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Pengantar GPS
Pengantar GPS
H:5m
GPS Ya Ya 3-D + Waktu
V : 7.5 m
• Ketelitian posisi
GPS dapat memberikan informasi
tentang posisi, kecepatan, dan beberapa mm sampai
waktu secara cepat, akurat, beberapa meteran
murah, dimana saja di bumi ini
pada setiap saat tanpa tergantung • Ketelitian kecepatan
cuaca.
beberapa cm/detik
GPS adalah satu-satunya
sistem navigasi ataupun • Ketelitian waktu
sistem penentuan posisi,
selama beberapa abad ini, beberapa nanodetik
yang mempunyai karakteristik
prima seperti tersebut.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
National Management of GPS
CONTROL SYSTEM
. Time synchronization
. Orbit prediction
. Data injection
. Satellite health monitoring
Orbital Planes A B C D E F
160o
3 2
3
120o 4
2
80 o 4 3
40 o 3 2
1
1 Right
Equator 0o 55o 325.7 25.7 85.7 145.7 205.7 265.7 Ascension
of Ascending
2
320o 3 2 Node (deg)
1 4
280o 1
3
240o 1
4
2
200o 4 F3
1 4
E4
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1994
BLOCK – I
BLOCK - II
:
:
Initial Concept Validation Satellites
Initial Production Satellites
GPS
BLOCK – IIA : Upgraded Production Satellites Satellites
BLOCK - IIR : Replenishment Satellites
BLOCK – IIR : Modernized Block-IIR Satellites
BLOCK - IIF : Follow-On “Suistainment” Satellites
Block-II 01 satellites
Block-IIA 15 satellites
Block-IIR 12 satellites
Block-IIR(M) 02 satellites
Ref : http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/gpscurr.html Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2007
Seperti stasion radio di angkasa
yang memancar pada 2 frekuensi.
Satelit GPS
Dilengkapi dengan antena-antena untuk
mengirim dan menerima sinyal-sinyal
pada spektrum L-band.
Blok - I
Waktu Mulai Berhenti Lama
NAVSTAR SVN PRN Peluncuran Operasional Operasional Operasional
(bulan)
I-1 01 04 22-Feb-78 29-Mar-78 25-Jan-80 21.9
I-2 02 07 03-Mei-78 14-Jul-78 30-Jul-80 25.5
I-3 03 06 06-Okt-78 09-Nov-78 19-Apr-92 161.3
I-4 04 08 11-Des-78 08-Jan-79 27-Okt-86 93.6
I-5 05 05 09-Feb-80 27-Feb-80 28-Nov-83 45
I-6 06 09 26-Apr-80 16-Mei-80 10-Des-90 126.8
I-7 07 - 18-Des-81 Gagal pada saat peluncuran 0
I-8 08 11 14-Jul-83 10-Aug-83 04-Mei-93 116.8
I-9 09 13 13-Jun-84 19-Jul-84 28-Feb-94 115.2
I - 10 10 12 08-Sep-84 03-Okt-84 18-Nov-95 133.5
I - 11 11 03 09-Okt-85 30-Okt-85 27-Feb-94 99.9
SVN = Satellite Vehicle Number, PRN = Pseudo Random noise Number
Ref. : Misra & Enge (2001) Blok II/IIA Blok IIR Blok IIF
Jumlah 28 21 12
Peluncuran pertama 1989 1997 2005 *
Berat satelit (kg) 900 1100 1700 *
Daya/Solar Panel (W) 1100 1700 2900 *
Unit cost $43M $30M $28M *
* Estimates
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
Ref : Miller (2006) at www.gps.gov
GPS Control System Segment (1)
The GPS control segment has responsibility for maintaining
the GPS satellites and their proper functioning.
http://gps.faa.gov/gpsbasics/controlsegment.htm
Stasion-Stasion Sistem Kontrol GPS
Alaska United
Colorado St. Louis, MO Kingdom
Korea
Springs
USNO
Hawaii Cape Canaveral
Austin, TX
Bahrain Kwajalein
Ecuador
New Zealand
GPS Monitor Stations
NGA Site (11) (8 on-line with MCS)
NGA Test Site (2)
Ref : Crane (2007) USAF Site (6)
GPS Control System Segment (4)
Working Mechanism of GPS Control System Segment
Mapping type
Geodetic type
Navigation type 4
(hand-held)
Data Logger,
Antenna and Signal Navigation External
Pre-amplifier Processor Solution Communication
Precision User
Power Supply
Oscillator Communication
Civilian
Navigation
Military
Mapping
POSITIONING
Single-Frequency
Geodetic
GPS Dual-Frequency
RECEIVERS
eTrex Camo
$129.00
eTrex eTrex Venture
$125.99 $159.00
http://www.nasm.si.edu/
galleries/gps/
getting closer
Mapping-type Geodetic-type (1F)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2006
Geodetic-type GPS Receivers
(Dual Frequency, 2F)
Geodetic (2F)
15 – 30 K
Geodetic (1F)
10 – 15 K
Mapping
5 – 10 K
Navigation ?
