KS C Readers Comp

NEW C
Keystone
READER’S COMPANION
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NEW
Keystone C
Reader’s Companion
Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Pearson, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN-10: 0-13-523775-0
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-523775-5
1 18
www.english.com/keystone

Contents
Unit 1
Reading 1: “What’s for Dinner?”
Summary / Visual Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Reader’s Companion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Reading 2: “Early Inventions”

Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Contents iii

Contents
Unit 2
Reading 1: “Deep Mapping” / “You Can Help the Oceans”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
iv Contents

Contents
Unit 3
Reading 2: “Inspiring Peace”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Contents v

Contents
Unit 4
Reading 1: “97 Orchard Street”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
vi Contents

Contents
Unit 5
Reading 1: “Alone on a Raft”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Contents vii

Contents
Unit 6
Reading 3: “The Moon” / “No Need to Establish a Moon Base”
Reading Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Edit for Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Focus on Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Read for Fluency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
viii Contents

Name Date
UNIT
How can change improve people’s lives?
1 Reading 1: “What’s for Dinner?”
Summary Use with Student Edition pages 8–13.
This article tells about the changes made to the foods we eat, including the process
called selective breeding. It also discusses hybrid plants and the way they provide a
greater selection of foods year-round. The article also discusses new ways our foods are
farmed and transported around the world.
Visual Summary
Selective Breeding Genetic Engineering Vertical Farms

• Allows farmers to choose • Introduces new traits to a • Grow more food in less space
which plants or animals species
to grow
• Hybridization allows for • Can add vitamins or minerals • Can grow food without soil
choosing the best traits for
a species
• Can grow crops resistant • Can grow crops without
to disease pesticides or fertilizers
Unit 1 • Reading 1 1
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What’s for Dinner?
Use What You Know
People have always needed to eat. But the foods
List your three favorite foods.
we eat, and the way we eat them, have changed a
1. great deal since people first started asking, “What’s
2. for dinner?”
3. Food on the Go
Transportation is one of the biggest changes
Reading Strategy: Preview in modern food. Today’s crops are grown to
Previewing a text can give you hints
be shipped long distances so they can be sold
about what you will learn. Preview
the text on this page before you read in markets far from the farms where they are
it. What words do you see that you produced. Fruits and vegetables need to be tough to
are not familiar with?
survive the journey from the farm to your table.
Tomatoes are a perfect example of a food that
has changed. Originally, tomatoes had very thin
skins. They were perfect for eating right away,
but if you put a lot of them in a truck, they would
quickly get smashed. In shipping, tomatoes are all
Comprehension Check
Underline the sentence that
piled on top of each other, so they need to be much
tells how a hybrid plant is MARK tougher than the first tomatoes. One secret to new
THE
made. What are some TEXT
tomatoes is selective breeding. Farmers pay close
examples of hybridizations?
attention to the crops they grow. Long ago, they
began to choose seeds from tomatoes with thicker
skins. They also culled, or removed, tomatoes with

very thin skins. Over time, tomatoes got tougher.
Then, in the twentieth century, farmers began to
produce new plant hybrids. A hybrid is created by
breeding two different varieties of plants together.
A good hybrid has the best traits of each of the
parents. For example, a tomato hybrid might be
sweet and tasty but also have a thick skin that will
stand up to long shipping distances.
crops, plants grown on a farm

selective breeding, choosing which plants or animals
to grow or reproduce
hybrid, crop grown by choosing parents of different
varieties
2 Unit 1 • Reading 1

Name Date
Summer Every Day

Reading Strategy: Preview
Because plants can now be shipped around the
Preview the text on this
world, the foods we eat may not always be in season. page for a date. Place a box MARK
THE
On a farm, plants have growing seasons. For example, around the date. What does TEXT
the sentence refer to?
watermelons are planted in the spring and grow
bigger and juicier until they are ready to be picked
in the summer. But many supermarkets today carry
watermelons year-round. These fruits were grown in
other regions or countries and then shipped.
Once again, selective breeding and hybridization Comprehension Check
make it possible for us to eat watermelon any time Underline the name of the
of year. The first watermelons were grown in Africa season when watermelons MARK
THE
are planted. When are TEXT
around 3,000 B.C. They were just 5 cm wide, very watermelons ready to be
bitter, and hard. By carefully choosing which picked?
plants to grow, and later by cross-breeding, farmers

now grow much bigger, super-sweet melons.
They have skins tough enough to ship safely but
are much easier to open than those tiny original
watermelons.
Text Structure
In markets around the world, people can choose
A science article usually
foods every day that would have been impossible includes subheadings that MARK
THE
to find a hundred years ago. Almost any food you help organize the text. Circle TEXT
subheadings on this page.
want, from apples to zucchini, can be found at How do they help organize the text?
any time on your supermarket shelves. Now you
don’t have to wait until summer to snack on your

favorite summer foods!
Science on the Farm

How can you make foods even better? Ask a
scientist to help!
Scientists and farmers work together to develop
new foods. They can create foods that are tastier,
easier to transport, faster growing, and more
resistant to diseases. They can even create foods
that are better for you!

