of a legal
agreement between you and Google. “Google” means Google Inc., whose principal
place of business is at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United
States. This document explains how the agreement is made up, and sets out some of the
terms of that agreement.
1.2 Unless otherwise agreed in writing with Google, your agreement with Google
will always include, at a minimum, the terms and conditions set out in this document.
These are referred to below as the “Universal Terms”.
1.3 Your agreement with Google will also include the terms of any Legal Notices
applicable to the Services, in addition to the Universal Terms. All of these are referred
to below as the “Additional Terms”. Where Additional Terms apply to a Service, these
will be accessible for you to read either within, or through your use of, that Service.
1.4 The Universal Terms, together with the Additional Terms, form a legally
binding agreement between you and Google in relation to your use of the Services. It is

28
important that you take the time to read them carefully. Collectively, this legal
agreement is referred to below as the “Terms”.
1.5 If there is any contradiction between what the Additional Terms say and what
the Universal Terms say, then the Additional Terms shall take precedence in relation to
that Service.
2. Accepting the Terms
2.1 In order to use the Services, you must first agree to the Terms. You may not use
the Services if you do not accept the Terms.
2.2 You can accept the Terms by:
clicking to accept or agree to the Terms, where this option is made available to
you by Google in the user interface for any Service; or by actually using the
Services. In this case, you understand and agree that Google will treat your use of the
Services as acceptance of the Terms from that point onwards.
2.3 You may not use the Services and may not accept the Terms if (a) you are not of
legal age to form a binding contract with Google, or (b) you are a person barred from
receiving the Services under the laws of the United States or other countries including
the country in which you are resident or from which you use the Services.
2.4 Before you continue, you should print off or save a local copy of the Universal
Terms for your records.
3. Language of the Terms
3.1 Where Google has provided you with a translation of the English language
version of the Terms, then you agree that the translation is provided for your
convenience only and that the English language versions of the Terms will govern your
relationship with Google.
3.2 If there is any contradiction between what the English language version of the
Terms says and what a translation says, then the English language version shall take
precedence.
4. Provision of the Services by Google
4.1 Google has subsidiaries and affiliated legal entities around the world
(“Subsidiaries and Affiliates”). Sometimes, these companies will be providing the
Services to you on behalf of Google itself. You acknowledge and agree that Subsidiaries
and Affiliates will be entitled to provide the Services to you.
4.2 Google is constantly innovating in order to provide the best possible experience
for its users. You acknowledge and agree that the form and nature of the Services which
Google provides may change from time to time without prior notice to you.
4.3 As part of this continuing innovation, you acknowledge and agree that Google
may stop (permanently or temporarily) providing the Services (or any features within
the Services) to you or to users generally at Google’s sole discretion, without prior
notice to you. You may stop using the Services at any time. You do not need to
specifically inform Google when you stop using the Services.
4.4 You acknowledge and agree that if Google disables access to your account, you
may be prevented from accessing the Services, your account details or any files or other
content which is contained in your account.
4.5 You acknowledge and agree that while Google may not currently have set a
fixed upper limit on the number of transmissions you may send or receive through the
Services or on the amount of storage space used for the provision of any Service, such
fixed upper limits may be set by Google at any time, at Google’s discretion.
5. Use of the Services by you
5.1 In order to access certain Services, you may be required to provide information
about yourself (such as identification or contact details) as part of the registration

29
process for the Service, or as part of your continued use of the Services. You agree that
any registration information you give to Google will always be accurate, correct and up
to date.
5.2 You agree to use the Services only for purposes that are permitted by (a) the
Terms and (b) any applicable law, regulation or generally accepted practices or
guidelines in the relevant jurisdictions (including any laws regarding the export of data
or software to and from the United States or other relevant countries).
5.3 You agree not to access (or attempt to access) any of the Services by any means
other than through the interface that is provided by Google, unless you have been
specifically allowed to do so in a separate agreement with Google. You specifically
agree not to access (or attempt to access) any of the Services through any automated
means (including use of scripts or web crawlers) and shall ensure that you comply with
the instructions set out in any robots.txt file present on the Services.
5.4 You agree that you will not engage in any activity that interferes with or disrupts
the Services (or the servers and networks which are connected to the Services).
5.5 Unless you have been specifically permitted to do so in a separate agreement
with Google, you agree that you will not reproduce, duplicate, copy, sell, trade or resell
the Services for any purpose.
5.6 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no responsibility
to you or to any third party for) any breach of your obligations under the Terms and for
the consequences (including any loss or damage which Google may suffer) of any such
breach.

