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 Chapter 6 Multiplication and Division As such
a 3 i a 2 = a 3+ 2
of Integral Expressions In general, if m, n are integers, then
a m i a n = (aa a)(a a) = aa a = a m+ n
I. Multiplication of Integral Expressions m terms n terms ( m + n ) terms

that is
6.1 Multiplication of powers of the same base a m i a n = a m+ n
We have learnt addition and subtraction of integral expressions, In other words, when powers of the same base are multiplied
now we shall proceed to learn multiplication and division of integral together, the base does not change while the indices are added
expressions. Thus, we first investigate multiplication of powers of together.
the same base. Let us calculate When three powers of the same base are multiplied together, it
103 × 102 , 23 × 22 . follows the same mechanism. For example
Following the rule of multiplication, we get a m i a n i a p = a m + n + p (m, n, p are positive integers)6
103 ×102 = (10 × 10 ×10) × (10 × 10) 【Example!1】Calculate: (1) 107 ×104 ; (2) x 2 i x 5 ;
= 10 ×10 ×10 ×10 × 10 (3) y i y 2 i y 3 ; (4) − a 2 i a 6 .
= 105 Solution!(1) 107 ×104 = 107 + 4 = 1011 ;
23 × 22 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2) (2) x 2 i x 5 = x 2+5 = x 7 ;
= 2× 2× 2× 2× 2 (3) y i y 2 i y 3 = y1+ 2+3 = y 6 ;
= 25 (4) −a 2 i a 6 = −a 2+6 = −a8 .
From the above, we observe that 103 is the product of three
10s multiplied together, 102 is two 10s multiplied together, therefore 【Example 2】Calculate: (1) x n i x 2 ; (2) y m i y m +1
103 × 102 is five 10s multiplied together. For the same reason, 23 is Solution!(1) x n i x 2 = x n + 2 ;
three 2s multiplied together, 22 is two 2s mulitipled together, (2) y m i y m +1 = y m + ( m +1) = y 2 m +1 .
therfore 23 × 22 is five 2s multiplied together. As such
103 × 102 = 103+ 2 【Example 3】Express the following in the form of ( p + q )n or
23 × 2 2 = 23 + 2 ( s − t )n .
For the same reason, (1) ( p + q)3 i ( p + q) 2 ;
a 3 i a 2 = (aaa)(aa ) (2) ( s − t ) 2 i ( s − t ) i ( s − t ) 4 ;
= aaaaa (3) ( p + q ) m i ( p + q ) n .
= a5
6
All the indicies of powers in this chapter are positive integers.

- 215 - - 216 -
Analysis: Regard ( p + q) or ( s − t ) as the base a, then we can use Using commutative law for multiplication, associative law of
the rule for product of same base to perform the multiplication, we can combine the coefficients into one group, each
calculation. same letter into one group, and multiply together, as follows
2 x 2 y i 3xy 2 = (2 × 3)( x 2 i x)( y i y 2 )
Solution!(1) ( p + q )3 i ( p + q ) 2 = ( p + q )3+ 2 = ( p + q )5 ;
= 6 x3 y 3
(2) ( s − t ) 2 i ( s − t ) i ( s − t ) 4 = ( s − t ) 2+1+ 4 = ( s − t )7 ;
4a 2 x 5 i (−3a 3bx 2 ) = [4 i (−3)](a 2 a 3 ) i b i ( x 5 x 2 )
(3) ( p + q ) m i ( p + q ) n = ( p + q ) m + n .
= −12a 5bx 7
Practice In general, in multiplying two monomials together, the
1. (Mental) Calculate: product has coefficient equal to the product of coefficients in the
(1) 105 i 106 ; (2) s 5 i s 8 ; (3) a 7 i a 3 ; (4) y 3 i y 2 ; two monomials, and factors of all letters with each letter carrying
(5) b5 i b ; (6) x 4 i x 4 i x ; (7) a n i a ; (8) x n i x n . index equal to the sum of the indices of the letter in the two
monomials.
2. Calculate:
【Example 1】Calculate:
(1) 10 ×108 ; (2) a i a ; (3) x5 i x 5 ; (4) y12 i y 6 ;
4 6

(1) 4n3 i 5n 2 ; (2) (−5a 2b3 )(−3a ) ;

(5) x10 i x ; (6) −b3 i b7 ; (7) y 4 i y 3 i y 2 i y ;
(3) (4 ×105 )(5 × 106 )(3 × 104 ) .
(8) x5 i x 6 i x 3 ; (9) 102 i 10n ; (10) a n i a 2 n ;
Solution!(1) 4n3 i 5n 2 = (4 × 5)(n3 n 2 ) = 20n5 ;
(11) y m +1 i y m −1 ; (12) (−2) 2 i (−2)3 ; (13) y n i y i y n +1 .
(2) (−5a 2b3 )(−3a) = [(−5) i (−3)] i (a 2 a) i b3 = 15a 3b3 ;
3. Express the following in the form of ( x + y ) n :
(3) (4 ×105 )(5 ×106 )(3 × 104 ) = (4 × 5 × 3)(105 × 106 × 104 )
(1) ( x + y ) 2 i ( x + y ) 2 ; (2) ( x + y )3 i ( x + y ) ;
= 60 × 1015 .
(3) ( x + y )3 i ( x + y ) i ( x + y ) 2 ; (4) ( x + y ) m +1 i ( x + y ) m + n −1 .
NOTE: Using power of 10 to represent a number, we usually express
4. Which of the following calculation is correct and which incorrect,
the number in such a way that the factor before the power of
why? If incorrect, how should it be corrected?
10 is a one digit integer or with only one digit before
(1) b5 i b5 = 2b5 ; (2) x5 + x 5 = x10 ; decimal. For the result of 60 ×1015 in the above
(3) c i c 3 = c 3 ; (4) m3 i m 2 = m5 . computation, it can be written as 6 ×10 × 1015 , which is
6 ×1016 .
6.2 Multiplication of monomials 【Example 2】Calculate:
1 2 3 2 ⎛ 3 2 3⎞
Having learnt the multiplication of powers of the same base, we (1) xy 2 i 9 x 2 y ; (2) x y i ⎜− x y ⎟ ;
can proceed to learn multiplication of monomials. Let us calculate 3 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠
2 x 2 y i 3xy 2 , 4a 2 x 5 i (−3a 3bx 2 ) . (3) (−5a n +1b)(−2a ) ; (4) (−3ab) i (−a c) i 6ab 2 .
2

- 217 - - 218 -
 1 2 ⎛1 ⎞ 6.3 Multiplication of powers
Solution!(1) xy i 9 x 2 y = ⎜ × 9 ⎟ ( x i x 2 )( y 2 i y ) = 3x3 y 3 ;
3 ⎝3 ⎠ Let us calculate
2 3 2 ⎛ 3 2 3 ⎞ ⎡ 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤ 5 5 1 ( a 4 )3 , ( a 3 )5 .
(2) x y i ⎜ − x y ⎟ = ⎢ × ⎜ − ⎟ ⎥ x y = − x5 y 5 ;
3 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎣ 3 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎦ 2
(a 4 )3 is cube of a 4 . If we regard a 4 as base, following the
(3) ( −5a b)( −2a ) = [( −5) i ( −2)]( a i a ) i b = 10a n + 2b ;
n +1 n +1
rule of multiplication of powers of the same base, we get
(4) (−3ab) i (− a 2 c) i 6ab 2 = [(−3) i (−1) i 6]a 4b3c (a 4 )3 = a 4 i a 4 i a 4 = a 4+ 4+ 4 = a 4×3 .
= 18a 4b3c . In the same way, we get
(a 3 )5 = a 3 i a 3 i a 3 i a 3 i a 3 = a 3+3+3+3+3 = a 3×5 .
【Example 3】Speed of light is 3 × 105 km per second, the time it
Therefore
takes for the sun’s ray to reach the earth is approximately 5 ×102
(a 4 )3 = a 4×3
seconds, what is the approximate distance in km between the earth
and the sun? (a 3 )5 = a 3×5
Solution! (3 × 105 ) × (5 ×102 ) = 15 × 107 = 1.5 ×108 . In general, if m, n are positive integers, then
n terms n terms
Answer: Distance between the earth and the sun is approximately m+m+ m
1.5 × 108 km. (a ) = a i a i
m n m m
ia =a
m
= a mn
That is
Practice
(a m )n = a mn
1. Calculate:
(1) 3x 5 i 5 x3 ; (2) 4 y i (−2 xy 3 ) ; Therefore we know, when raising power of a base by another
2 5 power, the result is a power of the same base with index equal to
(3) (−2.5 x 2 ) i (−4 x) ; (4) x 2 y 3 i xyz ; the product of the indices.
5 16
3 【Example 1】Calculate:
(5) (−6a n + 2 ) i 3a nb ; (6) 8 x n y n +1 i x 2 y ;
2 (1) (107 ) 2 ; (2) ( x 3 ) 2 ; (3) ( z 4 ) 4 .
1 3 Solution!(1) (107 ) 2 = 107×2 = 1014 ;
(7) (−3 x) i 2 xy 2 i 4 y ; (8) (−4 x 2 y ) i (− x 2 y 2 ) i
y .
2
(2) ( x 3 ) 2 = x3×2 = x 6 ;
2. A computer performs operations at a speed of 1012 per second.
(3) ( z 4 ) 4 = z 4×4 = z16 .
How many operations will it perform in 5 ×102 seconds?
3. Check if the following computation is correct, why? If incorrect, 【Example 2】Calculate:
How should it be corrected? (1) (a m ) 2 ; (2) (b3 ) n .
(1) 4a 3 i 2a 2 = 8a 5 ; (2) 2 x3 i 3x 4 = 5 x 7 ; Solution!(1) (a m ) 2 = a m×2 = a 2 m ;
(3) 3x 2 i 4 x 2 = 12 x 2 ; (4) 3 y 3 i 5 y 3 = 15 y 9 . (2) (b3 ) n = b3×n = b3n .