Scientists look at the basic material that makes
Reading Strategy: Preview every food unique. Like any plant or animal, a
Underline the first sentence crop has genes that determine its physical traits.
on the page. It is a topic MARK
sentence. What do you
THE Scientists use genetic engineering to introduce a
TEXT
expect to learn from the new trait that does not naturally occur in a species.
rest of the paragraph?
For example, suppose that every year, a farmer’s
cucumbers are eaten by a kind of insect. Scientists
might change the genes of a cucumber to make a
variety that tastes good to us but bad to the insect.
Golden Rice, a genetically modified food, shows
the promise of this new technology. Millions of
Comprehension Check
Circle the name of the people in Africa and Asia don’t get enough Vitamin
nutrient added to Golden MARK A. With genetic engineering, they don’t have to be
THE
Rice. How do researchers TEXT
change rice to make at a disadvantage. Researchers developed Golden
Golden Rice? Rice by changing the genes of a variety of white rice.
The new yellow rice could help prevent blindness
caused by Vitamin A deficiency. One bowl of
Golden Rice supplies 60 percent of a child’s daily
Vitamin A requirement. Scientists are now working
on ways to add other genes to rice to create varieties
Text Structure
that provide other key nutrients, such as iron.
Circle the second highlighted
vocabulary word on the MARK
page. Look at its definition.
THE
TEXT
New Ways to Grow Food
Then use the word in a
Scientists aren’t just looking at what foods
sentence of your own.

farmers grow—they’re also finding new ways to
grow them. These new growing methods have
some surprising advantages.
Picture a farm. What do you see? Did you picture a
large, flat area where crops are growing? That picture
may change if vertical farming really takes off.
genes, parts of living cells that cause a particular trait to

be passed on
deficiency, n ot having enough of something that is
needed
nutrients, m aterials in foods that help people live
and grow

Name Date
Vertical farms grow up, not out. Instead of

taking up huge plots of land, a vertical farm Reading Strategy: Preview
is a tall tube with many different levels. Each Preview the first sentence of each
paragraph on the page. What do you
level might include a different crop. Corn on expect this page to be about?
Level 1, pumpkins on Level 2, all the way up to
strawberries on Level 10. These farms of the future
are tall towers. Inside, the temperature and light
conditions are carefully controlled. In fact, they
don’t even rely on the sun. Plants get the light they
need from powerful LED lights. Text Structure
Vertical farms will use less land and less water Circle the first highlighted
vocabulary word on the MARK
than traditional farms. They can also grow crops page. Look at its definition
THE
TEXT
without using dangerous pesticides or fertilizers. at the bottom of the page.
Rewrite the sentence in which it
Because they don’t rely on land resources, they can appears without using the vocabulary
be built in cities and other areas where farming has word.
never been possible.

When you pictured a farm, one of the other
key features was probably dirt. But hydroponic
farms grow plants without soil. Hydroponic plants
grow in a special mixture that provides all of the
Comprehension Check
nutrients the plant needs. The mixture includes
water as well as necessary chemicals. tells what hydroponic farms MARK
THE
Hydroponic farms offer many advantages. They do. How do plants grown in TEXT
these farms get what they
use 20 times less water than traditional farms, and need to live and grow?
the water can be reused. The growing mixture is

sterile, so farmers do not need to use pesticides.
They also require less space for growing.
pesticides, chemicals used to kill harmful insects

fertilizers, materials added to soil to make it better for
growing plants
sterile, without any living germs or bacteria

New Foods to Grow
Reading Strategy: Preview Researchers aren’t just looking for new ways to
Preview the text by reading the first
sentence under the subheading grow foods—they’re also looking for new foods to
“New Foods to Grow.” What new grow. Foods of the future may help people eat more
foods would you like to grow if you
were a food researcher? healthfully, while they also protect our planet.
Would you eat bugs for breakfast? A growing
number of people believe that crickets are part of a
perfect meal.
People are beginning to develop new foods that
will bring health benefits, including crickets and
Comprehension Check plant-based products. Crickets can be eaten whole
Underline the sentence that or ground into flour that is equally nutritious. This
tells why researchers grow MARK
crickets to be used as food.
THE lean and complete protein has a subtle flavor that
TEXT
How are crickets eaten? people compare to nuts or popcorn. Crickets are
a more efficient food than many other animals
because they require less food and water to raise
them.
Scientists are also looking for ways to create
meat that won’t hurt animals. A new technique
Comprehension Check allows scientists to grow meat in a laboratory using
Make a box around the
sentence that tells what MARK
animal cells. The results have been called “test-
THE
“test-tube burgers” are. TEXT tube burgers.” The meat is chemically similar to
Why doesn’t this method
hurt animals? animal meat but was never alive. Scientists are also
developing new plant-based products that resemble

meat. Plant proteins can be processed to imitate the
structure of meat. The result is a vegetable product
that has the taste and texture of meat. It can even
have “blood,” which is another part of this new
plant structure.
protein, a
substance found in all living things; protein
is a necessary part of the human diet

Name Date
Cooking Changes
Text Structure
Once you bring your food home, there’s one
A social studies article often
more thing you need to do before you finally gives information about MARK
THE
decide what’s for dinner. How will you cook your historical events. Underline TEXT
the sentence on the page
food? Home cooking methods have changed that gives a date. What happened
greatly since the days when people only used fires then?
to cook. The first home ovens brought the fire

inside and made cooking more convenient. Then,
in the nineteenth century, people began to use gas
and electric ovens. These ovens were easier to turn
on and set specific temperatures.
The twentieth century brought a new kind of oven Text Structure
into many homes: the microwave. These ovens cook Circle the first highlighted
vocabulary term on this MARK
food using one form of electromagnetic radiation. page. Read the definition.
THE
TEXT
Microwave ovens heat foods quickly, efficiently, and Then rewrite the sentence in
which it appears without using the
more evenly than other cooking methods. vocabulary term.
More recently, many kitchen cooks have been
enjoying a new electrical appliance: a modern
version of a pressure cooker. Like its predecessor,
it places foods and liquids under pressure to cook
them either slowly or quickly. The tasty results have
delighted many users and made the pot a huge Comprehension Check
success. During one special sale in 2015, more than Underline the sentence that
215,000 of these appliances were sold in a single day! tells why people began MARK
THE
using gas and electric ovens. TEXT
How do you think this
So, What’s Cooking? invention changed the way
people live?
Your food options are far greater than they
would have been one hundred or one thousand
years ago. New foods, new farming methods, and
new cooking techniques have changed the way we
eat. Think about all of your choices the next time
you ask, “What’s for dinner?”
electromagnetic radiation, a form of energy that

includes radio waves, microwaves, X-rays, and
visible light
pressure, a steady force upon a surface

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
In what ways has science changed the foods we eat?
Reader’s Response
What do you think is the most important change to food described in the article? Why?

