Sociology

Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte is called the father of sociology because he coined the word 'Sociology' in 1830, for that
branch of science which studied human behaviour. In fact, he created a hierarchy of sciences in which
he put sociology at the top. He argued that sciences dealing with simple phenomena were first to arrive.

Auguste Comte was one of the founders of sociology and coined the term sociology. Comte believed
sociology could unite all sciences and improve society. Comte was a positivist who argued that
sociology must have a scientific base and be objective. ... One common scientific method in sociology is
the survey.

Harriet Martineau

Martineau is notable for her progressive politics. She introduced feminist sociological perspectives in
her writing and addressed overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic life, religious life, and
race relations. In 1852, Martineau translated the works of Auguste Comte, who had coined the term
sociology.

Karl Marx

One of the foundational thinkers of sociology was Karl Marx, a 19th-century German philosopher. Marx
developed a theory that society progressed through a class conflict between the proletariat, the
workers, and the bourgeoisie, the business owners and government leaders.

Marxist sociology refers to the application of Marxist perspective within the study of sociology. Marxism
itself can be recognized as both a political philosophy and a sociological method, insofar as it attempts
to remain scientific, systematic, and objective rather than purely normative and prescriptive.

Max Weber

Sociology, for Max Weber, is "a science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action
in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its course and effects".

Anthropology

Franz Boaz

His primary contribution to anthropology was his theory of cultural relativism. Boas worked to change
this idea, saying that people think of other cultures based on the only culture they know, which is their
own culture. His research demonstrated the many similarities between people of different races and
ethnicities.
Bronislaw Malinowski Kasper

World-famous social anthropologist, traveler, ethnologist, religion scholar, sociologist and writer. He is
the creator of the school of functionalism, advocate for intense fieldwork, and a forerunner of new
methods in social theory.

Malinowski was instrumental in transforming British social anthropology from an ethnocentric discipline

concerned with historical origins and based on the writings of travelers, missionaries, and colonial
administrators to one concerned with understanding the interconnections between various institutions
and based on fieldwork, where the goal was to “grasp the native’s point of view”

Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-brown

The English anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) pioneered the study of social relations as
integrated systems. His analyses of kinship relations in Australia and in Africa have had a powerful
influence on modern social anthropology.

He is widely known for his theory of functionalism and his role in the founding of British social
anthropology. Radcliffe-Brown went to the Andaman Islands (1906–08), where his fieldwork won him a
fellowship at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Political Science

Walter Lippman

With a career spanning 60 years he is famous for being among the first to introduce the concept of Cold
War, coining the term "stereotype" in the modern psychological meaning, as well as critiquing media
and democracy in his newspaper column and several books, most notably his 1922 book Public Opinion.