- 219 - - 220 -
【Example 3】Calculate: (1) [( x + y ) 2 ]4 ; (2) (a 2 ) 4 i (a 3 )3 . In general, if n is a positive number, then
n terms n terms n terms
Analysis: In Exercise (1), calculate with regard to ( x + y ) being the 2
(ab) n = (ab) i (ab) i i (ab) = (a i a i i a) i (b i b i i b) = a n b n
power of a base; In Exercise (2), compute (a 2 ) 4 , (a 3 )3 That is
separately, then calculate accoding to the rule of (ab )n = a n b n
multiplication of powers of the same base.
That is to say, the power of a product of factors equals the
Solution!(1) [( x + y ) 2 ]4 = ( x + y ) 2×4 = ( x + y )8 ; product of the power of each constituent factor.
(2) (a 2 ) 4 i (a 3 )3 = a8 i a 9 = a17 . When there are three or more factors multiplied together, the
method of taking the power of the product of factors follows the
same mechanism. For example
Practice
(abc) n = a nb n c n .
1. (Mental) Calculate:
(1) ( x 4 ) 2 ; (2) x 4 i x 2 ; (3) ( y 5 )5 ; 【Example 1】Compute:
(4) y 5 i y 5 ; (5) (a m )3 ; (6) a m i a 3 . (1) ( xy )5 ; (2) (2a) 4 ; (3) (−3x)3 ;
2. (Mental) Calculate: (4) (−5ab) 2 ; (5) (− xy )6 ; (6) (4 xy ) 2 .
(1) (103 )3 ; (2) ( x 4 )3 ; (3) (a 2 )5 ; Solution!(1) ( xy )5 = x 5 y 5 ;
(4) −( y 2 ) 4 ; (5) −( x 3 )6 ; (6) ( s m )5 . (2) (2a) 4 = 24 a 4 = 16a 4 ;
(7) [( x + a )3 ]2 ; (8) [( x + y ) n ]2 ; (9) (a 2 )3 i a 5 . (3) (−3x)3 = (−3)3 x 3 = −27 x 3 ;
(10) (a 2 )5 i (a 4 ) 4 ; (11) (b3 ) 2 i (b 2 )3 ; (12) (c 2 ) n i c n +1 . (4) (−5ab) 2 = (−5) 2 a 2b 2 = 25a 2b 2 ;
3. Check if the following computation is correct, why? If incorrect, (5) (− xy )6 = (−1)6 x 6 y 6 = x 6 y 6 ;
How should it be corrected? (6) (4 xy ) 2 = 42 x 2 y 2 = 16 x 2 y 2 .
(1) (a 5 ) 2 = a 7 ; (2) a 5 i a 2 = a10 ;
【Example 2】Compute:
(3) ( x 4 )7 = x 28 ; (4) (a n +1 ) 2 = a 2 n +1 .
(1) ( xy 2 ) 2 ; (2) (a 2b 2 ) 4 ;
2
⎛2 ⎞
6.4 Power of a Product (3) (−2 xy ) ;
3 4
(4) ⎜ a ⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠
Let us calculate
3 4
Solution!(1) ( xy 2 ) 2 = x 2 ( y 2 ) 2 = x 2 y 4 ;
(ab) , (ab) .
(2) (a 2b 2 ) 4 = (a 2 ) 4 i (b 2 ) 4 = a8b8 ;
Applying Commutative Law for Multiplication, Associative
Law for Multiplication to the calculation of product, we get (3) (−2 xy 3 ) 4 = (−2) 4 i x 4 i ( y 3 ) 4 = 16 x 4 y12 ;
(ab)3 = (ab) i (ab) i (ab) = (aaa ) i (bbb) = a 3b3
2 2
⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ 4
(4) ⎜ a ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ i a 2 = a 2 .
(ab) 4 = (ab) i (ab) i (ab) i (ab) = (aaaa) i (bbbb) = a 4b 4 ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠ 9

- 221 - - 222 -
【Example 3】Compute: 6.5 Multiplication of a Polynomial by a Monomial
(1) (2 x)3 i (−5 x 2 y ) ;
Now let us investigate the product of a monomial and a
(2) (3xy 2 ) 2 + (−4 xy 3 ) i (− xy ) . polynomial. We calculate
Solution!(1) (2 x)3 i (−5 x 2 y ) = 8 x 3 i (−5 x 2 y ) = −40 x5 y ; m( a + b + c ) .
(2) (3xy 2 ) 2 + (−4 xy 3 ) i (− xy ) = 9 x 2 y 4 + 4 x 2 y 4 = 13 x 2 y 4 . Using distributive law for multiplication, we get
m(a + b + c) = ma + mb + mc .
Practice This result can be rationalized from Diagram 6-17.
1. (Mental) What is the result of calculation of the following?
(1) (ab)6 ; (2) ( xy ) 4 ; (3) (2m)3 ;
(4) (5 x 2 ) 2 ; (5) (ab 2 )3 ; (6) (− xy )3 . m ma mb mc

2. Compute:
3
(3) (−2 x y ) ; (4) ⎛⎜ c 2 d ⎞⎟ ;
3 3 2 2 1 2
a b c
(1) ( st ) ; (2) (4a ) ;
⎝2 ⎠ Diagram 6-1
(5) (2 ×10 ) ;
2 2
(6) ( x i x i x ) ;
2 5 3
(7) (ab ) i (ab 2 ) 2 .
2 3

In general, the product of a monomial with a polynomial is

(8) (−3x 5 )3 i x 2 ; (9) a i (ab 2 ) 2 ; (10) (3 y ) 2 i ( y 2 )3 .
the sum of the constituent products of the monomial with each
3. Compute: constituent term of the polynomial.
3

(2) (3m) i ⎛⎜ − mn ⎞⎟ ;
1
(1) a i (a b ) ;
2 2 3 2 2
【Example 1】Compute:
⎝ 2 ⎠
(1) (−4 x) i (2 x 2 + 3x − 1) ;
3
(3) 2a 2 i (−2a)3 + 2a 4 i 5a ; (4) 10a 3 i b + (−3.5a 2 ) i (ab) 2 . ⎛2 4 ⎞ 1
5 (2) ⎜ a 2b − 2ab + b ⎟ i ab .
4. A factory would like to build a cubic oil container with side ⎝3 3 ⎠ 2
4 ×102 cm, calculate the volume of the oil container. Solution!(1) (−4 x) i (2 x + 3 x − 1)
2

5. Check if the following computation is correct, why? If incorrect, = ( −4 x ) i (2 x 2 ) + ( −4 x ) i (3x )+( −4 x ) i ( −1)
how should it be corrected? = −8 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 4 x
(1) (ab 2 ) 2 = ab 4 ; (2) (3xy )3 = 9 x 3 y 3 ; ⎛2 2 4 ⎞ 1
(2) ⎜ a b − 2ab + b ⎟ i ab
⎛4 ⎞
3
64 6 9 ⎝3 3 ⎠ 2
(3) (−2a ) = −4a ;
2 2 4
(4) ⎜ x 2 y 3 ⎟ = x y .
⎝5 ⎠ 125
7
In Diagram 6-1, m, a, b, c represent positive numbers. In fact, m, a, b, c in the
equation m(a + b + c) = ma + mb + mc can represent zero or negative numbers.

- 223 - - 224 -
 = ⎛⎜ a 2b ⎞⎟ i ⎛⎜ ab ⎞⎟ + ( −2ab) i ⎛⎜ ab ⎞⎟ + ⎛⎜ b ⎞⎟ i ⎛⎜ ab ⎞⎟
2 1 1 4 1 Practice
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 2. Simplify:
1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= a 3b2 − a 2b2 + ab2 (1) (−a) 2 i (−2ab) + 3a 2 i ⎜ ab − b − 1⎟ ;
3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 1
【Example 2】Simplify: (2) x − ( x + 1) + ( x − 1) ;
2 3
(−3 xy ) i 5 x 2 y + 6 x 2 i ⎛⎜ xy 2 − 2 y 2 ⎞⎟ ;
7
(1) (3) 3a(2a − 5) + 2a(1 − 3a) ;
⎝2 ⎠
(4) x( x 2 + 3) + x 2 ( x − 3) − 3 x( x 2 − x − 1) ;
−2a 2 i ⎛⎜ ab + b 2 ⎞⎟ − 5ab i (a 2 − 1) .
1
(2) ⎡ ⎤
(5) 3xy ⎢6 xy − 3 ⎛⎜ xy − x 2 y ⎞⎟ ⎥ .
⎝2 ⎠ 1
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
(−3 xy ) i 5 x 2 y + 6 x 2 i ⎛⎜ xy 2 − 2 y 2 ⎞⎟
7
Solution!(1)
⎝2 ⎠
= −15 x y + 21x y − 12 x y
3 2 3 2 2 2
6.6 Multiplication of a Polynomial by another
= 6 x 3 y 2 − 12 x 2 y 2 Polynomial

−2a 2 i ⎜⎛ ab + b 2 ⎟⎞ − 5ab i (a 2 − 1)
1 Now let us explore the mulitiplication of polynomial. Let us
(2)
⎝2 ⎠ compute
= −a b − 2a b − 5a 3b + 5ab
3 2 2 (a + b)(m + n) .
This is a multiplication of a polynomial by another polynomial.
= −6a 3b − 2a 2b 2 + 5ab First regard (m + n) as a monomial, use the rule of multiplication of
monomial by polynomial to get
Practice (a + b)(m + n) = a (m + n) + b(m + n) .
1. Compute: Then use the use of mulitiplication of monomial by polynomial to get
(a + b)(m + n) = a (m + n) + b(m + n)
(1) (ab) 2 i (2ab 2 )3 ; (2) 3k i (kh 2 ) 2 ;
= am + an + bm + bn
(4) −4 ⎜⎛ y − 5 ⎟⎞ ;
3 That is
(3) 3(2 x + 1) ;
⎝2 ⎠ an bn n

(5) ( x − 3 y )(−6 x) ; (6) 5 x(2 x 2 − 3x + 4) ; (a + b)(m + n)

am bm m
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 3
(7) ⎜ 5a 2 − a + 1⎟ i (−3a 2 ) ; (8) ⎜ − x 3 y − 4 x 2 y 2 + y 4 ⎟ i xy = am + an + bm + bn
⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2
a b
Diagram 6-2
- 225 - - 226 -
 The result can be rationalized illustratively from Diagram 6-2. Practice
In general, to multiply a polynomial by another polynomial, 2. Compute:
we first use each of the constituent terms of one polynomial to
(1) (2n + 6)(n − 3) ; (2) (2 x + 3)(3 x − 1) ;
multiply each of the constituent terms of the other polynomial to
get constituend products and then add all the constituent (3) (2a − 3b)(a + 5b) ; (4) (3 x − 2 y )(3 x + 2 y ) ;