Think About the Skill
How did previewing the boldfaced words and their definitions help you better
understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “What’s for Dinner?” Now read one paragraph from it again.
“What’s for Dinner?”

Vertical farms grow up, not out. Instead of taking up huge plots of land,
a vertical farm is a tall tube with many different levels. Each level might
include a different crop. Corn on Level 1, pumpkins on Level 2, all the way
up to strawberries on Level 10. These farms of the future are tall towers.
Inside, the temperature and light conditions are carefully controlled. In
fact, they don’t even rely on the sun. Plants get the light they need from
powerful LED lights.

Fix the Error
The paragraphs below contain the same information as the paragraph that you have
just read. However, each contains one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing
the sentence so that the information is correct.
1. Find and fix the error.

Vertical farms grow up, not out. Instead of taking up huge plots of land,
Inside, the temperature and light conditions aren’t carefully controlled. In

Vertical farms grow up, not out. Instead of taking up small plots of land,

Inside, the temperature and light conditions are carefully controlled. In

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search Puzzle

To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details
in the reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check
off each clue after you’ve found the answer. Write the word on the line. Some of the
answers have been done for you.
1. ✓ Breeding two different varieties of plants together creates a plant

Hybrid .
2. Choosing which plants or animals to grow or reproduce is called this:
breeding.
3. The parts of living cells that cause a particular trait to be passed on are called
this: .
4. Scientists use genetic to introduce a new trait in a species.
5. Golden Rice, with extra Vitamin A, can help prevent .
6. Farms that grow up, not out, are called this: farms.
7. ✓ Chemicals used to kill harmful insects are called this: .
8. Plants can be grown without soil in farms.
9. Microwave ovens use electromagnetic to cook food.
10. A steady force upon a surface is called this: .
H B H V O Y X B T L I P H E I
P K Z Y E A I S E V K H H R B
W X H O D R R K Y F X W K O L
R P W L E R T A G G A A F I I
G C E E V N O I D E S J I C N
E D W S L Y G P C I G Q F O D
F U I S T E E I O A A F N O N
A P W E J I C L N N L T G J E
H L R L Q F C N B E I G I W S
Y C X E K S K I S P E C O O S
B G K C S J V I D F G R F G N
R M C T J S T N D E U E I P M
I C Q I S P U R Y I S N N N I
D E U V E Y S R N G N M V E G
T S Q E O F G N E T F N J V S

Read for Fluency
1. Silently read the text below. Make sure you understand the point that each sentence
is making.
2. Underline the word or words in each sentence that are most important. When you
read, you should say these underlined words with expression.
3. Look again at the punctuation in the paragraph. Remember that when a sentence
ends in a period, you should read the words as a statement and take a breath before
beginning a new sentence. When you see a comma, you should pause briefly. When
you see an exclamation mark, you should sound excited. When you see a question
mark, you should read as though you are asking a question.
4. Now read the paragraph below out loud. Pay attention to the important words and
punctuation as you read.
5. Write down any words that slowed you down. Practice saying these words out loud.
6. Read the text below out loud two more times. You may want to ask a friend or family
member to listen to you and tell you their reactions to your reading.

Golden Rice, a genetically modified food, shows the promise of
this new technology. Millions of people in Africa and Asia don’t get
enough Vitamin A. With genetic engineering, they don’t have to be at
a disadvantage. Researchers developed Golden Rice by changing the
genes of a variety of white rice. The new yellow rice could help prevent
blindness caused by Vitamin A deficiency. One bowl of Golden Rice

supplies 60 percent of a child’s daily Vitamin A requirement.

Name Date
UNIT
How can change improve people’s lives?
1 Reading 2: “Early Inventions”
This article tells about different inventions from the nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries. The inventions were possible because of advances in science. They changed
people’s lives. Many of the inventions made people’s lives easier. For example, the tin
can and flat-bottomed paper bag allowed food to be packaged more easily. General
anesthesia allowed progress in the field of medicine. Windshield wipers and electric
brakes were important inventions in the development of modern transportation
methods. Some inventions, like the color television, made life more leisurely and fun.
Visual Summary
Early Inventions
19th Century 20th Century

• general anesthesia (1804) • windshield wipers (1903)
• tin can (1810) • electric brake (1907)
• flat-bottomed paper bag (1871) • modern zipper (1913)
• life raft (1880) • color television (1942)
• ballpoint pen (1944)
• instant noodles (1958)

Early Inventions
Use What You Know
Inventors Change the World
List three products you use every day.
One good idea can change people’s lives in
1.
surprising ways. Inventors spend hundreds of
2. hours thinking of large and small inventions. Here
are just a few of the thousands of inventions that
3.
have changed the way we work, eat, and play.
Text Structure Who? John Joseph Merlin
A science article usually
What? Roller Skates
includes headings MARK
THE
and subheadings that TEXT When? 1760s
help organize the text.
Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin’s big idea
Circle the subheadings on this page.
How do they help organize the text? was to find a way to try ice skating on dry land.
He attached some metal wheels to a wooden plate
and took a very dramatic ride at a fancy party in
London, England. Unfortunately, he could not
control his new invention very well. He crashed
into an expensive mirror and hurt himself badly. It
Reading Strategy: took many years for people to develop safer roller
Recognize Sequence
skates.
Chronological order helps
you understand the order MARK
of historical events.
THE ice skating, wearing shoes with sharp blades attached
TEXT
Underline the sentence that to move smoothly on ice
shows how long it took for roller
skates to become safer. Why did the
invention need to be made safer?

