'-1'

F't,4e':Vot, ,W:;)r,t' *,t!), o'Yt *i* tE*-G'asL./ a|@Qvv; )* t:

.]f ,t G, *, .34 c>z IP
€r S
Q: wa4q7"$
'u7r>"vf. A
S"it 44
gLc-r't€ Q
/r4' {rl .s-P

5-1' or avnami"
roaos't6 tr,e'*o111
"*,"*ul
u,
*ll::;*r;
"
to increasi:t# i;;*ldJl"liluv:*r'i,gl;the
partictes''ry'e artificiallv
Eorl'
in order = -tq'"?...ryi';99 oj4'trre'vol '
o io'noiJiJol *tt*",ot,
'e.*,*.su0.,@*,.o,";il;f.I,'
oi ui, (vJ (expulffi p,ore.a*.Jj;i;;
or
.af

ffi ct; t"*uiot unchan{,i but (v*)

io,,15" ib*pu"tion,Toces decreasl s J,
abov"' utffi
s,

Accordi:rg
]o -the
;i;**"e, *trite uottr (syo)
,[i1*1ffi:[:is; ;1ilffiffi(e)
54

,?lt '.: 1,..

,..,

it, r;r'.:i':;i.fu ril tcl

2^l
*gmur* r**{*tx*rc*Simt rP'Y

ffiG-*s L**hrsrest**l%
rset$!{*

h{d*tu{*.tonte{*w+su*s,v$en$itlfg1*pslfist.fiefs{t$fidivgffi

oittt ComPac on Rela onshiP

 Sad ?4ec/'a,,xc
6U : %aaczrrr,,4 - gd7ld4",

to the maximum dry unit

proctor teSt1,i5 called the

,t,.
,.,,
Ro
R - (prove Lt)
1_Dr(1_Ro)..

Where: R6 - !!@-
rd(mu)

R>98% (for eqrth dams), :. :.:r::l: l

, ': -

:;:ii. iir:

)'."r:...l:t

D.
'.8J,

,m) Number ofrollerpassing.

:

r-n Intensrty ofpressure applied to the

soil.

5-4 .:

rne most commonly laboratory tests used

for soil compaction are:
I - Stzurdard proctor Test
2- Modified proctor Test

5.4-tr

The soil is compacte'd in a mold having

volume of aft3 with a diameter
of 4in.
the soil is mixed with varying amounts
of moisture content, and,trr.n
"o*p*"i;;;
"j*
 Q:W<^tt*nrAU€@
M4&4
of 12 in'
frorn a' hamrner weigh 5'5 tb' with a free drop
trree equai layers by 25 blows
as shown in the Fig'(2)
+ Ha{tdls
I
50 (sph€dcal or'

I
I
cotlgr

Rarnft€{
(w6lght25 N)

tt-50-tl

' : .. .,. :: : .:';:r.i :'.j:--'-' -'...j:li:i

1.:..:.

En'e'r, gY rn Proetor Tesf ian'66'tailcu1=dted''as'foltow

The,comPae.tign

):'W ijli ht a f hat mtet) @i' bthi'nt' af'"q drop)

s'Per lwer)(
(Numb;erof BIow
: .
ffiFffi,M'old'
*-o -Q254m)
- ssnzoJ# = 592720 J4
7 =siz,
7@(o-o254f m3

,..:'.W : fi
and unit weigtot will be catcrrlateQV :' : I
In each test the moisture content
'

r :- rr^ ..^12{
soil rn the mold'
Where: W: total weigtrt of the compacted

V-: isthevolumeofthemold' ,. ,
' as'below
r. r. :..:..' ,
*d w, the'ory *it weiglrt will be calculated
After T:asunng both T,
v
ta=@, ,.i ,;' ,. , ,,,,:

^' too ,,,,..i .. , :1.:,i,.

:.
'-';;,i.r.r' '

Where:w:moisturecontentasapercentag9' .:,. :.:i.:, ,,r, , ,,,

.:
bol (1]th_e-ma*mu1
of (yJ vs. (w7o) will be plotted to * 'hd'in f3
obtqiq
the
moisture content (wopt)
,",f;:S:TffiXll;,..Hl"'";,*d
Fie.(3).

3
 Soa( Fl{erAaa,*a

??.of<* r*-gsqddadr

Zero-
air-r.oid
cune
{G. = 2.69,

l8;5 *:
ja
ts
;!
il .,r J
or: 'llt.0:i"
E
.a
-.
f1
t?s;q

riririsruie i
clrnbnt .f

*",lro.l1;",.r*,- r, i;i

Uol. u
, ":n*runr, Tor.l,ture l?"l""r,.lfe laximum dry Writ weight
r,vhenthereisnoairinthevoidstru"l'i"otheriwords1i:toox)
will be reached

Since

y4=Tzau:T:-
v7 L+e
Butforfullysaturated condition: S:l0oo/oi,, dfiGr:',,,,,',,, . : .