(5) (2a + 3) ⎛⎜ b − 5 ⎞⎟ ;
products together. 3
(6) (2 x + 5)(2 x + 5) .
【Example 1】Compute: ⎝2 ⎠
(1) ( x + 2 y )(5a + 3b) ; 3. Compute:
(2) (2 x − 3)( x + 4) ; (1) ( x + 1)( x 2 − 2 x + 3) ; (2) ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) ;
(3) (3 x + y )( x − 2 y ) . (3) (4 x − 3)(5 x 2 − 4 x + 7) ; (4) (3x + 2)(3x − 2)( x 2 − 1) ;
Solution!(1) ( x + 2 y )(5a + 3b) = x i 5a + x i 3b + 2 y i 5a + 2 y i 3b (5) (3a − 2)(a − 1) + (a + 1)(a + 2) ;
= 5ax + 3bx + 10ay + 6by (6) (2 x 2 − 1)( x − 4) − ( x 2 + 3)(2 x − 5) .
(2) (2 x − 3)( x + 4) = 2 x 2 + 8 x − 3 x − 12
= 2 x 2 + 5 x − 12 【Example 3】Compute: (1) ( x + 2)( x + 5) ; (2) ( y + 2)( y − 5) .
(3) (3x + y )( x − 2 y ) = 3 x 2 − 6 xy + xy − 2 y 2 Solution!(1) ( x + 2)( x + 5) = x + 5 x + 2 x + 10 = x 2 + 7 x + 10 ;
2

= 3 x 2 − 5 xy − 2 y 2 (2) ( y + 2)( y − 5) = y 2 − 5 y + 2 y − 10 = y 2 − 3 y − 10 .

【Example 2】Compute: From Example 3, we observe that, when two binomials (a

polynomial with two constituent terms is called a binomial) are
(1) ⎛⎜ − + 3b 2 ⎞⎟ (a 2 − 2b) ;
a
multiplied together, if each of the binomials has a common letter,
⎝ 2 ⎠
then the product will have a constituent term with power of square of
(2) ( x + y )( x − xy + y 2 ) .
2
the letter. From Example 3, we also observe that, when the
Solution! (1) ⎛⎜ − + 3b 2 ⎞⎟ (a 2 − 2b) = − + ab + 3a 2b 2 − 6b3
3
a a coefficients of the letter term from each of the two multiplying
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 binomials are both 1, then the coefficient of the constituent term with
(2) ( x + y )( x − xy + y )
2 2 the power of square of the letter in the product is also 1. Here, since
the coefficients of the letter term from each of the two multiplying
= x 3 − x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3 binomials are both 1, then the coefficient of the consitutuent term
= x3 + y 3 with degree 1 of the letter in the product is the sum of the constant
terms of the two binomials. The constant term of the product equals
Practice the product of the constant terms of the two multiplying binomials.
1. (Mental) Compute: Therefore, if a, b are the respective constant terms of the multiplying
(1) (m + n)(u + v) ; (2) ( x + y )(a − b) ; factors, then
(3) ( p − q)(r + s) ; (4) (a − b)(c − d ) . ( x + a )( x + b ) = x 2 + ( a + b) x + ab

- 227 - - 228 -
【Example 4】Solve the following equations: Exercise 18!
(1) ( x + 3)( x − 4) = x 2 − 16 ;
1. Compute:
(2) 3x( x + 2) + ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 4( x 2 + 8) . (1) a 3 i a 4 ; (2) x3 i x ; (3) 105 i 10 i 103 ;
Solution!(1) ( x + 3)( x − 4) = x 2 − 16 (4) −b3 i b 2 ; (5) x 7 i x i x12 ; (6) y 8 i y 4 i y i y 4 .
x 2 − x − 12 = x 2 − 16
2. Compute:
− x = −4 (1) 10m i 10n ; (2) c 2 i c m ;
x=4 (3) x 3 i x n +1 ; (4) a n + 2 i a n +1 ;
(2) 3x( x + 2) + ( x + 1)( x − 1) = 4( x 2 + 8) (5) y n i y i y 2 n −1 ; (6) b m i b n i b s ;
3 x 2 + 6 x + x 2 − 1 = 4 x 2 + 32 (7) a 2 i a i a 5 + a 3 i a 2 i a 3 (8) x 2 i x 6 i x 3 + x5 i x 4 i x .
6 x = 33
3. Transform the following in the form of ( x − y )n :
1
x=5 (1) ( x − y ) 2 ( x − y ) 4 ; (2) ( x − y )3 ( x − y )( x − y ) 2 m .
2
4. Compute:
Practice (1) (ax 2 )(ax n ) ; (2) (2ab 2 )(−3ab) ;
1. Compute: (3) (mn)(−m 2 n) ; (4) (3x 2 y )(−3xy ) ;
(6) (2c 3 ) ⎜⎛ c 2 ⎟⎞ (−2c) ;
(1) ( x + 1)( x + 4) ; (2) (m − 2)(m + 3 ); 1
(5) (−5a 2b3 )(2a 2b) ;
⎝4 ⎠
(3) ( y + 4)( y − 5) ; (4) ( x − 3)( x − 5) .
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
(7) ⎛⎜ − ax ⎞⎟⎜ − bx5 ⎟ ;
3
(8) (2a n b3 ) ⎜ − ab n −1 ⎟ .
1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
(5) ⎜⎛ y − ⎟⎜ y+ ⎟; (6) (7 x + 8)(6 x − 5) ; ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3⎠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
(9) −0.2 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y i ⎜ − xy 5 ⎟ ;
(7) ⎛⎜ x + 4 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 6 x − ⎞⎟ ; ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 3
(8) ( y 2 + y + 1)( y + 2) ;
⎝2 ⎠⎝ 4⎠ 1
(10) 0.6m 2 n i m 2 n 2 − (−10m) i m3 n3 .
(9) ( x + 2)( x + 3) − x( x + 1) − 8 ; 4
5. The length and width of a rectangle are 2.2 ×103 cm and
(10) (3 y − 1)(2 y − 3) + (6 y − 5)( y − 4) .
1.5 ×102 cm respectively, calculate its area.
2. Solve the following equations:
6. Light travels at the speed of approximately 3 ×105 km/second,
(1) (2 x + 3)( x − 4) − ( x + 2)( x − 3) = x 2 + 6 ; the light emitted by a star outside our solar system takes 4 years
(2) 2 x(3x − 5) − (2 x − 3)(3 x + 4) = 3( x + 4) . to reach the earth, calculate the distance of the star from the earth,
assuming that the number of seconds in 1 year is 3 ×107
seconds.
- 229 - - 230 -
7. A satellite orbits the earth at a speed of 7.9 ×103 m/second, find 13. Radius of the earth is r = 6.4 × 106 m. Given that the formula for
the distance traveled by the satellite in 2 ×102 seconds. 4
the volume of a sphere is V = π r 3 , calculate the volume of the
3
8. Compute:
π
earth (assume =3.14, express answer in 2 significant figures).
(1) (a 3 )3 ; (2) ( x 6 )5 ; (3) −( y 7 ) 2 ;
(4) (a m )3 ; (5) (b 2 ) m ; (6) [( x + 3) 2 ]3 ; 14. Compute:
(1) (3x 2 y − xy 2 ) i 3xy ; (2) (4ab − b 2 ) i (−2bc) ;
(7) [(ab) n ]3 ; (8) ( x 2 )3 i x 4 ; (9) ( y 3 ) 4 i ( y 4 )3 ;
(3) 2 x i ⎛⎜ x 2 − x + 1⎞⎟ ;
1
(10) (−c)3 i (c 2 )5 i c . (4) 5ab i (2a − b + 0.2) ;
⎝ 2 ⎠
9. Compute: (5) (−2ab 2 ) 2 i (3a 2b − 2ab − 4b3 ) ;
2
⎡ 3
⎤ ⎛3 5 ⎞
(2) ⎢⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ ⎥ ;
1
(1) [(−1) ] ;
2 3
(6) ⎜ x 2 y − xy 2 − y 3 ⎟ i (−4 xy 2 ) .
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝4 2 6 ⎠
(3) ( a 2 )3 + a 3 i a 3 ; (4) ( x 4 ) 2 + ( x5 )3 . 15. Simplify:
(1) 3x 2 i (−3 xy ) 2 − x 2 ( x 2 y 2 − 2 x) ;
10. Compute the square of the following expression:
(2) 5 x i ( x 2 − 2 x + 4) + x 2 ( x − 1) ;
(1) 2 xy 2 ; (2) − pq ; (3) ab 2 c3 ;
(3) t 3 − 2t[t 2 − 2(t − 3)] ;
1
(4) −3m2 ; (5) − st ; (6) 0.2cd 4 .
(4) x − ⎛⎜ 1 − ⎞⎟ − x ⎛⎜ 2 − ⎞⎟ .
1 3x 1 x
2
4⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 4⎠
11. Compute: 16. Compute:
(1) (ab)5 ; (2) (2 x)3 ; (3) (−3 xy 2 ) 2 ; (1) (3 x + 1)( x + 2) ; (2) (4 y − 1)( y − 5) ;
(3) (2 x − 3)(4 x − 1) ; (4) (3a + 2)(4a + 1) ;
2
⎛4 ⎞
(4) −7(m3 n)3 ; (5) (− a 2b3 ) 2 ; (6) ⎜ xy 2 z ⎟ ;
⎝5 ⎠ (5) (5m + 2)(4m − 3) ; (6) (5n − 4)(3n − 1) ;
(7) [1.5 ×102 ]2 ; (8) (3 y 2 )3 i y 4 ; (9) (3xy ) i ( y 3 )5 ;
2 3
⎛2 1 ⎞⎛ 3 2 ⎞
(7) (7 x 2 − 8 y 2 )( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) ; (8) ⎜ x − y ⎟ ⎜ x − y ⎟ ;
(10) (a 2 i a i a 3 i b n ) 4 . ⎝3 2 ⎠⎝ 4 3 ⎠
(9) (9m − 4n)(9m + 4n) ;
12. Compute:
(10) ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x 2 + 4) ;
(1) [(−2 x 2 y )3 ]2 ; (2) [(ab 2 )3 ]3 ;
2 (11) (1 − 2 x + 4 x 2 )(1 + 2 x) ;
⎛ 2 3⎞
⎜ − ax ⎟ + (2ax ) i x ; (4) (a nb) 2 + (a 2b3 ) n ; ( x − y )( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ;
2 2 2
(3) (12)
⎝ 3 ⎠
(13) 5 x( x 2 + 2 x + 1) − (2 x + 3)( x − 5) ;
(5) (−2a ) − (−3a 3 ) 2 − [−(2a) 2 ]3 .
6
(14) (3x − y )( y + 3x) − (4 x − 3 y )(4 x + 3 y ) .

