<-}.

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lntroduction d--'?

Soil could be studied in a different ways according to the type of science:

e//
t,g:()
The agricultural scientists study soils from its relationship with the plants, -,-tltvrt
dt-JrJ
because 6ihe !'p-tl is the -mediurn*.'ofi, plants gro*A.h: they are in$test of'
approximately just_(1) meler in depth of soil where the roots are.
The geologist scientists study the whole depth of soil from the core. mantie,
and crust up to the ground surface; also they are interest of history of earth
formation, and the kinds and origins of materials that tbrming the soil.
_\-lJ, o-1,, . The civil engineering scientists study the soil from other direction, fbr
'$il*"L
L\
example; they have an interest for studying the soil behavior under loading of
t qp,v" buildings, the porosity of soil when using it as an earth dams. the shear stress of
the soil, and many more.. (Figure-1)
t:.lf ,,t , , ,,. :.. . .1:i::-f,+H.:r::-. ''. -
,#:, l
.
tdqryltedadpibireadttrdXi I
l.:?'l{5*l

!lt
!fi
!|l

Figure (1): Load-settlement Relationship for a soil and a sketch for a real

settlement of scil due to,the laad if i building

$!8dilsd atb{'tsl*holsis l?

1-1 A Historv of Soil Mechanics Development

ct,r'), ,)s2<
1- ln 1776, Columb produced a theory of earth pressure
2- In 1856, both Darcy's Law and Stoke's Law were presented
3- In 1857, Rankine produced his theory of earth pressure
4^ In 1885, Boussinesq provide a solution to determine the stresses in the soii
mass due to extemal point load tA/),QtrP+ct!,eL'r
{ lrr Atterbcrg. define the four stages of soil consistency . 2 J't'v t \"-Xs
i 91 1,
6- ln 1920, Prandtl published his theory of plastic equilibrium.
7- ln 1922, and 1923, Pavlovsky published his analltical solution to the problems
of seepage under hydraulic structures. e-:L':;rt -ts'^}i
o4/P{4t Jf e;P'
 9t'\ o'r€ttc\'"u"t-
G'W 4ec"Lr' =

SottTTtedan*:0. 8q' ?1aueot. /1k Satfdadt

8-InIg25,Terzaghidefinedthet#Joi'ffiicsbypubiishinghisfirst
book. so he maybe the godfather of the soil mechanics engineer because of his
many contributions in this fieid.

I
a+) iJL//
. /t h
-{ 1-2 Soil Phases
Soil geneiai- is a three phases system, solid (soil parlicles), liquid (ground
-in
water) and gas (usually air), this phases are shown in the below figure

*,li:
br-''\
@y
Water

Scli,: Daf i:lss-

. qP .'

Fig.(2-a): Natural Soil Element Fig.(2-b) Three-Phase of Soil Element

From the hypothetical figure of soil element Figure (2-b) we can note the
fbllowing:
-F.i*
rj ,"'.1''. lr>".S
T
[ *r l.
T-
I v',+"E
I
I

\4"'," I
I

lvs I'
l-- ',:rl
I'ur, f-
I,r"'P' I + 1

Fig.(3): three-phase of soil element having Vr &Wr

c*\t . Dry Soil Vy:0, Vu:Vu, V1:V.*!u ,'W*:0 , Wu:0 . W1:W4:W"

'Wu:0
cru-J- ' Saturated Soil Vu:0 , Vu:V* , V1-V.*V* , , Wr- W.* W*,
Partially Saturated Soil V1:Vr*V*+Vu, Wo:O, W.r: Ws+ Ww
 att: * .4-'!>G o/th

I \; ut-, aS-r*t- 14 |
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1-3 Soil Tvpes

Soil can be classified by use of many classification systems, and according to a
huge number of properties, but in general, soil is classified into three major groups
as
below:
,/-*oZ :?z-r
"-#"? -",-ctr )J.f,*€. ,s-et,
l',;!9ar'q,9 or Cohesionless or'Grarurlar soils"xi*ke: (Rock, Bouklers, GFavel, and -l,,lit:

du-,tOi r-

2. Ttk'o, Cffii,e soils tike: (silt, and ctays)

3. Olganic.soils like: (p"{, and any organic materials)
'!-Ye9 *"-
itis worthy to mention that in most cases, the natural soil is a mix among these types,
below a comparison between the soil types: ,
Itemi

,.
.I :. i

6),;4 j"
Easily powered between the fingers Can be broken but not powdered between the f'lnsers
f'WVtAt.''
(/'
No cohesive between particles Stick between the finsers
)l--v 'f1/
az*,t>4w High permeable (large yo;$) Low permeable
.l
)tblt'/re-:' Iligh intemal Smooth in touch (No friction)
-41-

d"fi
1-4 Soil.Fermation;..,.i . ,:... i.
Soil is formed by means of three ways: (i) sedimentary, (ii) Re,yidual. and (iii) Fiil
d-11.<,3
(1) Sedimentary Soils:
The soil particles are created in a location of its origin, transformed, and then it
deposit at another lopation, there are three stages to form this kind of soil:
la) Sediment fo7ffition.' this soil particles is created by means of physical and
chemical weathering of the rock on the earth, usually gravel. sand. and silt
are created by physical weathering while clayey particles are createel hy
cheirical weathe{pg of the rocks
?eF,:
{b) Secliment Tra#sffiifion: there are five major agents which transport the
created soil particles, they are: (water, air, ice, gravity, and organisms)
(c) Sediment Depositi_on.. The three main causes of deposition in water are
e{'-
velocity reduction, solubility decrease and electrolye increase.
 Sa'iX7//zz/aaAu 8q : ?lraazza /44 - &agldadl