Name Date
Who? Seishu Hanaoka

What? General Anesthesia Text Structure
When? 1804 Science texts often have
highlighted vocabulary MARK
Japanese doctor Seishu Hanaoka developed a way terms. Their definitions are
THE
TEXT
to use traditional ingredients to place his patients at the bottom of the page.
Circle the first highlighted term on
in a sleeplike state. Under this general anesthesia, this page. Read the definition. Reread
the doctor could perform surgery without the the sentence in which the highlighted
term appears. Then rewrite the
patients feeling pain. He performed the first cancer sentence without using the term.
operation, using general anesthesia in 1804. He
went on to perform many successful operations
and train more than 2,000 students.
Who? Philippe de Girard, Bryan Donkin

What? Tin Can
When? 1810 Comprehension Check
Underline the sentence
French inventor Philippe de Girard came up
that explains what Bryan MARK
THE
with a new way to store food: in metal containers. Donkin contributed to the TEXT
invention of the tin can.
British manufacturer Bryan Donkin bought the
When were the first canned foods
rights to the idea. The first canned foods were made available and to whom?
made for Great Britain’s Royal Navy in 1813. Today,
more than 40 billion cans of food are produced
every year.
general anesthesia, placing patients in a sleeplike state

during surgery, instead of numbing just a small area
of the body Reading Strategy:
manufacturer, someone who makes goods to sell Recognize Sequence

Chronological order means
that dates are arranged from MARK
THE
the earliest date to the latest TEXT
date. Draw boxes around the
dates of the inventions. How many
years apart were the items invented?

Who? Margaret E. Knight
Comprehension Check What? Flat-Bottomed Paper Bag
Underline the sentence that When? 1871
describes why paper bags MARK
with a flat bottom were a
THE Margaret Knight was working in a factory,
TEXT
unique invention at the time. making paper bags, when she got her big idea.
What did Knight have to do to make
the new type of bag? Wouldn’t it be a lot easier to put things into bags if
the bags had flat bottoms? Paper bags at the time
were more like flat envelopes. Knight got to work
and invented a machine that folded and glued
paper bags. Many grocery stores today still use
paper bags that are almost identical to Knight’s first
Text Structure designs.
A paragraph usually
contains a main idea. Circle MARK
Who? Maria Beasley
THE
the main idea in the second TEXT What? Life Raft
paragraph on this page. In
your own words, explain the main When? 1880
idea of this paragraph. Before Maria Beasley’s invention, boats didn’t
carry special life rafts in case of emergency. They
just had some wooden boards that were not very
safe. Beasley invented a much better life raft that
saved many lives. Her raft was fireproof and could
fold. It also had railings that kept riders from
Comprehension Check
falling off. Some of Beasley’s life rafts were on
Underline three things that
made Maria Beasley’s life MARK
board the Titanic in April 1912. When the boat
THE
raft safer. How did her raft sank, 706 people survived because of Beasley’s life-

TEXT
save people’s lives?
saving invention.
fireproof, able to withstand fire or great heat

Name Date
Who? Mary Anderson

What? Windshield Wipers Comprehension Check
When? 1903 Underline the sentence that
tells how drivers cleared rain MARK
Early cars didn’t have windshield wipers. Drivers and snow from windshields
THE
TEXT
had to get out to wipe off snow and just drive before Anderson’s invention.
What gave her the idea for her
through rain. Mary Anderson was riding a streetcar invention?
in New York City in 1902. It started to snow and
she saw the driver get out to clear the windshield.
She got the idea for automatic wipers. A year later,
she received a patent for her invention—even
though she didn’t know how to drive herself!
Text Structure
Who? Victor Ochoa
Circle the highlighted
What? Electric Brake vocabulary word on the MARK
THE
When? 1907 page. Look at its definition. TEXT
Which inventor does this
Mexican inventor Victor Ochoa patented the word refer to?
electric brake in 1907. This device uses magnetic
attraction to make it easier for trains to slow down
and stop. Later the same year, he received another
patent for an improved version of the brake, which
would soon be used in streetcars traveling through
many cities. Ochoa also invented a clip to hold
Comprehension Check
pens and pencils in a pocket and a small airplane Underline the words that
with wings that could fold down for easy storage. show how Victor Ochoa’s MARK
THE
brake system works. How TEXT
else did Ochoa improve the

windshield, a window at the front of a car or other way people live?
vehicle

Who? Gideon Sundback
Comprehension Check What? Modern Zipper
Underline the sentence When? 1913
that tells what was wrong MARK
with earlier zipper-like
THE Like many inventors, Gideon Sundback came
TEXT
closures. How did Gideon up with his most famous invention by improving
Sundback fix the problem?
earlier inventions. Earlier inventors, like Elias Howe
and Whitcomb Judson, had created zipper-like
closures. But they had some big problems. These
early devices opened too easily. Sundback added
more teeth to create something that looked a lot
like the zippers we use today. His first closures
Reading Strategy:
Recognize Sequence were only used in boots and some pouches. But
Draw a box around the soon, they were used for everything from clothing
date that Guillermo MARK
to luggage. However, Sundback didn’t invent the
THE
Gonzalez Camarena TEXT
received a patent for the name zipper. That word was used ten years later in
color television. In what year was the 1923 by B.F. Goodrich.
first broadcast, four years later?
Who? Guillermo Gonzalez Camarena
What? Color Television
When? 1942
When he was just 17 years old, Guillermo
Gonzalez Camarena changed the world by
Comprehension Check building the first color television, using parts he
Underline the phrase that had found in flea markets. In 1942, he received a
tells how old Guillermo MARK
Gonzalez Camarena was
THE patent for his invention. Four years later, he made