- 231 - - 232 -
17. Compute: II. Multiplication Formula
(1) ( x + 3)( x + 2) ; (2) (a + 5)(a − 3) ;
(3) ( x − 5)( x + 3) ; (4) (m + 2)(m − 8) ; In mulitiplication of polynomials, there are multiplication
(5) ( x + 7)( x − 7) ; (6) ( y − 3)( y + 3) ; formula (called identities) of some special forms which are worth
memorizing because when we encounter similar multiplications of
1 ⎛ 1⎞
(7) ( y − 6)( y − 3) ; (8) ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ ⎜ x − ⎟ . polynomials, we can apply them straight away without having to do
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3⎠ it all over again.
18. First simplify, then evaluate:
(1) (3x + 1)(2 x − 3) − (6 x − 5)( x − 4) , where x = −2 ; 6.7 Difference of Two Squares Identity
1 Let us compute:
(2) ( y − 2)( y 2 − 6 y − 9) − y ( y 2 − 2 y − 15) , where y = .
2 (a + b)(a − b)
19. Solve the equation: we obtain
(1) 2( x 2 − 2) − 6 x( x − 1) = 4 x(1 − x) + 16 ; (a + b)(a − b) = a 2 − ab + ab − b 2
(2) x( x + 3) − x(1 − 2 x) = 9 + 3x 2 ; = a 2 − b2
(3) (2 x + 3)( x − 1) − 28 = (1 + x)(2 x + 11) ; From here we get
(4) ( x − 3)( x − 2) + 18 = ( x + 9)( x + 1) . (a + b )(a − b ) = a 2 − b 2
20. Refer Diagram, calculate the area of the shaded portion (lengths That is to say, for two numbers, the product of their sum and
in the Diagram is in cm). their difference equals the difference of squares of the two
numbers. This is the Difference of Two Squares Identity, which
1.5a
can be applied to calculate the product of the sum and difference of
two numbers. For example, compute
(1 + 2 x)(1 − 2 x)
2.5a If we regard 1 as a, regard 2x as b, then
(1 + 2 x)(1 − 2 x)
is in the form of
a 2a 2a 2a a (a + b)(a − b)
(No. 20) Therefore, we can calculate its result by applying the Difference of
Two Squares Identity
21. Length of a rectangle is (2a + b) cm, width is (a + b) cm,
calculate its perimeter and area. (1 + 2 x)(1 − 2 x) = 12 − (2 x) 2 = 1 − 4 x 2

( a + b) ( a − b ) = a 2 − b 2

- 233 - - 234 -
【Example 1】 Compute using the Difference of Two Square Solution!(1) 102 × 98 = (100 + 2)(100 − 2)
Identity: = 1002 − 22
(1) (3m + 2n)(3m − 2n) ;
= 10000 − 4
(2) (b 2 + 2a 3 )(2a 3 − b 2 ) .
= 9996
Solution!(1) (3m + 2n)(3m − 2n) = (3m) 2 − (2n) 2 = 9m 2 − 4n 2 (2) ( y + 2)( y − 2)( y 2 + 4) = ( y 2 − 4)( y 2 + 4)
(2) (b 2 + 2a 3 )(2a 3 − b 2 ) = (2a 3 + b 2 )(2a 3 − b 2 ) = ( y 2 )2 − 42
= (2a 3 ) 2 − (b 2 ) 2 = y 4 − 16
= 4a 6 − b 4
Practice
1. Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity:
【Example 2】Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity:
(1) ( x + a )( x − a ) ; (2) (m − n)(m + n) ;
(1) ⎛⎜ − x + 2 y ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ − x − 2 y ⎞⎟ ;
1 1
(3) ( a + 3b)(a − 3b) ; (4) (1 − 5 y )(1 + 5 y ) ;
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
(5) (2a + 3)(2a − 3) ; (6) (−2 x 2 + 5)(−2 x 2 − 5) ;
(2) (−4a − 1)(4a − 1) .
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
(7) (4 x − 5 y )(4 x + 5 y ) ;
2
(8) ⎜ x − 7 y ⎟ ⎜ x + 7 y ⎟ .
Solution!(1) ⎛⎜ − x + 2 y ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
1 1
⎟⎜ − x − 2 y ⎟ = ⎜ − x ⎟ − (2 y )
2
⎝3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
2. Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity:
1
= x2 − 4 y2 (1) 103 × 97 ; (2) 59.8 × 60.2 ;
4
(4) ⎛⎜ x − ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x 2 + ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ .
1 1 1
(2) ( −4a − 1)(4a − 1) = [( −1) − 4a][( −1) + 4a] (3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x 2 + 9) ;
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
= (−1) 2 − (4a) 2 3. Simplify the following:
= 1 − 16a 2 (1) ( x − y )( x + y ) + (2 x − y )(2 x + y ) ;
or (2) (2a − b)(2a + b) − (3a − 2b)(3a + 2b) .
(−4a − 1)(4a − 1) = −(4a + 1)(4a − 1) 4. Check if the following computation is correct? Why? If it is not
= −[(4a) 2 − 12 ] correct, how can it be corrected?
= −(16a 2 − 1) (1) ( x − 6)( x + 6) = x 2 − 6 ;
= 1 − 16a 2 (2) (2 x + 3)( x − 3) = 2 x 2 − 9 ;
(3) (5ab + 1)(5ab − 1) = 25a 2b 2 − 1 .
【Example 3】Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity:
(1) 102 × 98 ; 6.8 Binomial Square Identity
(2) ( y + 2)( y − 2)( y 2 + 4) .
Let us compute
( a + b) 2 , ( a − b) 2 ,

- 235 - - 236 -
we obtain ( x + 2 y ) 2 , (2 x − 5 y ) 2
(a + b) = (a + b)(a + b)
2
are respectively in the form of
= a 2 + ab + ab − b 2 ( a + b) 2 , ( a − b) 2
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2 Therefore, they can be computed using the Binomial Square
Identities
(a − b) 2 = (a − b)(a − b)
( x + 2 y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 i x i 2 y + (2 y ) 2 = x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2
= a 2 − ab − ab − b 2
= a 2 − 2ab + b 2
From here we get ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b2
(a + b )2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (2 x − 5 y ) 2 = (2 x) 2 − 2 i 2 x i 5 y + (5 y ) 2 = 4 x 2 − 20 xy + 25 y 2
(a − b )2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
( a − b) 2 = a2 − 2 a b + b2
That is to say, the square of the sum (or difference) of two
numbers is equal to the sum of squares of the two numbers plus
【Example 1】Compute using the Binomial Square Identities:
(or minus) two times the product of the two numbers. These are
called the Binomial Square Identities. (1) (−b 2 + 4a 2 ) 2 ;
2

(2) ⎛⎜ y + ⎞⎟ .
1
We can rationalize the two identities from Diagram 6-3 and 6-4.
⎝ 2⎠
b ab b2 b Solution!(1) (−b + 4a 2 ) 2 = (−b 2 ) 2 + 2 i (−b 2 ) i (4a 2 ) + (4a 2 ) 2
2

= b 4 − 8a 2b 2 + 16a 4
a or
a a 2
ab ( a − b) 2 (−b 2 + 4a 2 ) 2 = (4a 2 − b 2 ) 2
= 16a 4 − 8a 2b 2 + b 4
2

(2) ⎜⎛ y + ⎟⎞ = y 2 + y +
b
1 1
a b a ⎝ 2⎠ 4
Diagram 6-3 Diagram 6-4 Practice
If we need to find the square of the sum (or difference) of two 1. Compute using Binomial Square Identities:
numbers, we can apply the above-mentioned identities to compute it
(1) (a + 6) 2 ; (2) (4 + x) 2 ;
( x + 2 y ) 2 , (2 x − 5 y ) 2 .
(3) ( x − 7) 2 ; (4) (8 − y ) 2 ;
If in ( x + 2 y )2 , we regard x as a，regard 2y as b, and in (2 x − 5 y ) 2 ,
regard 2x as a, regard 5y as b (5) (3a + b) 2 ; (6) (4 x + 3 y ) 2 ;

- 237 - - 238 -
 Practice (2) (a + b + c) 2 = [(a + b) + c]2
2
= (a + b) 2 + 2(a + b)c + c 2
(7) ⎛⎜ x − 3 y ⎞⎟ ;
1
(8) (− a − b) ;
2 2

⎝2 ⎠ = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 + 2ac + 2bc + c 2

2
⎛3 2 ⎞ = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(9) (0.4 x + 5 y ) 2 ; (10) ⎜ x − y 2 ⎟ .
⎝4 3 ⎠
(3) ( x + 2 y − 3)( x − 2 y + 3) = [ x + (2 y − 3)][ x − (2 y − 3)]
2. Where is the error in the following computation? Why? What
alteration is required to make them correct? = x 2 − (2 y − 3) 2
(1) (a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 ; (2) (a − b) 2 = a 2 − b 2 . = x 2 − (4 y 2 − 12 y + 9)
= x 2 − 4 y 2 + 12 y − 9
【Example 2】Compute using the Binomial Square Identities: 2 2

(4) ⎜⎛ + 5 ⎟⎞ − ⎜⎛ − 5 ⎟⎞ = + 5 x + 25 − + 5 x − 25 = 10 x
x x x2 x2
(1) 1022 ; (2) 1992 . ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 4 4
Solution!(1) 1022 = (100 + 2) 2
= 1002 + 2 × 100 × 2 + 22 Practice
= 10000 + 400 + 4 1. Compute using Binomial Square Identities:
= 10404 (1) (2 x + 1) 2 ; (2) (3 y − 4) 2 ;
(2) 199 = (200 − 1) 2
2

(3) 912 ; (4) 79.82 .