(2) Residual Soils:

-;-41'J1
It formed at the same location when the rock is weathering and there is a yery
little or no movement for the weathering particres, so_l! tbe_taLq__ef {gck
dggomposition-elgqqds the rate of removal of the producrs of decomposition.
,j4'J,P an accumulation of residual soil result.
- -: -
*J\;4

This soil type is made by man, taking soil from a quany and transports it by
vehicles and then place in the wanted location

I t'.'

It means the orientation and distribution of soil mass and the forces among
adj acent soil particles.

There are two types of forces among the soil particles

Gravitational force: this fbrce is of importancc for coarse

soils due to their relatively larse size.

_ .,,i0, ' , nj 2o b. Inter'particle force.' this force is important fbr fine grained soils due
941- c
1 rq; VtLq,

to sur"Fa.ce chaige of a carticle"

The types of structures that can result due to sedimentation of the soil are:

a. Granular structure (Single- grained structure) as shown in Fig.(4-a).

b. Honey - combed structure as shown in Fig.(a-b).
c. Flocculated or dispersed structure as shown in Fig.(4-c).
 Sail 7/te//4r,u?,o 8q : ?{/atzew 4t - &d4ldndr

The shape of the soil particle The shape of the soil particles are
assumed as exact spheres not spheres
t-Lrt

Big gap
Smallgap
The type of structure indicated here is
{Loose packing) (Dense packing)
found in cohesionless soils, which do
not have any cohesion between the
pa rticles.

Figure (4-a): .Granular structure (Singie- grained structure)

Figure (4-b): Iloney- *Y$structure

Figure (4-c): Flocculated or dispersed structure

 SuZVteclaaa* 87 : ?laazz*r /4 - &a4/tdadt

1-6 Soil Problems in Givil En Ineenn Field

(Geotechincal Engineerinq Fields)
There are many soil mechanics problems that facing the civil engineers, some of them

are:

(-, -\ (3t(.2 il
1- Buildings
1

Every building is placed on or in the soil, so, in both cases. the

foundation of the building is resting on the soil, and because of tl-rat it is
necessary to determine the b:-r"g:gpScrrl., of the soil to decide which type of
foundation (shallow, deep), or if it is necessary to improve the soil.
lFigure (5-
t)l

-a

Transportation Structures
All roads are constructed on the soils; in this case the soil lias to bear the
loads of all (moving) cars, trains and other (moving) vehicles.
[Figure (5-2)]

| \ /,.
-2- lO*2-^'n-'3_ Slope Stability, and Lateral Support Structures
J

.F' Constructing building near the slopes is a critical case, according to that.
,s 19gu \cr'\'."."''
we should compute the stability of the soil slopes to avoicl slope tailure and
suppcri -'li ,,^.'it""1 ii i5 .'^rg;'.;g5i1ly.

In some times it is necessary to construct a structure to support the

lateral pressure like: Retaining Walls [Figure (5-3)]

4- Underground Structures
/s
'7

It is so important to determine special characdristics of soil when we

,'.,P
want to making exci-vation to construct the underground stmctures like:
 Soa(?lteilaaeca
8*. ?aaaze.lt - Sa7ldndl

Ifydraulic Structures
The soil is a porous media, and because of
that, it is important to study
the behavior, verocity, dimensions, rate,
and quantity of watei:-J#-rr. tt rough
the mass of soil when constructing the
hydrauric strucfures rike: Earlh Dam.
f lrigure (5-5)1
*: i:

Earthquake resistant structures

In seismic regions, it is very necessary to construct
structures to resisit
the damage consequences of earthquick like:
Rubber Bearing and Steel plate
shear walls system.
lFigure (5-6)l
And many l\4ore...
r

Figure (5-1): Shallow & Deep Foundations

1.

Soil.T/eclaaay 8q : &latzew /4 - 8a44/a/i

't-r:.iili

1}fi**f S*l* tulic*r

F*,tr*rn*nt
Fprm*#plr Levsl
fxtntfng I
Gnaa*d

i. 4,
T''r-ri.r.*l fi ll Secticr

Figure (5-Z): Road Sections (Cut&Fill)

5.10 degrEd

Figure {5-3): Slope Stability & Retaining Wall Sections

 8q' ?,1atezm 4L &a4ldadt

Figure (5-a): Underground Structures (Tunnel)

X**eryeir r*tsr eilrf*ie*

... ', ". Iiag**iollxr,fcaad*f,i*x

0sg?Fl*tuly h*nrogenre**.'dnl*,

Figure (5-5): Earth llarns

 SaA?il<zna'aau 8q : 2la^ozen 4/ - ga7ldadr

Principle Diagram of Anti-Earthquake Rubber Bearing

Figure (5-6): Earth Dams