acumen Research Topic

ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DETECTION OF

HEART DISEASE LEADING TO HEART ATTACK

RESEARCH PAPER
ADITYA BHATTACHARYA
(CSE3 X BATCH)
AMITY UNIVERSITY

Abstract
Despite significant and extensive advances in the field of diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular
disease continues to be a major factor in morbidity and mortality throughout the globe. In order to
improve and optimize cardiovascular disease outcomes, artificial intelligence tools have the potential
to change the way we practice cardiology, especially in imaging, as they provide modern tools to
interpret data and make accurate clinical acumen. Artificial intelligence technologies such as machine
learning and deep learning can also improve medical knowledge due to the increase in data volume
and the complexity of unlocking clinic-related information. Similarly, improvements in information
and communications technology have become critical to creating ubiquitous health care services
through which elderly and chronically ill patients can receive health care at home, thereby reducing
the cost. of hospitalization and improving the quality of life. This research work is based on
supervised algorithms such as K Nearest Neighbor (KNN) and Random Forest (RF), as well as the AI
part of the computer-assisted machine used by cardiologists to represent various attributes related to
heart disease. .
Acknowledgements
I appreciate having the opportunity to participate in a research project. This is a great experience for
me because I had no exposure before. This research has inspired me across the board. I would like to
sincerely thank my research guide _ Mr. Yogesh Singh Rathore for guiding me with his knowledge,
experience and encouragement throughout the process. I am whole heartedly grateful to you. I
sincerely thank my project leader, Ms. Supriya Raheja, for sharing all the details when necessary.
Thanks to my new research guide, Mr. Achyut Shankar, for his helpful comments. Last but not least, I
want to thank my parents for their continued support.
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack 2

Content Table

Serial. CONTENT
No.
1 Abstract
2 keywords
3 Introduction
4 Background
5 Data source and algorithms used
6 Results and Analysis
7 Conclusion and Future prospects
8 Reference

Keywords- Echocardiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiac Computed

Tomography, K Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest Algorithm (RFA).