= 2002 − 2 × 200 × 1 + 12
2. Compute using Muliplicative Rule:
= 40000 − 400 + 1
= 39601 (1) ( x + 3)( x − 3)( x 2 − 9) ; (2) ( x + 6) 2 − ( x − 6) 2 ;
(3) (a + 2b + c) 2 ; (4) (2a + b + 1)(2a + b − 1) .
【Example 3】Compute using Multiplication Rule:
(1) (m + n)(m − n)(m 2 − n 2 ) ; (5) (a − 2b + 3c)(a + 2b − 3c) ;
(2) (a + b + c) 2 ; (6) [( x + y ) 2 + ( x − y ) 2 ]( x 2 − y 2 ) ;
(3) ( x + 2 y − 3)( x − 2 y + 3) ; (7) [( x − 1)( x + 1)]2 .
2 2

(4) ⎛⎜ + 5 ⎞⎟ − ⎛⎜ − 5 ⎞⎟ .
x x
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Solution!(1) (m + n)(m − n)(m 2 − n 2 ) = (m 2 − n 2 )(m 2 − n 2 ) 6.9 Sum and Difference of Cubes Identities
= (m 2 − n 2 )2 Let us compute
= m − 2m n + n
4 2 2 4 (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) , (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ,

- 239 - - 240 -
we get (2 y − 1)(4 y 2 + 2 y + 1)
(a + b)(a − ab + b ) = a − a b + ab + a b − ab + b
2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3

= (2 y − 1)[(2 y ) 2 + (2 y ) i 1 + 12 ] = (2 y )3 − 13 = 8 y 3 − 1
= a 3 + b3
(a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = a 3 + a 2b + ab 2 − a 2b − ab 2 − b3
= a 3 − b3 ( a − b) ( a 2 + a b + b2 ) = a 3 − b3
From here we get
【Example 1】Compute using the Sum (or Difference) of Cubes
(a + b )(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) = a 3 + b 3 Identity:
(a − b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) = a 3 − b 3 (1) (4 + a)(16 − 4a + a 2 ) ;
(2) ⎛⎜ 5 x − y ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 25 x 2 + xy + y 2 ⎞⎟ .
That is to say, sum (or difference) of two numbers multiplied 1 5 1
by the combined result of the sum of their squares minus (or plus) ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 4 ⎠
their product equals the sum (or difference) of their cubes. These Solution!(1) (4 + a)(16 − 4a + a ) = (4 + a)(42 − 4 i a + a 2 )
2

are called the Sum of Cubes Identity and the Difference of Cubes = 43 + a 3
Identity respectively.
= 64 + a 3
When we need to find the product of the sum of two numbers ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 5 1 2⎞
⎜ 5 x − y ⎟ ⎜ 25 x + xy + y ⎟
2
multiplied by the sum of their squares less (or plus) their product, we (2)
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 4 ⎠
can use the above-mentioned identities to compute the result. For
⎛ 1 ⎞⎡ ⎤
2
example, 2 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 5 x − y ⎟ ⎢(5 x) + (5 x) i y + ⎜ y ⎟ ⎥
( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9) , (2 y − 1)(4 y 2 + 2 y + 1) . ⎝ 2 ⎠⎣ 2 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎦
If in ( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9) , we regard x as a, regard 3 as b, in
3

= (5 x)3 − ⎛⎜ y ⎞⎟
1
(2 y − 1)(4 y 2 + 2 y + 1) , regard 2y as a, regard 1 as b, then ⎝2 ⎠
( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9) , (2 y − 1)(4 y 2 + 2 y + 1) 1
= 125 x 3 − y 3
are respectively in the form of 8
(a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) , (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Therefore, we can use the sum (or difference) of cubes identities to 【Example 2】Compute using Multiplication Rule:
compute ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) .
( x + 3)( x 2 − 3 x + 9) Solution! ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
= ( x + 3)( x 2 − x i 3 + 32 ) = x 3 + 33 = x 3 + 27 = [( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)][( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)]
= ( x3 + 1)( x3 − 1)
(a + b)(a 2 − a b + b 2 ) = a 3 + b3 = x6 − 1
or

- 241 - - 242 -
 ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) ⎛ 2 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ; (8) (0.3 x − 0.1)(0.3 x + 0.1) ;
(7) ⎜ 4x − ⎟ ⎜ 4x + ⎟
= ( x 2 − 1)[( x 2 + 1) + x][( x 2 + 1) − x] ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
(9) ( x + 2)( x − 2)( x + 4) ;
2
= ( x 2 − 1)[( x 2 + 1) 2 − x 2 ]
(10) ( x + y )( x − y )( x 2 + y 2 )( x 4 + y 4 ) .
= ( x 2 − 1)( x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 − x 2 )
= ( x 2 − 1)( x 4 + x 2 + 1) 2. Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity:
(1) 69 × 71 ; (2) 503 × 497 ;
= x6 − 1 2 1
(3) 40.5 × 39.5 ; (4) 40 × 39 .
3 3
Practice 3. Compute:
1. Compute using multiplication rule: (1) x( x − 3) − ( x + 7)( x − 7) ;
(1) ( x 2 + 1)( x 4 − x 2 + 1) ; (2) ( y − 3)( y 2 + 3 y + 9) ; (2) (2 x − 5)( x − 2) + (3 x − 4)(3 x + 4) ;
(3) (5 + c)(25 − 5c + c 2 ) ; (4) ( x 2 − y 2 )( x 4 + x 2 y 2 + y 4 ) ; ⎛3 2 ⎞⎛ 3 2 ⎞ ⎛2 3 ⎞⎛ 2 3 ⎞
(3) ⎜ x + y ⎟ ⎜ x − y ⎟ − ⎜ y + x ⎟⎜ y − x ⎟ ;
(5) (2 x + 5)(4 x 2 + 25 − 10 x) ; ⎝2 3 ⎠⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝3 2 ⎠⎝ 3 2 ⎠
(4) x ( x + y )( x − y ) + ( x + y )(2 x − 3 y ) .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4
⎛2 1 ⎞⎛ 4 1 1 ⎞
(6) ⎜ a − b ⎟⎜ a 2 + ab + b 2 ⎟ . 4. Compute using Multiplication Rule:
⎝3 2 ⎠⎝ 9 3 4 ⎠
(1) (6a + 5b) 2 ; (2) (4 x − 3 y ) 2 ;
2. Compute using Multiplication Rule:
2
(1) (a + 2)(a − 2)(a 2 − 2a + 4)(a 2 + 2a + 4) ; (4) ⎛⎜ m − 2n ⎞⎟ ;
1
(3) (−2m − 1) ; 2

(2) (a − b)(a + b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) ; ⎝4 ⎠

2
(3) x( x − 1) 2 − ( x 2 − x + 1)( x + 1) ; ⎛ 2 ⎞
(5) (4 x + 0.5) ;2
(6) ⎜1.5a − b ⎟ ;
(4) ( y + 1) 2 + ( y + 1)( y 2 − 2 y + 1) . ⎝ 3 ⎠
2

(7) ⎛⎜ a − b + ⎞⎟ ;
1
(8) (2 x + y − 3) 2 ;
⎝ 2⎠
(9) [( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )]2 ;
Exercise 19! (10) (3 x + 2 y + 4)(3 x + 2 y − 4) ;
1. Compute using Difference of Two Squares Identity: (11) (a + 3b − 2)(a − 3b + 2) ;
(1) ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ; (2) (2a − 3b)(2a + 3b) ; (12) (1 + x + y )(1 − x − y ) ;
(3) (−1 + 3x)(−1 − 3x) ; (4) (−2b − 5)(2b − 5) ; 5. Compute using Binomial Square Identities:
2
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞
(4) ⎛⎜14 ⎞⎟ .
1
(5) (2 x 3 + 15)(2 x 3 − 15) ; (6) ⎜ x 2 − y ⎟ ⎜ x 2 + y ⎟ ; (1) 63 ; 2
(2) 895 ;2 2
(3) 9.98 ;
⎝5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

- 243 - - 244 -
6. Compute: (4) What algebraic expression needs to be added to
(1) (2a + 1) 2 + (1 − 2a ) 2 ; (2) (2 x) 2 − 3(2 x + 1) 2 ; a 2 + ab + b 2 to give (a − b) 2 ?
(3) 3(2 − y ) 2 − 4( y + 5) 2 ; (4) a 4 − (1 − a)(1 + a)(1 + a 2 ) ; (5) What algebraic expression needs to be multiplied to a + b
(5) (3x − y ) 2 − (2 x + y ) 2 + 5 y 2 ; to give a 3 + b3 ?
(6) What algebraic expression will need to be multiplied to
(6) 3(m + 1) 2 − 5(m + 1)(m − 1) + 2(m − 1) 2 .
a − b to give a 3 − b3 ?
7. Compute using Multiplication Rule:
(1) (5 − 2 y )(25 + 10 y + 4 y 2 ) ; 10. Simplify and evaluate:
2
(2) (3s + 2t )(9s 2 + 4t 2 − 6st ) ; (1) ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x + 4) + ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1) , where x = − ;
3
(3) ( x 2 + 2)(4 − 2 x 2 + x 4 ) ; (2) (a + b)(a − b)(a + b ) , where a = 3 , b = 0.2 ;
2 2

(4) ⎛⎜ a + 2b ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ a 2 + 4b 2 + ab ⎞⎟ ;
1 1
⎡⎛ 2
1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 2 1 2 ⎞ , where a = 1 ,
2

⎝2 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ (3) ⎢⎜ a + b ⎟ + ⎜ a − b ⎟ ⎥ ⎜ 2a − b ⎟
(5) ( x − 2)( x + 2)( x + 4 x + 16) ;
4 2 ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎝ 2 ⎠
b = −2 .
(6) ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) + ( x + 5)( x 2 − 5 x + 25) .
8. For each of the algebraic expressions in the left circle, multiply it 11. Solve the equation:
2
by a − b , then write the result in the right circle. (1) ⎜⎛ x + ⎟⎞ − ⎜⎛ x − ⎟⎜
1 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 1
x+ ⎟= ;
multiply it ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4⎠ 4
by a − b
a+b (2) ( x + 1)( x − x + 1) − x( x − 2)( x + 2) = 9 ;
2

(3) 3( x + 5) 2 − 2( x − 3) 2 − ( x + 9)( x − 9) = 180 .

a 2 + ab + b 2
12. If the length of a square is increased by 3 cm, its area is increased
a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b3
by 39 cm2. Find its length.
… …
13. If two circles with diameter a and b
(No. 8)
respectively are cut from a circle with
9. Answer the following question: diameter a + b , find the area of the
(1) What algebraic expression needs to be added to a 2 + b 2 to remaining portion (shaded in the Diagram). φb
φa
give (a + b) 2 ?
(2) What algebraic expression needs to be added to a 2 + b 2 to
give (a − b) 2 ?
(No. 13)
(3) What algebraic expressin needs to be added to (a − b) 2 to
give (a + b) 2 ?

