LESSON 2

By: Engr. Eddie Cabayao, Ph.D .M.E.

Engr. Lyndre Bito-onon, M.S. Mgt. Engrg.

TYPES OF DRAWING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

LO 2.1: Explain the purpose of the following:

1. general arrangement drawings;
2. assembly and sub-assembly drawings;
3. component drawings;
4 pictorial drawings

INTRODUCTION

Necessity always impels man to device new technology, structure, systems, or even new ideas. Plans are often
discussed between parties or groups, proponents and customers, superiors and subordinates, and planners and would-be
beneficiaries. In most cases, in order to come up with simple and productive discussion or for plans to be fully understood,
preliminary layouts or drawings are prepared and presented to support one’s explanation which in many cases ultimately
results in fruitful outcomes.

Figure 2.1 – A typical drawing room.

Most design concepts and plans have originated or were conceived in the drawing boards of drafting offices. These
drafting offices become the marketplaces of data or information for productive endeavor specifically for design purposes. It
is in these offices that developments of plans from its crude nature are turned into more refined finished output, from a
simple bolt and screws; to luxurious cars, ships, and airplanes; to more complex systems such as new manufacturing plants
or cities which are conceptualized and realized in the drafting offices. In many organizations, drafting offices have become
a part of their design process.

The drafting office may also serve as storage of many temporary layout drawings that may not be needed at present,
but may be possibly useful or realized in later times. Examples of these are detailed plans of a master plan of a proposed
work to be accomplished in phases, where the detailed design for the other phases will be done at the future dates. Some of
these stored drawings may also serve as references for other new plans or designs.

Importantly, during the construction or manufacturing phases, technical drawings become the indispensable guide of
the makers and workers in coming up with the desired or expected product.

LESSON CONTENTS

WORKING-DRAWINGS

Technical drawings are generally called as working-drawings when they are used as plans on two major categories:
Structural and manufacturing. The former is called as architectural drawing and the latter is called machine drawing.
Each area has employed particular methods of drawing preparation.
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 Working-drawings may be classified according to the magnitude or depth of information it offers to the observer on
the item being drawn. These are classified as general arrangement, assembly or sub-assembly, and detail component
drawings and pictorial drawing.

1. General Arrangement Drawings

This type of drawing presents the overall image or impression of the product of the machine, mechanism, or of the
complex system being drawn. All components of the machine or system are drawn into one presentation. This includes
assemblies, sub-assemblies, and individual components for these complex systems as well as their references with respect
to associated drawings. Overall and principal dimensions are also shown in the drawing.

Poolside verandha
Sky lounge

Stabiliser Bow thruster

Dining room Theatre

Ballroom

Machinery space Fuel and water tanks

Figure 2.2 – General arrangement drawing of a cruise ship (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).
Accommodation Containers carried on
hatch covers

Steering
gear

No. 4 hold Machinery Fore

space No. 3 hold No. 2 hold No. 1 hold
peak
Tunnel

Aft
peak
Double bottom

No. 4 port No. 3 port No. 2 port

hatch hatch hatch
No. 1 hatch
No. 4 starboard No. 3 starboard No. 2 starboard
hatch hatch hatch

Figure 2.3 – General arrangement drawing of a container ship (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).
Bridge front door (p & s)
Stern door
Shell doors, glazed (p & s) Shell doors (p & s)
Bowvisor actuating gear

No. 3 deck
Mezzanine deck
No. 2 deck

No. 1 deck

Hemicyclic garage door (aft)

Cover over hoist aperture Garage door (forward)

Inner bow door

Figure 2.4 – General arrangement drawing of a roll-on/roll-off ferry (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).
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2. Assembly or Sub-Assembly Drawings

A complex system or mechanism can be drawn into separate individual major components which are called assembly
drawings. This is usually done to better understand how this individual component can be drawn or assembled to form into
a complete unit. In this type of drawing, total descriptions of the shape of the assembly are shown. Parts list accompany the
drawings that contains important data concerning the assembly. The drawings also present the location or position of the
assembly in relation to other assemblies or components that comprise the entire system as well as other vital information
regarding the functions and properties of the unit.

Sometimes for more clarity, a more complex assembly can also be broken down and drawn into sub-assemblies. The
drawings that represent them are called sub-assembly drawings. Sub-assembly drawings have the same characteristics
with that of the assembly drawings, in the same manner that the assembly drawings have the same characteristics with the
general arrangement drawings.

Assembly and sub-assembly drawings are similar in character to the general arrangement drawings only that they are
limited to separate units which may be complete items in their own right and when built into larger systems, will compose
the general arrangement. A sub-assembly may also show an integral part of a larger assembly. The assembly drawing must
be comprehensive with regards to parts details, fixing arrangements, bolt centers, and other constructional data.