TEXT
when he invented the first the first color broadcast from an office building
color television. What did he use for
his invention? in Mexico City. Soon, this new technology would
bring bright colors to screens around the world.

Name Date
Who? Laszlo Biro

What? Ballpoint Pen Comprehension Check
When? 1944 Underline the text that tells
the problem with pens MARK
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, before the invention of the
THE
TEXT
people used fountain pens, which had to be filled ballpoint pen. How did Laszlo
Biro’s invention solve the problem?
with wet, messy ink. Laszlo Biro came up with
a new design that was much easier to use. He
replaced the point of a fountain pen with a tiny
ball. His new pen used quick-drying ink and could
write for months without being refilled.
Who? Momofuku Ando Reading Strategy:

What? Instant Noodles Recognize Sequence
When? 1958 Circle the year that instant
noodles were invented. MARK
Momofuku Ando realized that food shortages What words in the paragraph
THE
TEXT
were a serious problem after World War II. He also match this time period?
saw that people in Japan were willing to wait in

long lines for fresh noodles. These observations
inspired him to invent instant noodles. The tasty
noodles and broth are made by just adding hot
water to a dry mix.
Comprehension Check
shows what Momofuku Ando MARK
THE
discovered about noodles in TEXT
Japan. Why do you think his
invention became popular?
Choose one and complete:

1. Create an ad for one of the inventions from this
article. In your ad, explain what the invention does
and why it is useful.
2. Role play with another student. You should each
choose an invention from the article. Then take
turns trying to sell the invention to a customer.
3. Make a time line that shows when five inventions
from this article were created. Include dates,
inventors’ names, and drawings for each invention
on your time line.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Imagine you are a journalist reporting on inventions from the nineteenth century and
twentieth century. Write a short newspaper article describing these interesting
inventions.
Reader’s Response
What did this article help you understand about how inventors think of new ideas?

How did recognizing sequence help you to better understand the information in this
article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Early Inventions.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
Who? John Joseph Merlin

What? Roller Skates
When? 1760s
Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin’s big idea was to find a way to
try ice skating on dry land. He attached some metal wheels to a wooden
plate and took a very dramatic ride at a fancy party in London, England.
Unfortunately, he could not control his new invention very well. He
crashed into an expensive mirror and hurt himself badly. It took many
years for people to develop safer roller skates.

Fix the Error
Each paragraph below contains the same information as the paragraph you just read.
However, each paragraph contains one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing the
sentence so that the information is correct.

What? Roller Skates
When? 1760s
Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin’s big idea was to find a way
to try ice skating on dry land. He attached some plastic wheels to a
wooden plate and took a very dramatic ride at a fancy party in London,
England. Unfortunately, he could not control his new invention very
well. He crashed into an expensive mirror and hurt himself badly. It
took many years for people to develop safer roller skates.

What? Roller Skates
When? 1760s
Belgian inventor John Joseph Merlin’s big idea was to find a way

to try ice skating on dry land. He attached some metal wheels to a
wooden plate and took a very dramatic ride at a fancy party in London,
England. Unfortunately, he could not control his new invention very
well. He crashed into a barn door and hurt himself badly. It took many
years for people to develop safer roller skates.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search Puzzle

To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details
in the reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check
off each clue after you’ve found the answer. Write the answer for each clue. The first
answer is done for you.
1. √ The first roller skate wheels were made of this material: METAL .
2. General anesthesia allowed doctors to perform this without patients feeling

pain: .
3. Today more than 40 cans of food are produced every year.
4. Maria Beasley’s life raft had to keep riders from falling off.
5. Mary Anderson got the idea for automatic windshield wipers after riding this
kind of vehicle: .
6. The inventor of the electric brake received a for

improvements made on the device.
7. The first zipper closures were only used on pouches and .
8. Parts for the first color were purchased at flea markets.
9. Ballpoint pens could go for months without having to be .
S X E R K B B W S U I J Z J M I R M J D
B T Q R B E J U Z X D M Z V X K D E K E
O K R K H W V Q N V M Q B J E D E T E D
O R J E X S N N A Z Q W I L H H I A S R
T K V Z E K L Q Q Z A E L C Q R Y L W Q
S Q C B I T A X T D A J L Z P T M V C H
T K S F Q W C W E Z I F I M A Z E Z Q Q
W R P U Y R U A I X V F O L T H U K K B
D J G G R M D D R H Z E N R E A B P T U
O W R E O G P C W O U T T A N T J F X J
M P E E H G E R I A Y E K I T A O W J T
S F K U F N L R J P S L P L D M Y U D B
R L O Q N I Q V Y X A E V I I E H J R R
X H C S B Q L Z Z Q O V S N L G Y H D N
T C X S Y Y U L B G D I T G V T X A R C
Y B L S D G S J E P U S Y S R D I N H M
D Y E E J P H Q G D A I O Y Q X H D B X
T N T T U Y S K U T V O K P N I Q F U B
O L G L F N P T A R T N X T Q W A J A H
F E T L U O P E C M C K S F A L L U N X

Read for Fluency
is making.
Who? Gideon Sundback

What? Modern Zipper
When? 1913
Like many inventors, Gideon Sundback came up with his most
famous invention by improving earlier inventions. Earlier inventors,
like Elias Howe and Whitcomb Judson, had created zipper-like closures.
But they had some big problems. These early devices opened too easily.