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 III. Division of Integral Expressions That is to say, when dividing two powers of the same base,
the base is unchanged, and the index is the difference of indices
of the two powers.
6.10 Division of Powers of the same base Division of powers of the same base, if the index of the
dividend is same as the index of the divisor, for example
Now we come to learn about division of integral expressions. 3 3

We know that division is the inverse process of multiplication, 2 2 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞

3 ÷ 3 , ⎜ − ⎟ ÷ ⎜ − ⎟ , am ÷ am
therefore we would like to deduce the division rule from the ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
multiplication rule. Then, the quotient is 1.
That is to say, division of powers of the same base and same
In the first section, we would investigate the division of two index, the quotient is 1.
powers with the same base. We get
【Example 1】Compute: (1) x8 ÷ x 2 ; (2) a 9 ÷ a 4 ;
105 ÷ 103 , 25 ÷ 23
We know that, based on the fact that division is the inverse (3) (− a) 4 ÷ (−a ) .
operation of multiplication, computing the quotient of the dividend Solution!(1) x8 ÷ x 2 = x8− 2 = x 6 ;
divided by the divisor is same as finding a number whose product (2) a 9 ÷ a 4 = a 9− 4 = a 5 ;
with the divisor equals the dividend. (3) (− a) 4 ÷ (− a ) = (− a ) 4−1 = (−a )3 = −a 3 .
∵ 102 × 103 = 105 【Example 2】Compute:
∴ 105 ÷ 103 = 102 (1) (ab)5 ÷ (ab) 2 ; (2) (a + b)3 ÷ (a + b) 2 ;
∵ 2 2 × 23 = 25 (3) y n+2 ÷ y 2 ; (4) x n + m ÷ x n + m .
∴ 25 ÷ 23 = 2 2 Solution!(1) (ab)5 ÷ (ab) 2 = (ab)5− 2 = (ab)3 = a 3b3 ;
that is (2) (a + b)3 ÷ (a + b) 2 = (a + b)3− 2 = a + b ;
105 ÷ 103 = 105−3
(3) y n + 2 ÷ y 2 = y n + 2− 2 = y n ;
25 ÷ 23 = 25 − 3
(4) x n + m ÷ x n + m = 1 .
In the same manner,
∵ a 2 i a3 = a5 Practice
∴ a5 ÷ a3 = a 2 8 1. (Mental) Compute:
that is (1) x 7 ÷ x 5 ; (2) y 9 ÷ y 8 ; (3) z11 ÷ z 8 ;
a 5 ÷ a 3 = a 5 −3 (4) a10 ÷ a 3 ; (5) b6 ÷ b6 ; (6) c 7 ÷ c 7 .
In general, if m, n are positive integers, and m > n , then 2. Fill in the bracket with an appropriate algebraic expression to
make the following equation valid:
a m ÷ a n = a m -n (a ≠ 0) (1) x5 i ( ) = x9 ; (2) a 6 i ( ) = a12 ;
(3) b3 i b3 i ( ) = b36 ; (4) x 2 i x5 i ( ) = x 20 .
8
Here a ≠ 0 . If this chapter, the values of all divisors are not equal to zero.

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 Practice 【Example】 Compute: (1) 28 x 4 y 2 ÷ 7 x3 y ; (2) −5a 5b3c ÷ 15a 4b ;
3. Is the following equation correct? If not, what changes need to ⎛ 5 ⎞
be made to correct it? (3) − a 2 x 4 y 3 ÷ ⎜ − axy 2 ⎟ ; (4) (6 x 2 y 3 ) 2 ÷ (3xy 2 ) 2 .
⎝ 6 ⎠
(1) x 6 ÷ x 3 = x 2 ; (2) z 5 ÷ z 4 = z ;
Solution!(1) 28 x y ÷ 7 x y = (28 ÷ 7) i x 4−3 y 2−1 = 4 xy ;
4 2 3

(3) a 3 ÷ a = a 3 ; (4) (−c) 4 ÷ (−c) 2 = −c 2 .

1
4. Compute: (2) −5a 5b3c ÷ 15a 4b = [(−5) ÷ 15] i a 5− 4b3−1c = − ab 2 c ;
3
(1) ( xy )5 ÷ ( xy )3 ; (2) (a + b)5 ÷ (a + b) 4 ;
⎛ 5 ⎞ 6
(3) a n + 2 ÷ a n +1 ; (4) x12 ÷ x3 ÷ x 4 ; (3) − a 2 x 4 y 3 ÷ ⎜ − axy 2 ⎟ = ax3 y ;
⎝ 6 ⎠ 5
(5) y10 ÷ ( y 4 ÷ y 2 ) ; (6) (c 4 n ÷ c 2 n ) i c 3n .
(4) (6 x y ) ÷ (3xy ) = 36 x 4 y 6 ÷ 9 x 2 y 4 = 4 x 2 y 2 .
2 3 2 2 2

Practice
6.11 Division of a Monomial by another Monomial 1. (Mental) Compute:
(1) 16a ÷ 4 ; (2) 10ab3 ÷ (−5) ;
In this section, we investigate the division of two monomials.
Let us compute (3) −8a 2b 2 ÷ 6ab 2 ; (4) 6 x 2 y ÷ 3 xy ;
12a 3b 2 x 3 ÷ 3ab 2 9 (5) −21x 2 y 4 ÷ (−3 x 2 y 3 ) ; (6) (−2ab 2 )3 ÷ (−2ab 2 ) 2 ;
We already know, this is the same as finding a monomial (7) (6 × 108 ) ÷ (3 × 105 ) ; (8) (4 ×109 ) ÷ (−2 ×103 ) .
(quotient) to enable its product with 3ab 2 (divisor) to equal 2. Compute:
12a 3b 2 x 3 (dividend). (1) 24a 3b 2 ÷ 8ab 2 ; (2) −14a 2 x 3 ÷ 7ax 2 ;
∵ 4a 2 x 3 i 3ab 2 = 12a 3b 2 x 3 ⎛ 2 ⎞
(3) 9c 3d 2 ÷ (−9c3 d 2 ) ; (4) (−0.5a 2bx 2 ) ÷ ⎜ − ax 2 ⎟ ;
∴ 12a 3b 2 x 3 ÷ 3ab 2 = 4a 2 x3 ⎝ 5 ⎠
(5) ⎛⎜ − a 2b 2 c ⎞⎟ ÷ 3a 2b ;
That is to say, the quotient is 4a 2 x 3 . Here the coefficient is 3
4 = 12 ÷ 3 , the index of letter a is 2 = 3 − 1 , the index of letter x is 3 (6) (3mn 2 )3 ÷ 3m 2 n3 ;
⎝ 4 ⎠
and the quotient does not contain the letter b. (7) (4 x 2 y 3 ) 2 ÷ (−2 xy 2 ) 2 ; (8) (5ab 2 c) 4 ÷ (−5ab 2 c) 2 .
In general, to find the quotient of division of a monomial by
another monomial, (i) find the quotient of the coefficients as a 3. For each algebraic expression in the left circle, divide it by
factor of the quotient, (ii) for each of the letter in the divisor, find 2x 2 y and write the quotient in the right circle.
the division of powers of the letter as a factor of the quotient, (iii) divide it by 2x 2 y
4x 2 y
for any letter not in the divisor, keep the power of the letter in the
−12x 4 y 2
dividend as a factor of the quotient (iv) multiply all the factors
−16x 2 yz
together to form the quotient.
1 2
x y
2
9
This explains why the quotient is the expression (12a 3b 2 x3 ) ÷ (3ab 2 ) . (No. 3)

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6.12 Division of Polynomial by a Monomial Practice
Let us now investigate the division of a polynomial by a 2. Compute:
mononial (1) (16m3 − 24m 2 ) ÷ (−8m 2 ) ; (2) (9 x 3 y 2 − 21xy 2 ) ÷ 7 xy 2 ;
(am + bm + cm) ÷ m . (3) (12a 2b3 − 9a 4b 2 c) ÷ (3a 2b 2 ) ;
This is the same as finding a polynomia in such a way that its (4) (25 x 2 + 15 x3 y − 20 x 4 ) ÷ (−5 x 2 ) ;
product with m is
am + bm + cm . (5) (−4a 3 + 12a 2b − 7 a 3b 2 ) ÷ (−4a 2 ) ;
∵ (a + b + c)m = am + bm + cm
∴ (am + bm + cm) ÷ m = a + b + c
We know, 6.13 Division of a Polynomial by another Polynomial
am ÷ m + bm ÷ m + cm ÷ m = a + b + c , Now we can study the division of a polynomial by another
therefore polynomial.
(am + bm + cm) ÷ m = am ÷ m + bm ÷ m + cm ÷ m . To find the quotient of division of polynomials, first arrange the
In general, to find the quotient of division of a polynomial by dividend and divisor in decending order of the same letter, then
a monomial, first divide each constituent term of the polynomial follow the rule similar to the division of multiple-digit numbers in
by the monomial to become a constituent quotient, then add all long division to compute. For example, let us compute
the constituent quotients together to become the quotient of the (6 x 2 + 7 x + 2) ÷ (2 x + 1) ,
division.
Drawing similarity to the division of multiple-digit numbers, say
672 ÷ 21 , compute as follows:
【Example 1】Compute (28a 3 − 14a 2 + 7a ) ÷ 7a .
Solution (28a 3 − 14a 2 + 7a ) ÷ 7a 32 3x + 2 quotient
21 672 divisor 2x +1 6x + 7x + 2
2
dividend
= 28a 3 ÷ 7a − 14a 2 ÷ 7a + 7a ÷ 7a
= 4 a 2 − 2a + 1 63 6 x 2 + 3x
【Example 2】Compute (36 x 4 y 3 − 24 x3 y 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 ) ÷ (−6 x 2 y ) . 42 4x + 2
Solution! (36 x 4 y 3 − 24 x3 y 2 + 3 x 2 y 2 ) ÷ (−6 x 2 y ) 42 4x + 2
1 0
= −6 x 2 y 2 + 4 xy − y 0 remainder
2
∴ (6 x 2 + 7 x + 2) ÷ (2 x + 1) = 3 x + 2
Practice
1. (Mental) Compute: Steps in computation is:
(1) (6 xy + 5 x) ÷ x ; (2) (15 x y − 10 xy ) ÷ 5 xy ;
2 2 1. Use the first term of the divisor 2x to divide the first term
of the dividend 6x 2 , thereby obtain the first term of the
(3) (8a b − 4ab ) ÷ 4ab ;
2 2
(4) (4c 2 d + c3 d 2 ) ÷ (−2c 2 d ) .
quotient of 3x;