(Military) 150 - 300
Price Navigation
(Civilian)
(USD)
mm-cm cm-dm dm-m Positioning Accuracy
Various Applications
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
GPS
satellite
GPS Coverage
20.200 km
GPS coverage
is relatively wide
GPS
satellites
GPS
GPS Mask Angle
Satellite
Orbit 27o 0o 152o
20.000 km 5o 142o
10o 132o
15o 122o
Orbit GPS
Mai
n Bea
mL
Earth imi
t
GPS Main Beam Limit
GPS Main
Beam Signal
GPS Signal
Shadowed
by the Earth
GPS Main
Beam Signal
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Relative Accuracy : GPS vs Other Systems
40
Ref. : (Seeber, 2003)
Relative Accuracy (cm)
30 INS
TRANSIT
Doppler
20
Terrestrial
10
GPS
SLR
VLBI
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance (km)
SLR = Satellite Laser Ranging, VLBI = Very Long Baseline Interferometry, INS = Inertial Navigation System
Uneg-Uneg tentang GPS (1)
• GPS tidak bisa digunakan di tempat-tempat dimana sinyal dari
satelit tidak dapat mencapai receiver GPS, seperti di dalam
ruangan, di dalam terowongan, di bawah air, di dalam hutan
yang lebat, dan tempat-tempat sejenisnya.
• Datum posisi yang diberikan oleh GPS, dalam hal ini WGS-84,
ditentukan oleh pemilik dan pengelola sistem. Pemakai yang
menggunakan datum yang lain harus memikirkan sendiri cara
pentransformasian koordinat dari WGS-84 ke datumnya masing-
masing.
IONOSPHERE
altitude 50-2000 km
Mutipath affects
Troposphere delays both both the code
the code and phase and phase
MULTIPATH
TROPOSPHERE
up to 9-16 km
GPS Satellites
Signal obstructed
by tree canopy Signal blocked
Clear by the building
signal Signal obstructed
by tree canopy
Signal that
Signal
Signal
that
that
can pass
can pass
Service for
Space Users
Increased
2nd & 3rd Civil Signals Radiated Power
Pseudolite
Augmentations, Services
Improved User Improved Timing
Equipment
– Accuracy
– Availability
– Integrity
– Reliability
Setiap satelit GPS Blok II/IIA yang beroperasi saat ini membawa
4 jam atom, 2 Cesium (Cs) dan 2 Rubidum (Rb); dan satelit Blok IIR
membawa 3 jam atom Rubidium (Rb).
First GLONASS satellite was launched, and at the present (Jan. 2007)
there are 9 usable satellites and 7 satellites
are temporarily switched off GLONASS Satellite
X dX 1 RZ RY X
Y dY (1 ds). RZ 1 RX .Y
Z dZ RY RX 1 Z
WGS 84 PZ -90
dX = - 1.08 0.21 m
dY = - 0.27 0.21 m
dZ = - 0.90 0.33 m
ds = - 0.12 0.06 ppm
RX = 0
RY = 0
RZ = - 0.16” + 0.01”
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999
• Galileo is the European global navigation GALILEO
satellite system, under civilian control
• It will be inter-operable with GPS and GLONASS
•The first satellite (GIOVE-A) was launched on 28 Dec 2005
GALILEO Constellation :
• 30 satellites
• 3 orbital planes of MEO
(Medium Earth Orbit)
• Orbital altitude : 23616 km
Inclination 56 degrees • Orbit inclination : 56 degrees
• Orbit period : 14 hr 4 min
• Repeat ground track : 10 days
• One satellite in each plane will be
a spare, on stand-by should any
operational satellite fail.
2,7 m
1,1 m
• No apogee-engine
• Attitude & Orbit Control System (AOCS) is able to shift the
satellite position within the orbit plane (spare S/C)
Ref : ESA (2002)
GALILEO : Estimasi Ketelitian Posisi
Horisontal (Absolut)
Full Deployment
Operations
Local Elements
User Receiver / Applications
Technology Developments
PDR: Preliminary Design Review SQR: System Qualification Review
Launches
CDR: Critical Design Review IOVR: In-Orbit Validation Review
UNDERSTANDING GPS:
Principles and Applications,
by E.D. Kaplan, C. Hegarty
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM: Theory &
Applications
by B.W. Parkinson
and J. Spilker
GPS SATELLITE
SURVEYING
by Alfred Leick
Jumlah : 20 websites.