Introduction  peripheral arterial disease – a disease of

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of
death worldwide. An estimated 17.9 million
people died from CVDS in 2019, representing
32% of all deaths worldwide. Of these deaths,
85% occurred due to heart attacks and strokes.
More than three-quarters of CVD deaths occur
developing and under developed nations. Of the
17 million premature deaths caused by non-
communicable diseases in 2019, 38% were
caused by CVD. Most cardiovascular diseases
can be prevented by offsetting behavioral risk
factors, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and
obesity, physical dormancy, and over use of
alcohol. Early detection of cardiovascular disease
is essential in order to start management through
counseling and medication. (www.who.int)
What are cardiovascular diseases?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a faction of
heart and blood vessel disorders. They include:
 Coronary heart disease: vascular disease that
supplies blood to the heart muscle; •
Cerebrovascular disease: vascular disease
that supplies blood to the brain;
blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
 rheumatic heart disease – Damage to heart
muscles and heart valves due to rheumatic
fever owing to streptococcal bacteria;
congenital heart disease-birth
 congenital heart disease – birth defects that
prove as deterrents to the normal
development and functioning of the heart
caused by malformations of the heart
structure from birth; and
 deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism – blood clots in the leg veins,
which can get extricated and move to the
heart and lungs.
Heart attacks and strokes are usually intense
events, usually caused by blockages that prevent
blood from flowing to the heart and brain.
The most common reason for this is a build-up of
greasy deposits on the inner walls of the blood
vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can
be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the
brain or from blood clots.
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack
17.9 million People die in each year from CVDS,
an estimated 32%of all deaths worldwide.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence alludes to the simulation of
human intelligence in machines of that are
programmed to think like humans and mimic
their actions. It Is a wide ranging branch of
computer science which is responsible in
building smart machines capable of performing
tasks that typically require human intelligence.
For e.g., self-driving cars, learning and planning
etc. Recent development in the field of artificial
intelligence has led to the evolution of expert
systems for medical applications. Moreover, It
has also been designed to improve calculation
tools over the past few decades to improve the
experiences and abilities of physicians for
making decisions in regard to their patients.
Motivated by the need of such an expert system,
in this study, I propose a method to efficiently
diagnose the heart disease using computer aided
machines using AI.
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of
heart disease
1. United States innovators have developed
new software that uses artificial intelligence
to help medical professionals capture
ultrasound images for detecting heart
disease. Dramatically expanding early
detection of the world’s heart disease.
2. A new project uses artificial intelligence
technology could spell a medical
breakthrough for people suffering from, or
at a risk of coronary artery disease.
3. Artificial intelligence, its innovation, uses
electrocardiograms to more accurately
diagnose coronary artery disease,
myocardial infarction, and congestive heart
failure. Congestive heart failure to an
certainty of more than 98.5.
3
Application in cardiovascular imaging
1. Echocardiography. Echocardiography
plays an important role in the diagnosis and
management of cardiovascular diseases and
in the precise quantitative evaluation of
cardiac structure and function. However, it
still depends on the variability of
interpretation and experience. Artificial
intelligence tools, especially machine
learning, provide new possibilities to
improve the accuracy of image
interpretation in clinical echocardiography
practice, especially among non-professional
physicians. A machine learning model
trained to learn different features in an
image can recognize various specific disease
patterns while taking into account each pixel
and its relationship. The ML model has the
potential to automatically interpret unused
data generated by the emergence of
multidimensional imaging modes, such as
3D echocardiography and speckle tracking.
It has advantages in reducing analysis time
and improving reproducibility.
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In cardiac
magnetic resonance imaging, ventricular
segmentation is one of the areas where ML
models are most likely to be applied. It
allows to quantify the volume and improve
the efficiency and repeatability of clinical
evaluation. Avendi and so on. Use deep
learning algorithms (ie, convolutional neural
networks and stacked auto encoders) trained
on cardiac magnetic resonance datasets to
automatically detect and segment the right
ventricle (RV), and predict the accuracy of
these algorithms. In addition, for left
ventricular segmentation, several automatic
neural networks have been successfully
created, especially for cardiac film MRI.
Another application of ML in cardiac
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack
magnetic resonance imaging is to detect
subacute or chronic myocardial scars.
Dawes et al. Use supervised machine
learning of 3D systolic heart motion patterns
to predict (regardless of conventional risk
factors) adverse outcomes in patients with
lung disease (early death or right heart
failure)
2. Cardiac Computed Tomography. The ML
image analysis technology in cardiac CT is
widely used for the diagnosis and risk
assessment of coronary artery disease
(CAD) and atherosclerosis (for example,
coronary artery calcification score and
fractional flow estimation). Coronary artery
computed tomography angiography (CCTA)
is a non-invasive way to detect coronary
artery disease. Compared with invasive
angiography, it usually overestimates the
severity of stenosis. When Fractional Flow
Reserve (RFF) is used as a reference,
angiographic stenosis does not necessarily
mean hemodynamic correlation. Therefore,
several ML models have been created to
determine non-invasive RFF and improve
CCTA performance by correctly
reclassifying hemodynamically insignificant
stenosis.
Limitations of Electrocardiogram
Although it is a very useful technique, it has
limitations as with any other technique.
a) It cannot provide accurate diagnosis of
congestive heart failure.
b) Prognosis during anesthesia or surgical
procedures is beyond prediction.
c) Heart chamber wall thickness cannot be
measured. Diseases of heart valves such as,
endocardium, or pericardium cannot be
diagnosed. Obstructive blood flow diseases
also remain unchecked.
d) Normal electrocardiogram may not always
appraise of cardiac disease.
4
Limitations of MRI
a) Can reflect ECG changes (alteration in
electrical activity of the heart in patients).
b) Some patients also experience
claustrophobia morbid fear of closed places.
c) The MRI becomes distorted by presence of
metal, so the image can be suboptimal in
patients with surgical dips or stents, for
instance.
d) It is very complex and expensive. For MRI
to be widely used, the cost must be
drastically reduced.
Background
Heart disease affects millions of people and
remains the leading cause of death in the world.
Medical diagnosis requires skilled, reliable, and
computer technology. In order to reduce the
effective cost of diagnostic tests. Until A variety
of classification algorithms are now used in the
heart disease database, and high classification
accuracy has been achieved in recent decades. I
am using k nearest neighbor and random forest
algorithms with 83.16 % accuracy and 91.6%
accuracy. A great variety of classification
algorithms have been used on Cleveland heart
disease database and high classification accuracy
has been reported in the last few decades. As
can be seen from the related reference the
reached higher classification accuracy was 82%
when these tools were used. This section
provides information on related topics such as
machine learning and its methods, including brief
descriptions, data preprocessing, assessment
measures, and descriptions of the data sets used
in this research. This research article clarifies the
accuracy of the computer-aided machine used to
detect types of heart disease.
Data Source
For this study, I have collected data from Dr.
Tuhina Parveen Sarwala from Barasat District
Hospital ( West Bengal). It comprises a real data
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack
highlighting on the types of heart diseases, the
machine learning based decision support system
and glimpse of computer aided machines or
instruments used. In this research, we have used
two algorithms k nearest neighbor and random
forest algorithm to get relevant causes for heart
disease and create a table and graph with the
maximum possible accuracy.
a) Final Questionnaire
Survey Questionnaire on Determining the
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Detection
of Heart Disease Leading to Heart Attack
The responses to this survey will assist me
(ADITYA BHATTACHARYA) in determining
the importance of Artificial Intelligence in
detection of heart disease leading to heart attack.
Q1) Please tell me in brief about you :
Your name-
Profile/ Associated with Organisation-
Contact No.
Email Id-
Q2) What kind of heart diseases are being
diagnosed using the machine learning-
based decision support systems?
Q3) What are the most advanced computer
aided machines or instruments
cardiologists use these days to diagnose
heart diseases?
Q4) What are the computer aided machinery
cardiologists are using to do angioplasty?
Q5) Does Artificial Intelligence play an
important role in these machineries?
Q6) How satisfied are you using these
computer aided machines for clinical
purposes?
Q7) Please highlight the limitations of these
MRI machines if possible and suggest how
can we improve on this?
5
Q8) What is the diagnostic accuracy of these
AI- based machines for heart disease
detection?
Q9) How can the number of deaths related to
cardiac failures be reduced by using these
machines?
Q10) How authentic or reliable are the results of
the tests conducted using these machines?
Q11) Please give your valuable suggestions how
technologically we can improve these
computer aided machines for further
diagnosing heart diseases at clinical level.
b) Algorithms used: K Nearest Neighbor
(KNN)
The nearest neighbor algorithm is a supervised
classification algorithm method. Classify objects
based on their closest neighbors. It is case-based
learning. It takes a set of named points and uses
them to mark another point. The KNN algorithm
is easy to run, and there is no need to create a
model or make other assumptions. The algorithm
is versatile and can be used for classification,
regression, and search. Although KNN is the
simplest algorithm, noise and uncorrelated
characteristics can affect its accuracy. According
to Pouriyeh et al., A precision of 83.16 degrees
was achieved when K = 9. The KNN algorithm
calculates the probability that the test data
belongs to type "K" of training data, and the
class with the highest probability will be selected
In the case of regression, this value is the average
of the training points selected by "K". The K
value represents the number of closest neighbors.
Advantages
1. The algorithm is user friendly and easy to
implement. One doesn’t have to build a
model, rather adjust some parameters, or do
additional assumptions. The algorithm is
flexible. It can be used for classification,
regression, and search (as we will see in
the next section
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack 6