6. Your passwords and account security

6.1 You agree and understand that you are responsible for maintaining the
confidentiality of passwords associated with any account you use to access the Services.
6.2 Accordingly, you agree that you will be solely responsible to Google for all
activities that occur under your account.
6.3 If you become aware of any unauthorized use of your password or of your
account, you agree to notify Google immediately at
http://www.google.com/support/accounts/bin/answer.py?answer=58585.
7. Privacy and your personal information
7.1 For information about Google’s data protection practices, please read Google’s
privacy policy at http://www.google.com/privacy.html. This policy explains how
Google treats your personal information, and protects your privacy, when you use the
Services.
7.2 You agree to the use of your data in accordance with Google’s privacy policies.
8. Content in the Services
8.1 You understand that all information (such as data files, written text, computer
software, music, audio files or other sounds, photographs, videos or other images)
which you may have access to as part of, or through your use of, the Services are the
sole responsibility of the person from which such content originated. All such
information is referred to below as the “Content”.
8.2 You should be aware that Content presented to you as part of the Services,
including but not limited to advertisements in the Services and sponsored Content
within the Services may be protected by intellectual property rights which are owned by
the sponsors or advertisers who provide that Content to Google (or by other persons or
companies on their behalf). You may not modify, rent, lease, loan, sell, distribute or
create derivative works based on this Content (either in whole or in part) unless you

30
have been specifically told that you may do so by Google or by the owners of that
Content, in a separate agreement.
8.3 Google reserves the right (but shall have no obligation) to pre-screen, review,
flag, filter, modify, refuse or remove any or all Content from any Service. For some of
the Services, Google may provide tools to filter out explicit sexual content. These tools
include the SafeSearch preference settings (see
http://www.google.com/help/customize.html#safe). In addition, there are commercially
available services and software to limit access to material that you may find
objectionable.
8.4 You understand that by using the Services you may be exposed to Content that
you may find offensive, indecent or objectionable and that, in this respect, you use the
Services at your own risk.

8.5 You agree that you are solely responsible for (and that Google has no respon

3.1seach machine

3.2gmail
Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service provided by Google Users may
access Gmail as or IMAP protocols. Gmail was launched as an invitation-only on April
1, 2004 and it became available to the general public on February 7, 2007, though still
in beta status at that time The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009,
along with the rest of the suite.
With an initial storage capacity offer of 1 per user, Gmail significantly increased the
webmail standard for free storage from the 2 to 4 its competitors such as offered at that
time Individual Gmail messages, including attachments, may be up to 25 MB, which is
larger than many other mail services support. Gmail has a oriented interface and a
"conversation view" similar to an Gmail is noted by for its pioneering use Gmail runs
on /2.0 on As of October 2011, it had 260 million users worldwide.

3.3blogger
3.3.1 what is blogger, what is a blog

Blogger is a blog-publishing service that

allows private or multi-user blogs with
time-stamped entries. It was created by
Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google
in 2003. Generally, the blogs are hosted
by Google at a subdomain of
blogspot.com. Up until May 1, 2010
Blogger allowed users to publish blogs
on other hosts, via FTP. All such blogs
had (or still have) to be moved to Google's own servers, with domains other than
blogspot.com allowed via Custom URLs.[3] In July of 2011 a news outlet announced
that Google intends to change the name of the service from "Blogger" to "Google
Blogs," as part of a larger plan to re-brand or retire all non-Google brands in its
portfolio of products and services

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3.3.2 blogger history

On August 23, 1999, Blogger was launched by Pyra Labs. As one of the earliest
dedicated blog-publishing tools, it is credited for helping popularize the format. In
February 2003, Pyra Labs was acquired by Google under undisclosed terms. The
acquisition allowed premium features (for which Pyra had charged) to become free. In
October 2004, Pyra Labs' co-founder, Evan Williams, left Google. In 2004, Google
purchased Picasa; it integrated Picasa and its photo sharing utility Hello into Blogger,
allowing users to post photos to their blogs.

On May 9, 2004, Blogger introduced a major redesign, adding features such as web
standards-compliant templates, individual archive pages for posts, comments, and
posting by email. On August 14, 2006, Blogger launched its latest version in beta,
codenamed "Invader", alongside the gold release. This migrated users to Google servers
and had some new features, including interface language in French, Italian, German and
Spanish.[5] In December 2006, this new version of Blogger was taken out of beta. By
May 2007, Blogger had completely moved over to Google operated servers. Blogger
was ranked 16 on the list of top 50 domains in terms of number of unique visitors in
2007

3.3.3 Pros of Blogger Platform

Blogger has its own advantages and disadvantages when compared to other
platforms, in this post we are making out an honest attempt to rate the Blogger
(Blogspot) based on the its merits and demerits.