- 251 - - 252 -
 2. Use the first term of the dividend 3x to multiply each term It is possible that division is not exact. When dividend and
of the divisor, write the product 6 x 2 + 3 x underneath the divisor are arranged in descending powers of a letter, and the division
dividend (align like terms together), subtract the product procedure proceeds to the stage that the remainder is not zero but is
from the dividend, and obtain 4 x + 2 ; of degree lower than the divisor, the division procedure cannot
3. Regard 4 x + 2 as the new dividend, repeat the same proceed further. We say that the divisor cannot divide the dividend
procedure as above and continue dividing until the exactly.
remainder is 0 (or the remainder is of lower order than the
divisor). 【Example 2】Compute (2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 3 x + 5) ÷ ( x 2 + 4 x − 3) .
Solution!!
In general, division of polynomials can follow the 2x +1
above-mentioned procedure. x + 4 x − 3 2 x + 9 x + 3x + 5
2 3 2

【Example 1】Compute (5 x 2 + 2 x 3 − 1) ÷ (1 + 2 x) . 2 x3 + 8 x 2 − 6 x
Solution!!
x2 + 2x −1 x2 + 9x + 5
2 x + 1 2 x3 + 5 x 2 −1 x2 + 4 x − 3
2 x3 + x 2 5x + 8
4 x2 Therefore quotient = 2 x + 1 , remainder = 5 x + 8
4x + 2x
2

We know, in dividing an integer by another integer, sometimes

− 2x −1 the division is not exact and carries a remainder, for example,
− 2x −1 37
0 21 785
∴ (5 x + 2 x − 1) ÷ (1 + 2 x) = x + 2 x − 1
2 3 2
63
NOTE: Arrange dividend and divisor in descending powers of x, if 155
the dividend has a missing term, leave a space in the 147
dividend. Alternatively use a zero to fill in the space of the
8
mission term in the dividend. For example, write
2 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 1 as 2x 3 + 5 x 2 + 0 − 1 . In a division which leaves a remainder, there is the following
relationship:
In example 1 the remainder is zero. If a polynomial is divided
785 = 21 × 37 + 8
by another polynomial with remainder zero, we say that the former
polynomial is exactly divided by the latter polynomial. We can also
say that the dividend is divided by the divisor exactly. dividend divisor quotient remainder

- 253 - - 254 -
 In a division which leaves a remainder, there is the following 2. Compute:
relationship: (1) −12a 5b3c ÷ (−3a 2b) ;
(2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 3 x + 5) = ( x 2 + 4 x − 3)(2 x + 1) + (5 x + 8) (3) 24 x 2 y 5 ÷ (−6 x 2 y 3 ) ;
(5) (−5r 2 c) 2 ÷ 5r 4 c ;
(2) 42 x 6 y 8 ÷ (−3 x 2 y )3 ;
(4) −25t 8 k ÷ (−5t 5 k ) ;
(6) 7m 2 (4m3 p ) ÷ 7m5 ;
2

(8) −12( s 4t 3 )3 ÷ ⎛⎜ s 2t 3 ⎞⎟ ;
dividend divisor quotient remainder 1
(7) −45(u 3v 4 ) 2 ÷ 5u 5v 4 ;
In general, dividend, divisor, quotient and remainder have the ⎝2 ⎠
5

(10) (2a 2bc)3 ⎛⎜ ab3c 2 ⎞⎟ ;

following relationship: 1
(9) (−5r 2 st 3 ) 2 (−2rs 2t )3 ;
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient＋Remainder ⎝2 ⎠
(11) (−38 x 4 y 5 z ) ÷ 19 xy 5 i ⎛⎜ − x 3 y 2 ⎞⎟ ;
3
Practice ⎝ 4 ⎠
1. Compute: ⎛ 2 ⎞
(12) (2ax) 2 i ⎜ − a 4 x3 y 3 ⎟ ÷ ⎛⎜ − a 5 xy 2 ⎞⎟ .
1
(1) (3 x 2 + 14 x − 5) ÷ ( x + 5) ; (2) (6 x 2 + 14 x + 4) ÷ (3 x + 1) ;
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(3) (8 x 2 + 52 x − 21) ÷ ( x + 7) ; (4) (1 + x 2 + x 4 ) ÷ ( x 2 + 1 − x) ;
(5) ( x 3 − 3 x + x 2 − 8) ÷ ( x − 2) ; 3. The speed of a satellite is 2.88 × 107 m/hour, the speed of a jet
plane is 1.8 × 106 m/hour, how many times is the speed of the
(6) (3x 3 − 4 x − 5 x 2 + 3) ÷ ( x 2 − x + 5) .
satellite relative to the speed of the jet plane?
2. The Divisor, quotient and remainder are known, find the 4. Compute:
dividend:
(1) (6 x 4 − 8 x 3 ) ÷ (−2 x 2 ) ; (2) (8a 3b − 5a 2b 2 ) ÷ 4ab ;
(1) Dividend = 3 x − 5 , quotient = 2 x + 7 , remainder = 10 ;
(2) Dividend = x 2 − 2 x + 1 , quotient = x 2 + 2 x − 1 , remainder = 4x . (3) (12 x3 − 8 x 2 + 16 x) ÷ 4 x ;
⎛2 2 ⎞ 2
(4) ⎜ y 3 − 7 xy 2 + y 5 ⎟ ÷ y 2 ;
Exercise 20! ⎝5 3 ⎠ 3
1. Compute: (5) (9a x − 6a x + 15a 4 x 3 ) ÷ (−3a 2 x3 ) ;
3 5 2 4

(1) a 7 ÷ a 4 ; (2) x10 ÷ x 6 ; (6) [28 x 7 y 3 − 21x5 y 5 + 2 y (7 x 3 y 3 ) 2 ] ÷ 7 x 5 y 3 ;

(3) y 8 ÷ y 8 ; (4) (−5)6 ÷ (−5)3 ; ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
(7) ⎜ 0.25a 3b 2 − a 4b5 − a 5b3 ⎟ ÷ (−0.5a 3b 2 ) ;
4 ⎝ 2 6 ⎠
(6) ⎛⎜ − y ⎞⎟ ÷ ⎛⎜ − y ⎞⎟ ;
1 1
(5) (ax) ÷ (ax) ;
5 3
n +1 n+2
(8) (3a + 6a − 9a ) ÷ 3a . n n −1
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
(7) a 3n ÷ a n ; (8) x 2 n +1 ÷ x n +1 ; 5. Simplify:
(9) (a 2 ) m ÷ a m ; (10) t 6 ÷ (t 4 ÷ t 3 ) ; (1) [(2 x + y ) 2 − y ( y + 4 x)] ÷ 2 x ;
(11) a 3 i (a 2 )3 ÷ a 4 ; (12) (a + b)3 ÷ ( a + b) 2 i (a + b) 4 . (2) [(3x + 2 y )(3 x − 2 y ) − ( x + 2 y )(5 x − 2 y )] ÷ 4 x ;

- 255 - - 256 -
 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞
2
⎛ y ⎞⎤ III. Multiplication of integral expressions includes monomial
⎢⎜ 4 x − y ⎟ + 4 y ⎜ x − ⎟ ⎥ ÷ 8 x ;
2
(3) multiplied (or divided) by monomial, polynomial multiplied (or
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎦ divided) by monomial, polynomial multiplied (or divided) by
⎡ 1 ⎤ polynomial, etc
− − y⎥ ÷ 9x y .
4 2
(4) ⎢⎣ ( 3 xy ) 2
i x 3
2 x 2
i (3 xy 2 3
) i
2 ⎦ IV. Some special forms of polynomial multiplication have
6. Compute: wide applications, We post them as identities and apply them where
appropriate. The multiplicative identities we have learnt include
(1) (2 x 2 + 23 x + 56) ÷ (2 x + 7) ;
(a + b)(a − b) = a 2 − b 2
(2) (2 x3 + 27 x − 12 x 2 − 27) ÷ ( x − 3) ;
(a ± b) 2 = a 2 ± 2ab + b 2
(3) (2 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 10 x + 5) ÷ ( x 2 + x + 1) ;
(a ± b)(a 2 ∓ ab + b 2 ) = a 3 ± b3
(4) (2 y 4 − y 3 + y − 3) ÷ (3 − 2 y + y 2 ) .
V. The result of a polynomial multiplied by another
7. Area of rectangle is a 2 − 3ab + 2b 2 . Length of one of its sides is polynomial is also a polynomial.
a − b . Find its perimeter.
8. The Divisor, the Quotient and the Remainder are given, find the Revision Exercise 6!
Dividend:
1. Compute:
(1) Divisor = 6 x 2 + 3 x − 5 , Quotient = 4 x − 5 , Remainder = −8 ;
(1) x i ( x 2 ) 2 i ( x3 )3 ; (2) 2m 4 i (−m 2 ) 2 ;
(2) Divisor = −2 x 2 − x + 1 , Quotient = x 2 − 2 , Remainder = 3 x + 7 .
(3) (ab) 2 i (− a ) 2 i (−b)3 ; (4) 2a 3b i (−3ab)3 ;
(5) (−0.4 xy 3 z ) i (−0.5 x 2 z ) ; (6) (− x 2 y n ) 2 i ( xy )3 ;
Chapter Summary! ⎛ 2 ⎞ 3
(7) ⎜ − a 7 b5 ⎟ ÷ ⎛⎜ a 5b5 ⎞⎟ ; (8) (2a)3 i b 4 ÷ 12a 3b 2 ;
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
I. The main content of this chapter teaches multiplication of (9) [(−2a 3b)3 ]2 ÷ (−3a 2b) 2 ; (10) (4 x n +1 y n ) 2 ÷ [(− xy ) 2 ]n .
integral expressions, which includes rules on operation of powers of
the same base, monomial multiplied (or divided) by monomial, 2. Area of Taiwan is 3.6 × 10 4 km2. On average, for every km2 of
polynomial multiplied (or divided) by monomial, polynomial land, the energy received from the Sun a year is equivalent to the
multiplied (or divided) by polynomial, etc energy released by burning 1.5 × 105 T of coal. Calculate how
II. The rules of operation on powers learnt in the chapter many tonnes of coal would produce energy equivalent to that of
include: energy received from the Sun by the whole of Taiwan in 1 year
a m i a n = a m+ n (round to 2 significant figures).
(a m ) n = a mn 3. The velocity required by a satellite to escape from the earth into
the solar system (i.e. the Second Cosmo Velocity) is
(ab) n = a n b n 1.12 × 10 4 m/sec. Calculate the distance in metres traveled by the
a m ÷ a n = a m − n ( a ≠ 0 , m > n) satellite in 3.6 × 103 sec. (round to 2 significant figures).