Tzav:*=*T
L+e .*i" (proucit)

We can use fhe

'*- a't:u".equat10n to drarl the rerarionship berween (T*u) vs.(w) as
shown in the Fig.(3) by knowing (G,) and (y*) and assuming varues
"f i;j'
5-4-Z Modified proctor Test

1l* the great development of the heavy rollers, there is a need

on the proctor test in order to make beter simularion
to make a minor
:j:T:lon to the field
o(impacti0n"

able.{l} shows a comparison between standard and modified proctor

test

l-,,J,-,
 Standard Procto-r Test Modified P',roctor Test
The 1gold v;I,rrtg - +nd *ift Pr+
The moldvolume is the same.

ffiUer of Utows Pef lgYer:2i X U* ot6tows Pei laYer is the same

m6a ih e' oa ruP a o't[b n erre rg g

:,'
D Moiq|lre,content,(ry):'asr exp-lai-neitpfviously' . .',''
thickness
ID Site conditions, e.g. weather, tlpb of site, layer
ITD
distribution (well graded soil has /a(max) > uniform orpoorry
soils)
a= :"*r#
b- Shape of paqticles
Cr steq,iq.s.seviry #
curve wl

I a.(x,

*-
a t7;.1' ;;
Jj
I t(l HishtY t{$L' cr.Y
rz.rxr 'P
,r l5
25

1oir
ic.ro

J rr.72
:(]
I
Sct:( ?fterna*aca

9: tu"**n-garid4dr

:l
E,,
l:
!!4:
.);:.i
q
::g
/\
.:(u,..
€"r /\
F:,
o. ,

Water Content:96:
For Cfayey Soil or Soils
with t,L=30,to-ZO% (Bell:Shape)

E E
z.
!T
r,s
:z
:;c., ztr
ot:
{I:,
llil
q,
ET

cl o

For sandy soirs (cohesionress

soits) o-r soirs with Lt < 30 %

\z:E
.Y

q
E
c.l
cl
o

For lfighfy-plastic:Soils
or Soitiwitfr ar ;>i7O%

Fig. {Sf : T,ypes, of ,Compac

on Curve for SoilTypes

$
 &y1?0t4q14-/{'.W

nD ComPaction energy

Il rhe,
rr enersy oI
the,en€rgy ot co
9uury4!r,l\']::'"^*'l
on t 'r'-*. - lll, Tl]i1l':Tl::l,i;5t;ll
is'inereas.gd,
tOf,teSl;
*irta"o"*".-rig.(6)'showsM"j.usoilsarrpletesSdbystandaropro'9t
numberofblows,,#"ofrom20to50,theenergycasbecalcu1atedasbe1ow:
CurveNo.
1
2
ffi 25
'9.900
12.?75
I

30 14,850
3
5'0 24.75i4
4
rtcffifigurethat ':i'i

a) The maximum dr'/ unit weiSt

of comfraction is increas
compaction enerry:{Yd(.*l x E**,} , ,,
is decreased with the increase of comPaction
.

b) The'optimum moisture content

energJ {wopt. *#\
19.85
rz5
,. Sandy:clay,,t'::
Liquid limit=31
tt"r,i" 1i6it:26
Line of
120

50
blo.;ys/

.t' z.
,x.
It5
>.-
*; ::'J.:

bll
ta oo
o.
{J

It
il0
$
1 25 hlows/lryer
z
E
ir

It)5

16.(x)

1.. 't:
lu) lt't
t4 t6 2(| 74

Moisrure cuntenl. rr' (9t')

::6GF;; of Compac on Energy on wlooq% and y61*""1

 Saat?ltqiaaaca

9'%yr*t-gdtidudi
S-0,{t"t0 C"mpuct
rhe compaction
during cons{p.o process T::: :,"t :: *:
r:t. tr'ion-.r, Y,
o].1,P*,
l?Tn**
oi4i6*"*l"gra. (3)vibrating,

t-
_ (*o}o*,
- e - vv!'|Yvur
:,.
\zv-r'
lr:.:,r:,:"1"::lRotrer(smooth:drum
a- suitabte for wet graded
rolrer)
grined,soirs and n1n.1$tic
b- Not suitabre for "o** fine grained soils
""ir"*rv**lit* *^*i*l*,"k rayers
una", tn"
wieels
;: :::::* pressure:
u_ :::'"coverase
(3 l_3S) Ton/mi
:onrac+
:- Suirable for proof_rolli"***f*,^, .
rrusnmg oPeration
f-: rseefig:(7*a)
t- rubber-tired ltoilers
l.TTaric
: lT=lrd:
j- t:1$ifi,Til
(70_80)e/o
#i.":i1,:Jnlll.*
"ou".ug"
*der:the"""0,,"^
fir",
r=
prossurs: 1sS.s_o9y r--=
:- :on:,:r
e: t;ee Fig.(7_b)
iont^r
3- Sheep-fo,qt Roltgrs
a- Suitabie for clayey soils: (plastic and
with more
non-pt*ti. nn" soilsJ and for coarse soils
th an 20o/o fines