Sundback added more teeth to create something that looked a lot like
the zippers we use today. His first closures were only used in boots and
some pouches. But soon, they were used for everything from clothing
to luggage. However, Sundback didn’t invent the name zipper. That
word was used ten years later in 1923 by B.F. Goodrich.

Name Date
UNIT
What are the benefits of facing challenges?
2 Reading 1: “Deep Mapping” / “You Can
Help the Oceans”
The ocean floor is one of the most unexplored places on the planet. Before the work of
geologists Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen in the 1940s, people knew very little about
this part of Earth. This article tells about the life and work of Marie Tharp, including the
challenges she faced as a female scientist in the mid-twentieth century. You will also
read a short article about how you can help keep oceans clean for future generations.
Visual Summary
Marie Tharp did important

work mapping the ocean floor.
Tharp and Heezen’s work Bruce Heezen worked with

led us to understand the Tharp mapping the ocean floor
importance of conserving our after World War II.
oceans.
Heezen and Tharp used echo

sounders to measure the depth
of the ocean.
Tharp’s work led her to

discover a rift on the ocean floor
and to develop the theory of
continental drift.

Deep Mapping
Use What You Know
For thousands of years, maps only provided
List three oceans around the world.
details about land features. Mapmakers worked
1. hard to plot valleys, hills, mountains, and plateaus.
2. They depicted the detailed outlines of lakes,
rivers, and streams. But when they reached the
3.
oceans, mappers simply gave up. They drew huge,
flat, blue spaces. This meant that maps ignored
Reading Strategy:
almost two-thirds of planet Earth. However, Marie
Recognize Cause and Effect
Tharp, accompanied by Bruce Heezen, proved that
One way to understand the information
presented in a science article is to the ocean floor is not a featureless blank. Their
examine the causes that make things discoveries changed the way people think about
happen and the effects, or results, they
create. List three possible effects of our planet—and about the role of women
following a map of the ocean. in science.
1.
2.
3.
Text Structure
Social studies articles have
headings and subheadings. MARK
THE
Circle the subheading on TEXT
this page. What is its purpose?

Name Date
From Land to Sea

Born in 1920, Marie Tharp faced many Reading Strategy:
challenges because women were not treated
One way to understand the
equally as scientists. Throughout her career, she information presented in a science
had to overcome unfair rules and prejudices. article is to examine the causes that
make things happen and the effects,
When Tharp was in college, many scientific or results, they create. Name three
fields were closed to women. Then World War effects of being a female scientist
born in 1920.
II started. Because many men were involved in
the war, some geology departments opened their 1.
doors to women for the first time. Tharp seized 2.
the opportunity. Soon, she became a professional
3.
geologist.
At first, she worked for an oil company. But she Text Structure
wasn’t satisfied there. When she began looking for A social studies article often
other work, she met Bruce Heezen. They became gives information about MARK
THE
historical events. Underline TEXT
partners on an exciting new research project. Using the year that tells when
data from deep sea cameras, Tharp and Heezen’s Tharp began working with Heezen.
What was their job?
job was to locate airplanes that had crashed and
sunk to the bottom of the ocean.
Tharp realized that the bottom of the ocean was
an unexplored world waiting to be discovered. In
1947, she began to work with Heezen on a daunting
project: mapping the entire ocean floor. Tharp Comprehension Check
knew that the task would be difficult, but she also
Circle the sentence that

knew it would be worthwhile. Looking back, she tells why women began MARK
THE
working in geology TEXT
said, “It was a once-in-a-lifetime—a once-in-the- departments. What did
history-of-the-world—opportunity for anyone, but Tharp feel about this opportunity?
especially for a woman in the 1940s.”
geology, t he study of Earth and rocks

The Power of the Ping
Text Structure Tharp and Heezen needed to collect an
Draw a box around the
second highlighted MARK
enormous amount of new data. At the time, the
THE
vocabulary term on this TEXT only parts of the ocean floor that had been studied
page. Read the definition.
Then rewrite the sentence it appears were areas near the coasts. They wanted to extend
in without using the vocabulary term. this knowledge to cover the whole ocean.
Their plan was ambitious. They would gather
data from research boats crossing the oceans,
taking depth measurements called soundings.
They planned to use a new invention called
a continuous echo sounder. Early depth
Comprehension Check measurements were taken using ropes with
that tells what instrument MARK
heavy weights attached. The echo sounder used
THE
Tharp and Heezen would TEXT electricity instead. The machine sent out an
use in their mapping.
How does it work? electronic sound signal called a ping. At the same
time the ping went out, a four-inch strip of paper
was spinning on the boat. A stylus marked the
time the ping left the machine. The sound traveled
down through the water and, when it reached
the ocean floor, an echo of the sound returned to
the surface. The stylus burned the paper with an
Reading Strategy:
Recognize Cause and Effect electric spark to mark the time the echo returned.
In the 1940s, women were not allowed Pings were sent continuously as the boat moved,
on research ships. What was the effect creating a paper code that needed to be interpreted

of this problem faced by Tharp and
Heezen’s mission? to determine the ocean’s depth at each point.
Tharp and Heezen planned to take soundings
across every ocean. However, there was one big
catch. They had to split up in order to begin
because women were not allowed on research
ships. So Heezen gathered information at sea. He
then sent it to Tharp, who began the difficult job of
making sense out of the raw data.
stylus, a needle
raw data, information collected directly from a source
or study