1 HOUSING, RIGHT HAND

2 HOUSING, LEFT HAND
3 MOTOR
4 BATTERY
5 SHAFT
6 PINION
7 GEAR
8 BEARING
9 CLIP BEARING
10 WASHER, MOUNTING
11 WASHER, MOUNTING
12 SWITCH
13 SWITCH, BUTTON
14 CHUCK
21 1 7 5 13 12 20 17 8 9 15 RING, CHUCK
16 STRIP, CONTRAST
17 LEADS
14 18 RECEPTACLE
19 CUSHION
20 WASHER
21 LABEL
22 PIN
15

2 22 6 10 3 16 11 18 4 19

Figure 2.5 – Assembly drawing of a cordless eraser (Courtesy of Giesecke, et. al).
Bow stopper
Anchor cable
Hawse
pipe
Doubling plate

Forecastle deck

Ship’s
side

Anchor

Chafing
ring

Figure 2.6 – Anchor and cables

assembly (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).
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drawing
 Shank

Fluke

Arm

Tripping palm Head

Figure 2.7 – Sub-assembly drawing of a stockless anchor (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).

Parts List

The parts list of an assembly working-drawing list down important data about the assembly such as: The name of parts
and their sizes, required materials for each part, the quantity needed for the assembly, and other specifications needed for
actual manufacture or construction.

The parts list is usually placed in the upper or lower right hand corner of an assembly working-drawing.

Sectioned Parts on Assembly Working-Drawings

Generally, objects or components of items are represented in the assembly working-drawings by their exterior views.
There are cases, however, that objects have interior features which could not be viewed in any exterior view. These internal
hidden features may sometimes be represented by hidden lines. In most cases, the objects with hidden features are virtually
cut in sections where the hidden features are exposed to the viewer. These exposed sectioned parts are then drawn and the
cut solid sections are represented by section lines. The view is called as section view. It should be remembered, however,
that solid parts that do not have internal features, such as bolts, bearing plates, rivets, and pins should remain unsectioned
on assembly working-drawings. Section lines are inclined parallel lines about 2 mm apart and represent the cut solid parts
of the objects. Inclinations of the section lines vary in order to distinguish and discriminate the shapes of the sectioned
parts.

Figure 2.8 – Sectioned part of an assembly working-drawing.

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Parts Identification

One objective in an assembly working-drawing is that every part of the object must be identified. For ease of
identification, the parts are properly labeled by means of a part number. Each part number is lettered and has a leader line
that points to the part being identified.

3. Component Drawings

A component drawing is a technical drawing when an assembly is broken down into its individual parts and each part
is drawn. The drawing provides sufficient information to allow the part to be made. Detail component drawings serve as
guides to enable machine operators using tools and machines to convert raw materials into finished products.

A detail component drawing serves three basic purposes:

1. it describes the shape of the object drawn;
2. it indicates the dimensions of the object drawn, including limits and fits to ensure correct assembly; and
3. it provides additional information that is required for the manufacture of the object such as material specifications,
required surface finish, and other information needed in the production process.

Stud Spile pin

Figure 2.9 – Component drawing of a lug less joining shackle (Courtesy of Taylor, DA).

10 10

20

20
80

REMOVE SHARP EDGES

80

10 20 10
10

10

GUIDE BLOCK
MAT ERIAL - SAE 2440 ST EEL

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMET ER DWG NO. 40

SCALE 1:1

Figure 2.10 – Detail component drawing

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4. Pictorial Drawings

A pictorial drawing is easy to visualize even by an observer with no background in technical drawing. This drawing
shows several sides, usually three sides of an object all at once. The pictorial drawing helps the designer to form the images
of the object into correct stages for satisfactory design and development. But since pictorial drawing only shows the object
approximately as they appear in the eye of the viewer, the drawing does not completely describe the object in detailed form.
Pictorial drawings, however, serve as a good complement to extend the comprehension on multiview drawings where the
objects are presented in detailed form. Subsequently, because pictorial drawings are easy to comprehend, and if done well
they are pleasing and attractive to view, they are usually used in sales brochures and literature in advertising products. In
technical work, they are extensively used in architectural, structural, and machine design.

Figure 2.12 – Example of a pictorial drawing.

QUESTIONS and ASNWERS (10 points)

1. Enumerate the four types of drawing;

2. Explain briefly the purpose of each types of drawing.

REFERENCES

T3 - Marine Engineering Drawing. Marta by Dr. Edmund Pragados

T4 – Engineering Drawing by Agrawal, Basant. New York Mc Graw-Hill 2014
T5 – Technical Drawing, 12th edition by Giesecke, et al.
T6 – Technical Drawing and engineering Communication, 6th edition by Geotsch, et al.

HANDS ON DRAWING ACTIVITES IS TO BE SCHEDULED

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