. 9:
lF [otm'+lT"i?ilg.
see Fig.(7_c)
,qru tio*cii"'r'"+roo*)

4- Vibratory Rollers
Suitable only for ooarse granular
:" soils ,r

r Uff#ii[ll#1ff::" tvpes orrorr""' to add vibratory errect

a- *.gTul*
Suitable
with soils finepercen t,<12!a/o
b- Very usefirl in limited area
c- See Fig.(7_d)
6- Rammers
a- Suitable for clayey soils
t.yctrine wittr trigh impacr force
l-
c; lr
See Fig. (T-e) , :

5-7

I) Soit type
n) Moisture content
m) Thickness of tift
y) Intensify of applied pressure
V) Ttrre area to be compacted

f'
 ?fl,e<n*t*a
fuiar/!#!f &.9..4@

/ The mrmber of roller passes is velv important t: t:":,h Tt1"If,?1":iLt:.3;

maxim-um {ry
maXfIIlUflI {rurt' YV:v!6Arv:, rY'
9IJ. uqit:w€ignL. Yv+'Y:-i: moisture
fot tia constanl .--- r'- content mt r :!*t,i*,?tg!lp
j ,,",ien..l.iemtint yllt
increase with the inciease of rollef passes trp
to a certain point.'atid ,t-q,r,:',1:1r,1.:;,::::::.:r:::::: ;
approximately cbnstant' as ihown in Fig'(8)

r.m tr

5-8
Itis,rmportaUtto determine O.e neta *€ight 4ge1compaltlon inordet'o,hlw . I -

if welreaohithe specified relative coppaction or not, aftet the en4. 3f c1mPa9!ion, , ' . ,

process each layer will be tested for relative compaction (Dr) at sgyglal
logqJigns'

There are three methods to deter-minethe field unit weieht of compactlof ,' ,

5-8-1 Sand Cone Method ,^-= =..*--

Theiaand t"rt ir .o*iii ;i gias; j; o1 tr:-r"f^:f m.et4 cone, fne j1.i1 qilrd
"oil
with uniform dry Ottawa sand as shoryq in the Fig.(9)' in the field, a small
hole is
lJu"To""*;J;i,;;.#, the sand cor,.'ir-p1u"ed inversely on the hole, sand
will fall fromthe jar to the hole as shdin the frg(10)

I
r

Soil ?fteifa"i4t
&7t ?,t/aaaea:4t-

w-i,,,,
Ws= !..-.+

t +':s:9

:..: : : ,:
' .ltr,
Ws, W1 u-:%
Where: =
., .
" '. ': ": '1:1,1'':.'

Wr: the weight of I

+**Alror*r"j*)
(ar * cone
:

Wa: the weight of

6ar't ion" *i!*ufin! ,*a in trrejarl
Ws: weight of falling sand
in the hole
T"hen:

lf- ws -W
Td.qcone i;id)
Whcre:

Wc; the wefghi of the

sand to fil! the cone only
yd{cone sand}=. dry
unit weight of the sand
 4q : fuiaaazn' r4e' &a'rlladi
%/4i,ariN4

determined from calibration

**" 1abor,a.:of (given)
(wc and 14(cone sand)) are
m" both

then:
,, Wg
tag;uta} v . :I ,:,'r

" 5-8-2

5-8-3 Nuclear Method' - - _- gwes

-:----
The iiiclean n*'iOl*"'nnuses a radio
isotope:sourcel The isotope
:bu"r. io-iiie.**,"cs1etecto1, ngtiqq, that
off Gamma rays that r-adiate
soiUi*
trri nt measur:l wet soil of t:if *:n:iiTl
than loose
absorbs more ra-diation unit volumg' see Fig'(12)
unit vor,m" *u.tll'ktf
ii"iiro,--'. i';;;i;*;same
and (13) , ,

1L
I

Sai(y&€4Aa*44

k,4yrr*-€+""e

HucfgrT***

FimdTnn+rnixs!qn

*::Til;1,*:y:;:,;,m
vibrofiotati';'€#irn*ro*;
*
Dt;;;;Hil;''." ,so', aclion in
lxffiffilffi #:;
l- Vibroflotation:
a- Used for thick layers
b, Suitable for loose gr*ul* soils
c- The vibroflotation p*""r,
consists of 4 stages as showrl in
Fig.(1a)

,.i

'.]

ste *n $tcgee
 nrake the

increase

D-tlJw
p= Si*Jn"*
," :

d"p$ of cornpactig.n flm) droP =(m)

H:heigbtof
W; il"PPt"g W"igq1 aita*io to")

t
t
at.'',
,' 1,..:

a
of
':l . i

,lr:1.
i,:il

t3
Sa{Werfa4k/.
Q: ?Uaazea, z4-
 fu;,?(/q4e(a/4h&r4444

lL2