Name Date
A Deeply Surprising Discovery

Tharp spent countless hours “plotting, drawing, Text Structure
checking, correcting, redrawing, and rechecking”
vocabulary word on this MARK
THE
the data. Nonetheless, the picture Tharp began to page. Read the definition. TEXT
Write a new sentence using
form of the ocean floor was far from clear, so the
the word.
results were often frustrating. After years of work,
Tharp still had a confusing hodgepodge of results
that showed disconnected chunks of the North
Atlantic floor. She could make educated guesses
about what the ocean looked like in the missing
sections, but this solution did not satisfy her. She Comprehension Check
wanted to produce a complete and accurate map of Underline the sentence
the underwater world. that tells how Tharp MARK
THE
analyzed the data. How TEXT
By 1952, Tharp’s study of this confusing long did it take her to make
network of ocean soundings led her to a surprising sense of the information?
discovery. The data showed a vast underwater

opening in the Atlantic Ocean. This rift was strong
evidence for the theory of continental drift. This
theory suggests that Earth’s continents move very
slowly, appearing to wander across the planet’s
surface. Reading Strategy:
Many scientists, including Bruce Heezen, didn’t
believe this theory. Tharp was excited to share that explains Tharp’s MARK
THE
her findings with Heezen, but he dismissed her theory of continental drift. TEXT
What effect did her theory

interpretation as “girl talk.” Tharp didn’t give in. have on other scientists who
Eventually, Heezen realized that she was correct. heard about it?
Their data clearly showed a gigantic ridge system
that extended 40,000 miles through all the world’s
oceans. Their work helped convince people to
accept continental drift.
hodgepodge, a confused mixture or jumble

rift, a
deep break in Earth’s crust

An Artist Improves the Ocean Map
Reading Strategy: At last, Tharp and Heezen had enough data.
They could plot a complete map of Earth’s oceans.
Underline the sentence in
the first paragraph that MARK But they wanted their map to be as attractive as
THE
uses a phrase that indicates TEXT it was accurate. As a result, they sought the aid of
a cause-and-effect
relationship. Summarize the Heinrich Berann.
information that led to the author Berann’s career as a map artist would never have
writing this cause-and-effect
relationship. happened if it weren’t for another bold young
woman. His young daughter was disappointed
by the maps she saw published in the popular
magazine National Geographic. She decided to write
a bold letter. “I’ve been looking at your maps,” she
wrote, “and my father can paint better than you
Text Structure can.” Her letter was persuasive enough that the
Place a box around each magazine’s editors went to Austria to see Berann’s
subheading on this page. MARK
By reading the subheadings,
THE
TEXT
art. They were so impressed, they hired him to
what do you expect to learn paint for the magazine.
from the text?
Berann’s art was a perfect match for Tharp and
Heezen’s science.
A Map Changes the World

Marie Tharp’s dedication proved that maps don’t
just describe the world. They have the power to
Comprehension Check change it. She and Heezen published a complete

Circle the name of the map of the seafloor in 1977, and people were
person who painted Tharp MARK
and Heezen’s map. How did
THE
TEXT
amazed.
they find the artist? Looking back on her extraordinary life, Tharp
wrote, “The whole world was spread out before me
(or at least, the 70 percent of it covered by oceans).
I had a blank canvas to fill with extraordinary
possibilities, a fascinating jigsaw puzzle to piece
together: mapping the world’s vast hidden
seafloor.”

Name Date
You Can Help the Oceans

Text Structure
Marie Tharp recognized the importance of oceans.
Science articles have
She knew that they cover 71% of Earth’s surface and headings and subheadings MARK
THE
contain 97% of Earth’s water. Her mapping helped us to help organize information. TEXT
Circle the title on this page.
understand this vast resource. Today, young people Is it a heading or subheading?
around the world are working together to make sure How can you tell?
the oceans stay safe and clean.

In Hawaii, a group of young visitors decided not
to spend their vacation lying on the beach all day
and playing in the surf. Instead, they joined shore
clean-up crews to clear away plastic, netting, and
other waste. Thanks to their hard work, the beaches Comprehension Check
were cleaner and safer for both people and animals. Underline the sentence that
tells how much plastic there MARK
Plastic in the ocean is a big problem. Experts is in the ocean. What
THE
TEXT
estimate there are about 46,000 pieces of plastic happens as a result?
in every square mile of ocean. The result is deadly.

Each year, about 10,000 marine animals get
tangled in this debris and die. Some young people
are working hard to solve the plastic problem.
After seeing the problem firsthand, a sixteen-year-
old inventor came up with a daring solution. He
dreams of using ocean currents to help clean up the
ocean. He founded a research team that hopes to use
huge floating filters to remove plastic from the water.
Other young people focus on education. They

know that the best way to keep oceans clean is not
to pollute them in the first place. In Hong Kong,
one class created posters to encourage people to
stop using plastic shopping bags. What will you do
to protect the ocean?

1. Create a poster that explains the work of Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen. Include photographs or
drawings on your poster.
2. Make your own map of the world’s oceans. Include as many details as possible in your map.
3. Imagine you are a newspaper reporter describing how people can help save Earth’s oceans.
Write a short article about what people can do to help. Do extra research as needed.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
What were some of the major events in Marie Tharp’s life?
Reader’s Response
How do you think Marie Tharp opened up opportunities for other women?