- 257 - - 258 -
4. Compute: (11) 3(2 x − 1)( x + 6) − 5( x − 3)( x + 6) ;
(1) 2a 3b(3ab 2 c − 2bc) ; (2) (0.3a 2 − 0.2a + 0.1) × 0.2 ; (12) ( x 3 + 2 xy 2 − 3 y 3 )(2 x − y ) − 8 xy ( x 2 − y 2 ) .
⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 1 1⎞
(3) ⎜ − a ⎟ ⎜ a 2 + a − ⎟ ; 7. Compute:
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 2 6 4⎠
⎛1 1 ⎞⎛ 1 1 ⎞
(4) (4π r h − 2π rh) ÷ 6π rh ;
2
(1) ⎜ a 2 − b ⎟ ⎜ − b − a 2 ⎟ ; (2) 5 x 2 ( x + 3)( x − 3) ;
⎝3 4 ⎠⎝ 4 3 ⎠
⎛6 ⎞ 3
(5) ⎜ a 3 x 4 − 0.9ax 3 ⎟ ÷ ax 3 ; ⎛7 3 ⎞
2

(3) ⎛⎜ 2 x + ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 2 x − ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 4 x 2 + ⎞⎟ ; (4) ⎜ x + y ⎟ ;
1 1 1
⎝5 ⎠ 5
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 4⎠ ⎝3 2 ⎠
(6) (3a + 2a ) ÷ (−3a n −1 ) ;
n+4 n +1
2

(7) 6 xy i [ x 2 (5 x + 3) − 3 x 2 (−4 y )] ; ⎛2 ⎞
(5) ⎜ c 2 − 0.6d 2 ⎟ ;
⎝3 ⎠
(8) [5 xy 2 ( x 2 − 3 xy ) − (−3 x 2 y )3 ] ÷ 2 x 2 y 2 ;
(6) 4 x( x − 1) − x(2 x + 5)(2 x − 5) ;
2

(9) 2a 2b − (−3a ) 2 i (2b) + (4a 3b 2 ) 2 ÷ 4a 4b3 ;

(7) 3(2 x + 1)(2 x − 1) − 4 ⎛⎜ x − 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x + 3 ⎞⎟ ;
3 3
(10) (3xy ) 2 ( x 2 − y 2 ) − (4 x 2 y 2 ) 2 ÷ 8 y 2 + 9 x 2 y 4 .
⎝2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
5. Starting from any positive integer n, follow the calculation (8) 5(2 x + 5) + (3 x − 4)(−3 x − 4) ;
2

procedure below and write the answer in the space provided in

(9) ( x + 3 y )( x 2 − 3 xy + 9 y 2 ) ;
the table. Observe the pattern, and explain why?
(10) (3a − 2b)(9a 2 + 6ab + 4b 2 ) ;
n → Square → +n → ÷n → −n → Answer
(11) ( x − y ) 2 ( x + y ) 2 ;
Input n 3 (12) (2 x + y − z ) 2 ;
Output 1 (13) ( x + y ) 2 ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) 2 ;
⎡⎛ 1 ⎤
(14) ⎢⎜ x − y ⎟ − ⎜ x + y ⎟ ⎥ ⎛⎜ 2 x 2 − y 2 ⎞⎟ ;
2 2
6. Compute: ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
(1) (2a + 3b)(2a − 4b) ; (2) (5a − b)(−a − 4b) ; ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ ⎦⎝ 2 ⎠
(3) (9u − 2v)(u + v) ; (4) ( x 2 + 3)( x 2 − 2) ; (15) (2 x + y − z + 5)(2 x − y + z + 5) ;
(5) (3t 2 + 2r )(3t + 5r ) ; (16) ( x + y − z )( x − y + z ) − ( x + y + z )( x − y − z ) .
(6) (−3a 2b − 4ab)(−a 2 + 5ab 2 ) ;
8. Compute:
(7) (0.3a 2b − 0.4ab 2 )(0.5ab 2 − 0.1a 2b) ; (1) (a + b) 2 + (a − b) 2 + (−2a − b)(a + 2b) ;
⎛3 2 ⎞⎛ 5 6 ⎞ (2) 5(m + n)(m − n) − 2(m + n) 2 − 3(m − n) 2 ;
(8) ⎜ xy 3 − x 2 y ⎟ ⎜ x 2 y 2 − xy ⎟ ;
⎝5 3 ⎠⎝ 4 5 ⎠
(3) ( x − y )[( x + y ) 2 − xy ] + ( x + y )[( x − y ) 2 + xy ] ;
(9) (3x − 5)( x − 7 x + 3) ;
2
(4) (a + b + c) 2 + (a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a ) 2 .
(10) (5a + 2b)(ab − 4a 2 + 3b 2 ) ;

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9. Simplify then evaluate: 14. Given A = x3 − 7 x + 6 , B = x 2 + 2 x − 3 , C = x 2 + x − 6 , compute:
(1) (25 y 2 − 5 y + 1)(5 y + 1) − 5(1 − 4 y 2 ) , where y =
2
; (1) A ÷ ( B − C ) ;
5 (2) A ÷ B − A ÷ C .
(2) 8m 2 − 5m(− m + 3n) + 4m ⎛⎜ −4m − n ⎞⎟ , where m = 2 , n = −1
5
⎝ 2 ⎠ 15. Given A = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 , B = (a − b) 2 + (b − c) 2 + (c − a) 2 , compute
1 1 B
(3) x( y − z ) − y ( z − x) + z ( x − y ) , where x = , y = 1 , z = − A− .
2 2 2

10. The cross-section of a water duct is a trapezium with size as show 16. (1) What values of a, b would cause ab > 0 ? ab < 0 ?
in the Diagram. Find the algebraic expression of the ab = 0 ?
cross-sectional area, and calculate its value when a = 2 , (2) What values of a, b would cause a ÷ b to result in
b = 0.8 . positive value? result in negative value? result in zero?
b a b result in undefined value?
17. Solve the following inequalities:
a−b
x −1 x + 2 x
(1) 5 x + 4 > 3 x − 1 ; (2) − < −2;
3 6 2
a (3) (2 x − 5) 2 + (3x + 1) 2 > 13( x 2 − 10) ;
(No. 10) (4) (3x + 4)(3x − 4) < 9( x − 2)( x + 3) .
11. Value of A is 2a. Value of B is 3 greater than 2 times value of A.
Value of C is 3 less than 2 times value of A. Find the product of 18. Solve the following equations:
A × B × C . Find the value of the product when a = −2.5 ? (1) x 2 − ( x + 1)( x − 5) = 2( x − 5) ;
12. (1) The quotient of dividing a polynomial by x 2 − 4 x + 1 is (2) ( x + 3) 2 + 2( x − 1) 2 = 3 x 2 + 13 ;
x + 2 , find the polynomial; (3) ( x − 5)( x + 5) − ( x + 1)( x + 5) = 24 ;
(2) The product of multiplying a polynomial by x + 4 is (4) (2 x + 3)( x − 4) = ( x − 2)(2 x + 5) ;
x 3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x , find the polynomial; ⎛4 ⎞ 3
(3) Dividing a polynomial by x 2 − 4 x + 1 gives a quotient of (5) ( x − 1) 2 + 28 = ⎜ x − 12 ⎟ ⎛⎜ x − 12 ⎞⎟ .
⎝3 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
x + 1 , and a remainder of 3x + 1 , find the polynomial.
13. Compute: 19. Solve the following simultaneous equations:
(1) (4 x 2 + 4 x − 3) ÷ (2 x + 3) ; ⎧( x + 3)( y + 4) − xy = 17
(1) ⎨
(2) ( x 3 − 3x 2 − 9 x + 22) ÷ ( x − 2) ; ⎩x − y = 3
(3) (6 x 2 + 19 x + 15) ÷ (2 x + 5) ; ⎧ ( x + 1) 2 − ( x + 1)( x − 1) = y
(2) ⎨
⎩( y − 1) − ( y + 1)( y − 1) = x
2
(4) ( x 3 − x 2 + x − 1) ÷ ( x 2 − 3 x + 5) .

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 ⎧( x + 5)( y − 4) − xy = 0
(3) ⎨
⎩3x − 2 y = −1
⎧( x + 2) 2 − ( y − 3) 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
(4) ⎨
⎩x − 3y = 2
20. A number of candies is to be distributed equally to a group of
children. If every child is to be given 27 candies, there are 23
candies left; if every child is to be given 28 candies, there are 8
candies left. Find out how many children are there? how many
candies are being distributed?
21. (1) Is the sum, difference, product and quotient (divisor not
zero) respectively of two rational numbers a rational
number?
(2) Is the sum, difference, and product respectively of two
integral expressions an integral expression?

(This chapter is translated to English and reviewed by courtesy of Mr.

SIN Wing Sang, Edward.)

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