METHODS

OF
PHILOSoPHI
ZING
LEARNING Objectives
2.1. Distinguish opinion from
truth
2.2. Analyze situations that
show the difference between
opinion and truth
2.3. Realize that the methods of
philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth
2.4. Evaluate opinions
The opinion
vs.
the truth
• An OPINION can't be proven as that it is
true or false. Because everyone have
their own viewpoints and opinions
based on their mindset.
• And you can't say them that your
opinion is only correct.
• You should never disrespect others
opinions.
• A TRUTH can be proven. Because no one can
hide the truth. Even they did, time reveals
everything.
• ~ Truth will always be truth, regardless of lack
of understanding, disbelief or ignorance.
• ~ Just because if someone OPINION is strong,
a TRUTH can’t be changed.
• ~ But TRUTH has the power to change
anyone's OPINION.
• A TRUTH is always a TRUTH.
What is truth?

“Quid est veritas?”

Theories of Truth
I. The Correspondence Theory
II.The Coherence Theory
III.The Pragmatist Theories
I. THE CORRESPONDENCE THEORY

•the correspondence theory of truth is the

view that truth is correspondence to, or
with, a fact.
 ARISTOTLE
(384–322 BC)

“To say of what is

that it is not, or of
what is not that it
is, is false, while to
say of what is that it
is, and of what is
not that it is not, is
true”
Greek Philosopher
The Problem
The great problem for the
correspondence theory is how
words and statements can possibly
adequately correspond to (be like)
things in the world.
 II. THE COHERENCE THEORY
The coherence theory "measures coherence
and consistency among statements within a
system."
Thus, the coherence theory claims that a
belief or statement is true if and only if it
logically flows within other beliefs that
together form a comprehensive
interpretation of reality.
(Source:https://www.wyzant.com/resources/blogs/8683/what_is_the_difference_betw
een_the_correspondence_and_coherence_theories_of_truth)
This is synonymous with the Laws of
Syllogism, which states that
if p is equal to q,
and q is equal to r,
then p is equal to r.

If "all humans(p) are mortal(q),"

and "I(r) am a human(q)," Therefore,
“I(r) am a mortal(q)."
 Bertrand Arthur William Russell
(18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)

“Truth in its
essential nature is
that systematic
coherence which is
the character of a
significant whole.’’
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entr
British Philosopher ies/truth/#CohThe)
III. PRAGMATIST THEORIES

The core of pragmatism was the pragmatist maxim, a rule for

clarifying the contents of hypotheses by tracing their
‘practical consequences’.
 WILLIAM JAMES
(January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910)

“True beliefs are

guaranteed not to conflict
with subsequent
experience.’’
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth/#
PraThe)

American Philosopher
 Charles Sanders Peirce
(10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914)

“true beliefs will remain

settled at the end of
prolonged inquiry.’’
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trut
h/#PraThe)

American Philosopher
Theories of Truth
I. The Correspondence Theory
II.The Coherence Theory
III.The Pragmatist Theories
How can we
arrive at
truth?
Methods of Philosophizing

1.Logical Analysis (Logic)

2.Analytical Tradition (Analytic)
3.Phenomenology
4.Existentialism
 1. Logical Analysis (Logic)
•logic is the study of method and
principles used to distinguish
correct reasoning its validity or
correctness, irrespective of
whether or not the premises of
this reasoning argue with the
facts.
 Two Types of Reasoning
• Deductive reasoning concerns what follows
given premises general premise to a particular.
An inference is deductively valid if there is no
possible situation in which all the premises are
true and the conclusion is false.
• Inductive reasoning is the process of deriving a
reliable generalization from observations so that
the premises of an argument are believed to
support the conclusion but do not necessarily
ensure it.
 2. Analytic Tradition (Analytical)
• Analytic Tradition is based on the idea that
philosophical problems can be solved through
an analysis of their terms and pure systematic
logic.
• This is more interested in conceptual questions
about the meanings of words and statements
and their logical relations.
• It is concerned in language because is the
principal tool and philosophy consists in
clarifying how language can be used.
(https://tanneramzayrodriguez.wordpress.com/2017/01/09/methods-of-philosophizing/)
 Bertrand Arthur William Russell
(18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)

• “By analyzing we ask … what more

general ideas and principles can be
found, in terms of which what was our
starting-point can be defined or
deduced”
• “analysis” for him means beginning with
something that is common knowledge
and seeking the fundamental concepts
and principles it is based on.
(https://users.drew.edu/~jlenz/brs-br-analytic-phil.html)

British Philosopher
 Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein
(26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951)

•“The limits of my
language means the limits
of my world.’’
•“Whereof one cannot
speak, thereof one must
be silent.”
(https://www.azquotes.com/author/15869
-Ludwig_Wittgenstein)
German Philosopher
 3. Phenomenology
• Phenomenology is the study of structures of
consciousness as experienced from the first-
person point of view.
• The central structure of an experience is its
intentionality, its being directed toward
something, as it is an experience of or about
some object. An experience is directed toward
an object by virtue of its content or meaning
(which represents the object) together with
appropriate enabling conditions.
(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenol
ogy/)
 Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl
(8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938)

“All consciousness
is consciousness of
something”.
(https://plato.stanford.edu/e
ntries/truth/#PraThe)

German Philosopher
 4. Existentialism
• Existentialism is a philosophical and literary
perspective that focuses on the experience
of an individual person and the way that he
or she understands the worlds.
• Man creates himself through his own
thoughts and actions, since the only reality
for an individual is that of his own personal
existence and nothing else.
(https://tanneramzayrodriguez.wordpress.com/2017/01/09/methods-of-
philosophizing/)
 Søren Aabye Kierkegaard
(5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855)

“...the thing is to find a

truth which is true for
me, to find the idea for
which I can live and die’’
(https://www.age-of-the-
sage.org/philosophy/kierkegaard.html)

Danish Philosopher
 Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche
(15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900)

1. Since “without God, life is

meaningless” then “God is
dead’’
2. Thus “All people should
strive to be a superman
(Ubermensch)” because
“Man is condemned to be
free”
(https://www.allaboutphilosophy.org
/friedrich-nietzsche-faq.htm)

German Philosopher
Methods of Philosophizing

1.Logical Analysis (Logic)

2.Analytical Tradition (Analytic)
3.Phenomenology
4.Existentialism
Theories of Truth
I. The Correspondence Theory
II.The Coherence Theory
III.The Pragmatist Theories
What is truth?

“Quid est veritas?”

Conclusion:
The Methods of
Philosophy leads us to
wisdom and Truth
Let’s practice!