 Most reliable as it is a service offered by Google itself.

 Easy to start with and customize, posting updates is as simple as sending
an email.
 Options to use 3rd party or own themes on the platform.

You can customize the template like your own and you can add your own hacks to start
with.
Ability to use custom domain for free,you just need to map it.)
Ability to import your old blog feeds.
Enhanced support for Mobile platforms
No need to worry about the spam, security and hack everything will be taken care of
Google.
Native language support allows you to post in your own language.
Posts will index soon on Google Search results.
Completely Ad Free, it is your choice to show your own ads or not. Blogger will not
show its ads on your blog : You can get your own soon with Blogspot platform as it
runs on Google’s platform, of course you need to satisfy the requirements but the rate of
getting approved were really high with blogger.
Cons of Blogger Platform
Limited storage capacity of 1 GB and no ability to store images (you need to save
images in your Picasa account with a threshold limit of 1 GB).
No FTP support

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Everything you need should be customized, although community help by the fellow
bloggers is available it is always hard to Do It Yourself (DIY).
No definitive way to host blogger in a local system.
Frequent outages (quite common to see users facing problems while posting e.g. errors
like bx-fj78fy).
Plugins are not available to enhance the experience, all the time you to code for getting
the features like.

3.4 Picasa
is an image organizer and image viewer for organizing and editing digital photos, plus
an integrated photo-sharing website, originally created by Idealab in 2002 and owned by
Google since 2004.[1] "Picasa" is a blend of the name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso,
the phrase mi casa for "my house", and "pic" for pictures (personalized art).[1][2] In
July 2004, Google acquired Picasa and began offering it as a free download.[1]
Native applications for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7 and Mac OS X (Intel
only) are available through Google Labs. For Linux, Google has bundled Wine with the
Windows version to create an installation package rather than write a native Linux
version, but this version is severely out of date (the latest Windows version, however,
can be run with Wine, see Linux section). There is also an iPhoto plugin or a standalone
program for uploading photos available for Mac OS X 10.4 and later.
It was reported in July 2011 that Google would be rebranding Picasa as Google Photos.
Windows
As of May 2011, the latest version of Picasa is 3.8, which supports Windows XP,
Windows Vista and Windows 7.
[edit]Linux
As from about early June 2006, Linux versions (2.2.2820-5) became available as free
downloads for most distributions of the Linux operating system. It is not a native Linux
program but an adapted Windows version that uses the Wine libraries.[4]
Google announced that there will be no Linux version for 3.5, due to low adoption.[5]
Since at least July 2009, and as of Nov 2010, Google has only officially offered Picasa
3.0 Beta for Linux http://picasa.google.com/linux/.
[edit]Linux installation
Further information: Using Picasa 3.8 in Linux
Picasa 3.8 for Windows can be successfully installed and used under Linux through the
use of Picasa 3.0 and Wine.[6] This involves merely installing the official Linux
v3.0beta version, then downloading the Windows version and running the .exe installer
through Wine, then overwriting the v3.0beta install with the Windows install.
[edit]Web Album alternatives
There are, however, also other programs that can upload to Picasa Web Albums.
GwenView and DigiKam can upload to Picasa Web Albums when you install the kipi-
plugins package and Shotwell can upload to it without any plugins.
[edit]Mac OS X
On 5 January 2009 Google released a beta version of Picasa for Mac (Intel-based Macs
only). Also, a plugin is available for iPhoto to upload to the Picasa Web Albums hosting
service. There is also a standalone Picasa Web Albums uploading tools for OS X 10.4
or later.[7] The Picasa for Mac is a Google Labs release.[8]
Unfortunately, Picasa for Mac uses the OS X "scroll with inertia" and scrolling speed
settings with a high multiplier, making it impossible to configure both

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Safari/Chrome/Firefox scrolling and Picasa scrolling (in single-picture mode) to be
usable at the same time. The thumbnail/gallery view is unaffected.[9]
[edit]Features