task, but it works well in classification task

Random Forest Algorithms (RFA)
 Random Forest Algorithm. The Random
Forest Algorithm is a supervised
classification algorithm technology. In this
algorithm, multiple trees create a forest. Each
tree in the random forest issues a class
expectation, and the class with the most
votes becomes the model's prediction. In
random forest classification, the greater the
number of trees, the greater the precision.
The three most used methods are: Forest RI
(random input choice);
 Forest RC (random blend);
 Combination of forest RI and forest RC. It is
used for classification task and regression
to overcome missing values. Random forest
algorithm has obtained a veracity of 91.6%
using Cleveland dataset in.
 Using People’s dataset, an preciseness of
97% was achieved.
Features of Random Forest
 It is one of the most precise learning
algorithms present. Many data sets produce
very accurate classifiers. Works effectively
for both classification and regression
problems.
 Runs efficaciously on large datasets.
 Requires absolutely no input preparation
(no data cleansing).

Table Results -
algo_name acc_test acc_train
9 KNeighborsClassifier_ 85.71 83.96
2 RandomForestClassifier_ 84.62 100.00
3 RandomForestClassifier_FS 83.52 95.28
14 SVC_sfs 83.52 85.85
1 LinearDiscriminantAnalysis_sfs 82.42 83.96
4 RandomForestClassifier_sfs 82.42 86.32
7 GradientBoostingClassifier_ 81.32 100.00
13 SVC_rbf 81.32 91.51
0 LinearDiscriminantAnalysis_ 80.22 85.38
11 SVC_linear 80.22 86.79
6 DecisionTreeClassifier_sfs 78.02 86.79
8 GradientBoostingClassifier_sfs 78.02 86.79
12 SVC_poly 78.02 91.98
10 KNeighborsClassifier_sfs 76.92 88.68
5 DecisionTreeClassifier_ 72.53 100.00
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack 7

