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AN OVERVIEW OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE MOTOR DRIVES

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Journal of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda ISSN : 0025-0422

AN OVERVIEW OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE MOTOR

DRIVES

Harpreet Kaur Channi, Electrical Engineering Division, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali,
India, harpreetchanni@yahoo.in

Kamal Kant Sharma, Electrical Engineering Division, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali,
India, sharmakamal2002@gmail.com

Himanshu Monga, Electronics Engineering Division, JN Govt. Engineering College, Sundernagar

(Mandi, H.P), himanshumonga@gmail.com

Nitin Sharma, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India, nitinsharma.ece@gmail.com

Arun Kumar Sharma, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, India,

arunksharma96@gmail.com

Abstract— Power management for an electric vehicle is revolutionized, while the old power system
presented the first Electric vehicles. Electric traction is one of the most encouraging technologies that
can lead to major improvements to car design, efficiency in energy usage, and polluting emissions.
The most promoting innovation with advantages of superior ecosystem-friendly, low-dumping, and
long-range activity is one of some innovations for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Moreover, the
developments of all equipment in the section are, therefore, most accessible. Generally, almost all auto
manufacturers develop hybrid electric vehicles including Toyota and Honda, have been promoting
their designs. This paper examines an overview of HEV technologies for drive trains, electric motor
drives, and energy storage.

Keywords- Energy storage, HEV, Motor drives,

I. INTRODUCTION:
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is an array of a variety of vehicles that joins a normal internal
combustion engine (ICE) structure with an electric drive system. In the last decade, HEV was highly
recommended. Almost every manufacturer has on the market at least one HEV. The battery energy
storage issue should be saved at that time. It can be obtained from the engine with the help of a hybrid
vehicle. The proximity of the electric power train is expected to realize either preferable efficiency
over a regular vehicle or better execution. There is a range of HEV types, and how every capability
fluctuates further as an electric vehicle (EV). Modern HEVs use efficiency-improving automation,
for instance, renewable brakes that convert the kinetic energy to electricity, which is put away on
battery or super-capacitor. HEVs often use the most common type of vehicle: hybrid electric vehicles,
even though hybrid electric vehicles and transit systems do likewise exist [1].

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Figure1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A variety of configurations as shown in above figure:
• Different power ratios PICE/PEM
• Different component organization
There are, in any case, a few drive-train compositions and various control systems to organize the
power sources because of the double power sources. These distinctive arrangements and control
strategies contribute to different vehicle concert and operational features [2].
Regenerative Braking: The electric engine protects against the train and moderates the wheels. The
energy of the wheels therefore turns the motor, which acts as a generator by turning usually wasted
energy into power during drifting and braking. The electric motor needs this power to be placed on a
battery.
Electric Motor Drive/Assist: The electric motor gives the motor additional capacity to speed up,
pass or ascend paths. This allows for the use of a smaller and gradually efficient engine. The engine
alone provides a low-speed driving power in some cars, where the internal combustion engines are
less efficient.
Programmed Start/Shutoff (additionally called begin to stop): Naturally, this feature closes the
engine when the vehicle stops and restarts it when the speeding agent is squeezed. This holds wasted
resources uninterrupted [3].
II. CLASSIFICATION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
A. Series hybrid
The power motor drives an electric generator (mostly in addition to the rectification unit) rather than
turning the wheels directly in a hybrid vehicle arrangement. The electric motor is the main way to
give the capacity of the wheel. The generator fills the two batteries and drives a motor to drive the
car. The engine draws power from both the batteries and the generator when a lot of intensity is
needed [4]. In general, the engine/generator collection sustains the charging of the battery by 65%
– 75%.

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Figure2 (a). Dual voltage (14 and 42 V) power system architecture

Figure2 (b) ISG based 42V system.

B. Parallel HEV
The ICE and traction motors are precisely connected with the transmission in a hybrid vehicle with
parallel design. A parallel hybrid schematics graph is presented in figure 3 (b). The vehicle may be
powered by the ICE or the electric motor or both in the intermediate and it may be possible, along
these lines, that the combination is chosen generously to provide for the torque needed at any random
time [5].