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article
by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (August 2009)
[edit]Organization and editing
For organizing photos, Picasa has file importing and tracking features, as well as tags,
facial recognition, and collections for further sorting. It also offers several basic photo
editing functions, including color enhancement, red eye reduction, and cropping. Other
features include slide shows, printing, and image timelines. Images can also be prepared
for external use, such as for e-mailing or printing, by reducing file size and setting up
page layouts. There is also integration with online photo printing services. Other simple
editing features include adding text to the image. Picasa supports most RAW files, a
user is able to view and edit RAW files and save their finished edit (as JPG, et al)
without any changes to the original RAW file.
[edit]Keywords
Picasa uses picasa.ini files to keep track of keywords for each image. In addition to this,
Picasa attaches IPTC keyword data to JPEG files, but not to any other file format.
Keywords attached to JPEG files in Picasa can be read by other image library software
like Adobe Photoshop Album, Adobe Bridge, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, digiKam,
and iPhoto.
According to Picasa Readme,[10] Picasa can parse XMP data. However, it cannot
search local files for existing XMP keywords.
[edit]Searching
Picasa has a search bar that is always visible when viewing the library. Searches are
live, so that displayed items are filtered as you type. The search bar will search
filenames, captions, tags, folder names, and other metadata.[11]
Picasa also supports boolean operators for searching in much the same way as Google's
web search. All search terms are required by default (as with the operator "AND"), and
images tagged with specified keywords can be excluded by using the hyphen (as in the
boolean operator "NOT"). For example, searching for family children -friends will
cause Picasa to display all images with the keywords "family" and "children", but which
do not include the keyword "friends".
Picasa also has an experimental feature that allows searching for images that contain
certain colors with the "color:" operator.[12]
[edit]Viewing
Picasa has no separate view window. There is only an "edit view" with a viewing area.
Fullscreen view is available in slideshow mode, by holding down the ctrl+alt keys while
in "edit view", or by pressing the Alt Gr key. This feature is also available through the
context menu of Windows Explorer, and provides a way to start the Picasa editor as
well.
[edit]Backup

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (July 2011)

34
In Picasa 2 and earlier versions, changes to pictures made in Picasa overwrite the
original file, but a backup version of the original is saved in a hidden folder named
"Originals" in the same folder as the original picture (.picasaoriginals on Mac OSX) .

In Picasa 3, changes to pictures made in Picasa are saved to a hidden file picasa.ini in
the same folder as the original picture. This allows multiple edits to be performed
without altering the original image. Viewing the picture in Picasa or using the Picasa
Photo Viewer will apply modifications on the fly, whereas viewing through other
programs (such as Windows XP's Photo and Fax Viewer) will display the original
image. Changes can also be made permanent using the "Save" function, where the
original file is backed up in a hidden folder .picasaoriginals located in the same folder as
the original picture and the modified version is written in its place.
Further reading: Manual section "Saving photos" on picasa.google.com [13]
[edit]Face recognition
On 15 August 2006, Google announced it had acquired Neven Vision, whose
technology can be used to search for features within photos such as people or buildings.
Google applied this technology for face recognition, and this functionality was launched
on Picasa Web Albums on 2 September 2008.[14]
Neven Vision incorporates several patents[15] specifically centered around face
recognition from digital photo and video images.
[edit]Geotagging

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (July 2011)
Since June 2007 Picasa can write geographic coordinates to Exif metadata, thus
geotagging an image.
Since version 3.5 of Picasa, Google Earth is not needed. Geotagging may be done
directly inside Picasa, using a more practical Google Maps component, which enables
this functionality in the Mac OS X version.
[edit]Other Picasa applications

[edit]Picasa Web Albums

Picasa Web Albums (PWA) is a photo sharing web site from Google, often compared to
Flickr and similar sites.
It allows users with accounts at Google to store and share 1 GB of large photos for free.
Storage is unlimited for photos 2048x2048 pixels or smaller for Google+ users, and for
photos 800x800 for everyone else. Videos less than 15 minutes long also don't count
towards the limit. After the limit is reached, photos are automatically resized. [16]
Users may upload pictures through a variety of ways: via the PWA web interface on
supported browsers,[17] Picasa 2.5.0 or later[18] on Microsoft Windows, using the
Exporter for iPhoto, the Aperture to Picasa Web Albums plug-in, Uploader on Mac OS
X,[19] F-Spot on Linux, or through WAManager in the Amiga-like OS MorphOS. In
both free and paid accounts, the actual resolution of the photo is maintained, even
though a smaller resolution photo may be displayed by the web interface.
In Picasa 3 versions of the software[dubious – discuss], using the 'original size' upload
option, pixel size remains the same, but JPEG compression is increased significantly
during upload to PWA. As JPEG is a "lossy" format, some picture information (and
quality) is lost. Picasa 3.6 added an option to preserve original JPEG quality.[20]