From the table and graph we conclude that k nearest neighbour and random forest algorithm are best
two algorithms for detection of heart disease as their accuracy is high and their test accuracy is more
than 90%.
performed every day in major hospitals. In this
Discussion paper, we put to the forth our new designed
I have worked on my topic Artificial intelligence angioplasty catheter balloon inflation device. It
in detection of heart disease leading to heart is a digitalized gadget that can be used in the
attack. While working on this topic I faced many actual PTCA procedure or other balloon
limitations. The first and foremost is that I was angioplasty procedures. It is presently being
not able to get adequate data the way I wanted to used to simulate the inflation and deflation of
collect my data. The doctors were very busy angioplasty balloons in addition with an
with their work and they are not responsive. I interventional radiology simulator. It also can
have collected some data from a hospital in be used in clinical procedures. The device has
Barasat West Bengal and as per the data many outstanding advantages in addition to it
collected and my conversation with them I have resembling the existing handheld device used in
realized that cardiologists are using a number of the clinical setting. When used in the clinical
computed aided machines like ECG, PTCA , procedures, a physician can wield the device
etc. for detecting heart diseases and for surgery using one hand with a remote controller
purposes also. According to the Experts these contrary to two-hand operating with the existing
machines are very helpful and the accuracy level device. The manipulation accuracy is higher
of these machines is very high. They are highly allowing the physician to set the minimum
contented with the machines. One of my inflation step at the standard of 0.1 bar. As it’s
findings on PTCA deserves to be mentioned. an electromechanical device, it can be
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty integrated better than the existing mechanical
(PTCA) is important interventional procedures device, into the increasing digital clinical
environment. New features such as intelligent
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack
programming can also be carried out using this
new electromechanical device. This new
angioplasty catheter balloon inflator has been
validated with integration with an arbitral
radiation simulator in a clinical setting. In
Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha, Dr. K. K.
Saxena, the renowned cardiologist is very much
inclined and firm believer of administering
PTCA for angioplasty procedure. I have used
Algorithms like K _Nearest Neighbour
(KNN)and Random Forest Algorithm(RF) to see
the accurate results for detecting heart diseases.
The main aim of my research is to find out how
these machines can be further improved by
incorporating Artificial Intelligence in a more
productive way so that they should be cost
effective and the ecological validity should be
high.
Conclusion and future prospects
physicians have a good opportunity and
responsibility to actively monitor the continuous
development of artificial intelligence
technology, and use and implement these
technologies according to their needs in order to
find specific support tools for their clinical
practice. `The beginning of artificial intelligence
in the cardiovascular field is exploring the wide
range of possibilities for providing new
personalized care. ``The way we engage in
cardiology, especially in the field of cardiac
imaging, will change, and doctors need to be
prepared. Commonly used methods for
predicting heart disease risk may be very
inaccurate, but innovations in blood testing and
machine learning technology may change this
situation. From chemistry to numbers, Abi Millar
describes these two very different research
directions, which are dedicated to promoting
the prevention of fatal heart disease. Healthcare
and telemedicine are establishing new
connections between patients and doctors,
changing healthcare from passive to ubiquitous.
Clinicians should not be afraid of integrating
artificial intelligence into cardiology, but they
should accept it, since their expert knowledge
8
will keep being pivotal under any circumstances.
Future prospects for AI in healthcare include
health assistance and medication management,
precision medicine applications, drug creation
and support in facilitating people in making
healthier choices and decisions. The report lists
scores of examples of real-world AI offerings,
discusses the effects of AI on conventional
healthcare delivery views patents in various
segments of the market.
The AI market constitutes of a wide range of
company types: technological giants,
pharmaceutical and biotechnology leaders,
medical device companies and imaging vendors,
as well as upcoming companies that substantially
do the heavy lifting in development and early
incubation of how to apply AI in the healthcare
field. The report scrutinizes company
participation in terms of market segment;
estimated investor funding, private Company
Focus ($ Million); Application-Specific AI
Medical Leaders Participation in Prediction
Markets, 2019 (% market share).
The Market for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in
Healthcare also profiles these following
companies active in the market:
 AiCure
 Amazon Web Services, Inc.
 Atomwise, Inc U.S.
 Bay Labs, Inc
 Berg Health
 BioXcel Therapeutics, Inc.
 Cisco Systems, Inc.
 Clarify Health Solutions
 CloudMedX
 Cyclica
 Deep Genomics, Inc
 Enlitic
 GE Healthcare, Inc.
 Google, Inc. (Alphabet, Inc.)
 IBM, Inc.
 iCarbonX
Role of artificial intelligence in detection of heart disease leading to heart attack 9

 Intel, Inc. www.uwa.edu.au

 Koninklinjke Philips, Inc. role of instruments : www.hindawi.com
 Medtronic, Inc. current status of cardiovascular disease:
 Microsoft, Inc. www.who.int
 Nvidia, Inc. background
 Qventus, Inc das 2009 and shah article 2020
 Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Algorithms used
 SAS Institute, Inc k nearest neighbour : shah article 2020 and
 Siemens Healthineers GmbH medium.com
 Stryker, Inc random forest algorithm : shah article 2020 and
 Verint Next IT medium.com
 Welltok, Inc. limitations of echocardiography
www.veteriankey.com
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