University of Perpetual Help System Jonelta MA, Campus

San Gabriel, GMA, Cavite

College of Nursing

IV. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY BY THE BOOK

Risk Factors
Impaired swallowing
Macroaspiration of
Dementia
refluxed gastric contents
Impaired Consciousness
and food particles
Poor Oral Care

Penetrates to the Lower LEGENDS

Respiratory tract
Risk Factors

Pathologic Process
corrosive effect of low
Symptoms
pH on the airway's epithelium

Triggers bronchial mucus

Inhibit bacterial growth gland and
increase production of Mucus production
goblet cells

Inflammation and irritation

of the
alveolar wall Obstruction and
reduce airflow
Increased of WBC filled
in
neutrophilic inflammatory the air sacs
response
Ineffective coughing

Released of inflammatory Inflammatory

Dyspnea
mediators, Response:
Tumor necrosis Fever and fatigue
factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukins
wheezing

Neutrophils migrate directly

to the site of inflammation.

Apiration Pneumonitis
 Risk Factors: Soils contaminated of
Immunocompromised molds with Microconidia and
bat and macroconidia
Demographic Region bird droppings

Occupation- Poultry Farming

Enters Lung Aerosol inhalation
People who have heavy via spores
exposure to birds or bat

Warm temperature
transforms spores
Inflammatory into yeast
Response
cytokines and growth factors

Macrophages engulf
Triggers bronchial mucus
gland and increase Brochospasm
production of goblet cells
Phagocytosis

Airway constriction
Mucus production
Organism survived by Neutralize lysosomal
producing activity
Shortness of alkaline substances.
Productive Cough Breath

Rales and Granuloma Formation Inflammation of

wheezing
Lymp nodes

Histoplasmosis
Impaired gas exchange
Enlargement of Spleen
Lymphatic spread the organism
to through lymp nodes and
rest out of the body
Increase of Carbon
dioxide Inflammation of
chest wall

Tachypnea

Pulmonary Histoplasmosis