Figure3 (a) Typical layout of a series HEV drive train

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Figure 3 (b) A parallel HEV drive train configuration

There are various methods in parallel with HEVs to arrange utilize of the ICE and traction engines. The
technique is to use the engine at low speeds, as it is gradually efficient than the ICE and then allows the
ICE to run alone at high speed. The Traction Motor will operate as a generator and charge the battery
at the time when only the ICE can operate.
The significant focal points of the parallel hybrid drive train are:
1) Two torques are directly used for the engine and the power motor supply, resulting in lower
energy losses.
2) Minimize the generator and smaller traction engine because of no need. The mechanical coupler
between the motor and the decided wheels is a major downside of parallel hybrid drive trains, so it
is not possible to repair the engine in a narrow speed region [6].
C. Series-parallel hybrid
The parallel HEV configuration is an association between both the configuration and the parallel
combinations. There is a mechanical relation between the generator and the motor, in contrast to the
arrangement, and an additional generator, as shown in Figure 4, in relation to the parallel hybrid. The
advantages of both the arrangement and parallel HEVs can be combined with that strategy. In this
context it should be noted that the HEV parallel arrangement is usually complicated and expensive
as well [7].

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D. Complex hybrid
Figure4. Typical HEV series-parallel drive train configuration

The dynamic hybrid system (Figure 5) involves a complicated structure that cannot be organized in
three different kinds. The multiple hybrids are like the parallel hybrid system since the generator and
the electric motor are both electric machines. The principal distinguishing feature is the two-
directional power flow in the complex hybrid motor and the single-way power flow in the parallel
hybrid system [8].

Figure5. Dynamic hybrid system

II. TYPES OF DEGREE HYBRIDIZATION:

A full hybrid, now and again also called a powerful hybrid, is Toyota's Hybrid Synergetic Drive and
General Motor / Chrysler’s Two-Mode Hybrid advances are full hybrid systems. The Ford Fusion
Hybrid and Toyota Prius have complete mixtures Toyota Prius [8].
A mild hybrid is a vehicle that can not only be powered by its electric motor since it has not a
sufficient electric motor to power the vehicle independently. Mild hybrids provide only a portion of
the highlights of hybrid innovation, with small fuel usage investments typically being made up to 15%
of urban driving and 8% to 10% in a cycle. A mild hybrid is an ordinary vehicle with an excess starting
motor, which allows the motor to destroy anywhere the vehicle drives, brakes, or stops, and yet reboots

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easily and clearly. It is mounted between the engine and gearbox periodically and is used to replace
the torque converter to provide additional energy from the drive as it speeds up [9].
A hybrid electric plug-in vehicle (PHEV), often known as hybrid plug-in is an electric hybrid vehicle
which can be completely by plugging a plug into an external electricity supply. A PHEV includes an
electric motor and an internal combustion engine, and all electric motors often have the plug to switch
to a grid, which has a regular Hybrid Electric Vehicle [8, 9].
III. RAW MATERIAL SHORTAGE:
A significance of driven electrical motors and battery systems are required for producing tubes in hybrid
driving systems. In any case, China is the world's origin in the unusual earth components, and one
investigative confidence that a general increase in the assembly of Chinese hardware will spend this
total supply by 2012. Furthermore, sending standards to Chin's unusual earth trades led to an
overwhelmingly unstable supply of these metals [9].
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, economically accessible vehicles show the most prevalent series / parallel HEV system
for all hybrid electric-powered vehicles. The hybrid set-up of series is often used for preferences and
inconveniences in large vehicles, military vehicles, and transports. In addition, parallel and parallel
series is also found in small automobiles including passenger vehicles. In terms of electric motor
drives, the power rating of electric system can effectively be reduced along a consistent power
district, and thus the absolute load of the system decreases. It then includes the potential
components of the vehicle.

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