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PWA uses an "unlisted number" approach for URLs for private photo albums. This
enables a user to email a private album's URL to anyone, and the recipient can view the
album without having to create a user account. This is done via an "authentication key"
that must be appended to the URL for the album to be shown. The Picasa Help files say
that private albums are not searchable by anyone except the user. Another visibility
option named "sign-in required to view" is available. This makes the album viewable
only to those with whom the album is explicitly shared.
Ads are shown on the free Picasa Web Albums accounts. The Terms of Service[21]
permit Google to use the uploaded photos to display on their website or via RSS feeds,
and also for promoting Google services royalty-free. Additionally, the terms permit
Google to allow other companies with which they are affiliated to use the uploaded
pictures to provide syndicated services. This allowance is perpetual and cannot be
revoked by the owner of the photos.
Picasa Web Albums was first leaked on 6 June 2006.[22] When introduced, it came
with 250 MB free space. On 7 March 2007, that was upgraded to 1 GB. As stated
above, storage is now unlimited for small and resized photos. Users can also rent
additional storage space (shared between Google services such as Gmail and Picasa
Web Albums) from 20 GB to 16 TB.[23]

3.5google maps/google earth

Google Maps Overlay

Here's a network link for Google Earth which will use Google Maps to give you a
transparent map overlay for the area you are viewing in Google Earth.

When I was entering placemarks for my recent holiday in Japan I noticed that Google
Earth resolution (outside Tokyo) is fairly limited but Google Maps shows all of Japan
with excellent detail. So here's my attempt at integrating those two services by putting a
transparent Google Map over the Google Earth view. Generating the links to Google
Maps was fairly straightforward, but getting the alignment right was quite a challenge.

How to use
Click here to open the Google Maps overlay in your Google Earth software. In the
"Temporary Places" section you will find the Google Maps Overlay network link and
you can move it to "My Places" to keep it.

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When you change your Google Earth view a new map overlay should appear after 4
seconds. The map overlay sits in the Google Map folder within the network link.

Parameters
You can edit the Google Maps Overlay network link and modify the parameters in the
Location url:

Please note:
This service is a private experiment which can be terminated at any time. Enjoy it while
it's there...

Lots of error dialogs will pop up if an area is not available from Google Maps at the
requested zoom level. Just click them all away and change your view to continue.

The map data shown is copyrighted by Google and their data suppliers.

4influence in our society

A few years ago people began to Google themselves. They began to feed their name,
plus a few details, to the open jaws of the mighty search engine and were delighted to
read that they were mentioned, referred to or even listed in the hallowed halls of search
results. However, due to increasing concern over data privacy, personal information and
the growth of surveillance both on and off the internet, it might now be a cause for
concern rather than delight if your details were returned in a Google search. Will it ever
be possible to use search engines to find out deeply personal information about oneself,
such as what we bought in our local supermarket last week? Or maybe it will allow me
to find out what train or bus my boss took to work this morning?

Data privacy and personal information are an old chestnut in the online community.
Many of these issues have long been resolved in relation to both credit card details and
personal information. If you were to ring any major credit card company right now and
claim that your credit card had been charged without your authorisation, they would
lead you to believe that the theft did not occur online or perhaps even electronically, but
it was a human hand that stole from you. In relation to identity theft, the same cause and
effect occurs; if the information being passed through call centres isn't guarded from
human interaction, it will be open to attack.

Placing this in the context of personal information being stored in the cached results of a
search engine, the danger posed here will surely come from the human element rather
than the search providers; put simply, it is the crackers and hackers that pose the threat
to personal information, rather than Google itself.

Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text-
messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s
or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. But it’s a different kind of
reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the
self. “We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental
psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and
Science of the Reading Brain. “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of
reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all
else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an

37
earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose
commonplace. When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of
information.” Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form
when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.

Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings. It’s not etched into
our genes the way speech is. We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic
characters we see into the language we understand. And the media or other technologies
we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping
the neural circuits inside our brains. Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms,
such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from
the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet. The
variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such
essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory
stimuli. We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be
different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works.

Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter—a Malling-Hansen Writing

Ball, to be precise. His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had
become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches. He had been
forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up. The
typewriter rescued him, at least for a time. Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was
able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers. Words could once
again flow from his mind to the page.

But the machine had a subtler effect on his work. One of Nietzsche’s friends, a
composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing. His already terse prose had
become even tighter, more telegraphic. “Perhaps you will through this instrument even
take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his
“‘thoughts’ in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”
Personal information will never be available for identity theft from search engines for
the same reason it is illegal to pirate, copy or distribute copyrighted material. You might
not be personally offended to find that somewhere in the world, someone is illegally
downloading the new James Bond film at this very moment; but you would surely come
out fighting if people were downloading your high school grades.

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