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How to use the R software

Poster · July 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18152.83206

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 How to use the R software

Sami Mestiri

EAS-Mahdia Research Unit

Faculty of Science economic and management of Mahdia,
Email : mestirisami2007 ∂ gmail.com

29 janvier 2020

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software
Overview

J R is a language and software that allows statistical

analysis.
J It includes means that make it possible to
manipulate data, calculations and graphical
representations.
J It also has the possibility to run programs stored in
text files.

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Overview

Indeed R owns :
J An efficient system for handling and storing data.
J Different operators for calculating on arrays,
especially matrix.
J A lot of tools for data analysis and statistical
methods.
J Graphical means to visualize the analyzes.
J A simple and powerful programming language.

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Usefulness

J Designers and developers consider R as an

environment in which statistical techniques are run.
J R allows to study certain statistical procedures.
- The generalized linear models.
-The time series.
-Parametric and non-parametric tests, ...
J R provides a flexible graphical environment to
visualize and create various kinds of data presentation

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Usefulness

J R can extend its functions by through Packages.

There are currently hundreds of Packages are
available through the CRAN.
J Packages are available for specific purposes and
present a wide range of modern statistics. (Analysis
Descriptive Multidimensional Data, Regression Trees
and classification, three-dimensional graphics, etc ...)

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Installation

J R is free software that is distributed under the

terms of the GNU Public License.
J R has an official website at http :
www.R-project.org /
The procedure to follow is :
J Go to the page corresponding to the link
Download, CRAN.
J Download the installation file.
J Run the SetupR.exe program.
J Follow the instructions on the screen.
Sami Mestiri How to use the R software
The working space

J To launch R, you must click on the shortcut icon

R.
J When the R software is launched, it appears a new
interface (Rgui) with an inner window (R console).
J R is an online ordering software, that is to say that
the instructions are given one after the other.
J The console displays the results.

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

The working space

J The on line commands are written on "R script"

then they are executed on a workspace "R console".
J R is an object-oriented language such that
instructions can be stored in objects that can be used
in turn.
J To be able to give an instruction, the user must
"have that the software must be ready to receive it.
the case when the prompt ("<") is visible

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Simple manipulations

J R can be used to perform simple calculations. If

we type :
5+4
R returns :
9
J This answer means that the result is a vector
whose first coordinate is ‘9 ’.
(R does not know the scalars, he considers these as
vectors of length 1).

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Simple manipulations

J The result ’9’ is just returned to the screen, it is

not stored in memory.
J You can create or overwrite objects with the
assignment operator. x = 5 + 4
J The content of an object is visible by typing its
name :
x
J R do difference between upper and lower case. (So
‘A ’and‘ a’ represent two different objects)

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Simple manipulations

J Separate the different commands with semicolons ;

or by line breaks. a = 3 ; b = 2
J To add comments, use the pound symbol #.
a # Gives the value of a
J When a command is not complete at the end of a
line, R returns a different prompt ’+’ until the
command is completed.
3-
+2
1
Sami Mestiri How to use the R software
Data with R

J We call objects, the entities created and

manipulated by R.
J Objects can be vector, factor, array, matrix,
data.frame, or a list.
J To store an object in memory, you must first
create it (often using a function), then tell R to store
it by assigning a name.
J Object Name = Object.
Example : a = 2

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creation of a vector

J Vectors are the most basic data types in R. The

simplest forms are : numeric, character and logical
(TRUE or FALSE) :
J To create a vector we can use the function c ().
x = c(10,32,25,50,43)
x
[1] 10 32 25 50 43

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creation of a vector

J seq() (sequence) generate a series of equidistant

numbers.
seq(from=n, to=m, by=t).
s= seq(1,10,0.8)
s
1.0 1.8 2.6 3.4 4.2 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.4 8.2 9.0 9.8
Jc () : concatenation of one or more vectors :
c(1, 5, 6, 9)
1 5 6 9
c(1 :5, seq(10, 20, 2))

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Manipulation of a vector

x= c(10,32,25,50,43)
x
sort(x) # classify the elements of a vector
[1] 10 25 32 43 50
order(x) # give indices vector elements
[1] 1 3 2 5 4
sum(x) # sum the elements of the vector
[1] 160
length(x) # give the length of a vector
[1] 5

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Manipulation of a vector

J A feature of R is that the elements of a vector can

have names.
J The function names () makes it possible to
associate a label with each element of a vector :
names(x) = c("a","b","c","d","e")
x
a b c d e
10 32 25 50 43

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creating a matrix

J The function cbind() (column bind)create the

matrix from vectors in columns :
x = 1 :5
y=x*2
A = cbind (x, y)
x y
[1] 1.00 2.00
[2] 2.00 4.00
[3] 3.00 6.00
[4] 4.00 8.00
[5] 5.00 10.00

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creating a matrix

J The function rbind() (row bind) create the

matrix from vectors in lines :
x = 1 :5
y=x*2
B = rbind(x, y)
[, 1] [, 2] [, 3] [, 4] [, 5]
x 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
y 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creating a matrix

J The function matrix() create a matrix, specifying

in arguments the number of lines :
M = matrix (c(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10), nrow = 2, ncol
= 5)
[, 1] [, 2] [, 3] [, 4] [, 5]
x 1.00 3.00 5.00 7.00 9.00
y 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Operations on matrices

J Dimension : dim(mat) given the row number and

column number of the matrix.
Example : dim(M)
J The product of two matrices is written with the
operator%*%.
mat1 = matrix(1 :10,ncol=2)
mat2 = matrix(1 :10,nrow=2,byrow=T)
mat = mat1 %*% mat2
mat

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creating a factor

J The function factor() create a vector composed

by the modalities of a variable qualitative or discrete).
J The function as.factor() is used to convert a
digital vector into a factor.
v = c(1, 2, 1, 2, 1)
a = as.factor(v)
f = factor(v, labels=c("yes","no"))
f
[1] yes no yes no yes
Levels : yes no

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Creating a data frame

J The function data.frame () allows to group, or

concatenate, within the same object :
(i) the vector of the measured variable (s)
(dependent),
(ii) classification vectors (factors),
(iii) other data matched to the previous ones (e.g.
name or n subject).
J The data.frame elements will be accessible using
the $ operator next to the data.frame name. The
only constraint is that the vectors must be of the
same size.

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

The data.frame

J We will create a small database with the names,

salaries and start dates of some employees :
employe = c("Ali bn Salh ","Afef Hmida","fayza bn
amor")
salaire = c(21000, 23400, 26800)
startdate =
as.Date(c("2010-11-1","2008-3-25","2007-3-14"))
Tab = data.frame(employe, salaire, startdate)
Tab

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Objects in memory

J The function ls() list objects in memory.

ls()
J Clear objects in memory
rm(a,b)
J Clear all objects
rm(list=ls())

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

Ask for help

J Learn more about a function

help.search("title")
?mean
J How to import text files ?
?read.table

Sami Mestiri How to use the R software

 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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