How did examining causes and effects help you better understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Deep Mapping.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
“Deep Mapping”
For thousands of years, maps only provided details about land
features. Mapmakers worked hard to plot valleys, hills, mountains,
and plateaus. They depicted the detailed outlines of lakes, rivers, and
streams. But when they reached the oceans, mappers simply gave up.
They drew huge, flat, blue spaces. This meant that maps ignored almost
two-thirds of planet Earth. However, Marie Tharp, accompanied by
Bruce Heezen, proved that the ocean floor is not a featureless blank.
Their discoveries changed the way people think about our planet—and
about the role of women in science.

Fix the Error
The paragraphs below contain the same information as the paragraph that you have
just read. However, each contains one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing
“Deep Mapping”
streams. But when they reached the oceans, mappers simply gave up.
They drew huge, flat, blue spaces. This meant that maps ignored almost
one-eighth of planet Earth. However, Marie Tharp, accompanied by
Bruce Heezen, proved that the ocean floor is not a featureless blank.
“Deep Mapping”

streams. But when they reached the oceans, mappers simply gave
up. They drew huge, flat, blue spaces. This meant that maps included
almost two-thirds of planet Earth. However, Marie Tharp, accompanied
by Bruce Heezen, proved that the ocean floor is not a featureless blank.

Name Date
Focus on Details
To complete this crossword puzzle, read the clues. Then choose words from the word
box. Not all the words in the word box are answers to the puzzle. You can go back and
search for details in the reading to learn more about the words and clues below.
attractive data geology research

blank depth lifetime science
coasts drift persuasive stylus
continent extraordinary puzzle theory
3 4
6 7
9
10
Across Down
3. Berann’s daughter wrote this kind of letter 1. Another word for featureless
7. Tharp and Heezen got this from deep- 2. The study of Earth and how it was formed
sea cameras 4. Tharp had this kind of life
9. once-in-a- 5. A large area of land surrounded by sea
10. Tharp and Heezen worked together on 6. What you are working on right now
this kind of project 8. The distance from the top to the bottom

Read for Fluency
is making.
“Deep Mapping”
Their plan was ambitious. They would gather data from research
boats crossing the oceans, taking depth measurements called
soundings. They planned to use a new invention called a continuous
echo sounder. Early depth measurements were taken using ropes with
heavy weights attached. The echo sounder used electricity instead. The

machine sent out an electronic sound signal called a ping. At the same
time the ping went out, a four-inch strip of paper was spinning on the
boat. A stylus marked the time the ping left the machine. The sound
traveled down through the water and, when it reached the ocean floor,
an echo of the sound returned to the surface. The stylus burned the
paper with an electric spark to mark the time the echo returned. Pings
were sent continuously as the boat moved, creating a paper code that
needed to be interpreted to determine the ocean’s depth at each point.

Name Date
UNIT
How are relationships with others important?
3 Reading 2: “Inspiring Peace”
The passage tells about a special camp in Maine called Seeds of Peace. This camp brings
together teenagers from around the world, including Israel, Palestine, and other Middle
Eastern countries. For three weeks, the teenagers live together and play games. They
also learn from each other. They talk about the reasons for the conflict in the Middle
East. They try to better understand each other’s point of view. The camp hopes that the
teenagers’ experiences will someday help to bring peace to the Middle East.
Visual Summary
Seeds of Peace
Camp in Maine, U.S.A., that
brings together teenagers
from around the world
The teenagers come They sleep and eat The camp was started
from Israel, Palestine, together and participate by journalist John Wallach
India, Pakistan, and other in group activities. in 1993.
conflict regions.
Professional facilitators The camp also has a

work to foster discussions program focused on
and break down barriers. tensions among teens in
the United States.

Inspiring Peace
Use What You Know
Imagine you are at summer camp. You are
Describe what peace means to you.
close to the top of an 8-foot-high structure made
of poles and ropes. You are blindfolded. A fellow
camper acts as your coach. He gives you careful
instructions so that you can make your way to the
ground safely. He tells you exactly where to place
Text Structure your right foot, then your left foot, and then each
A social studies article one of your hands. As you descend, you listen
provides information about MARK
carefully and follow his instructions precisely. One
THE
history, geography, or TEXT
current events. Circle the false step and you could fall!
title of this article. How do you think “Move your foot a quarter-inch to the left,”
the concept of “peace” will relate to
an article about a summer camp? your teammate coaches. “No, that’s too much. Go
back to the right just a bit . . . .” Finally, your foot
makes contact with the rope. You’re safe—for the
moment. Your heart is pounding, but you are not
afraid. You trust your teammate to guide you.
Now imagine that your teammate belongs to
a group of people who, back home, you consider
Reading Strategy: your enemy.

Compare and Contrast
descend, move down to a lower location
When you compare and contrast, you
identify how things are the same and coaches, advises or suggests
how they are different. Name one way
all of the campers are the same. Name

one way they are different from each
other.
1.
2.

Name Date
This is not a hypothetical situation. In the

summer of 2017, a teen named Ynon at Seeds of Comprehension Check
Peace in Maine, U.S.A., was on the camp’s ropes In the first paragraph,
underline the sentence that MARK
course, blindfolded. describes the activity Ynon
THE
TEXT
Ynon is from Kriyat Yono in Israel. To safely does at the camp. How must
he rely on someone else to do this?
descend through the course, he had to rely
on instructions from a fellow camper who
is Palestinian. The Israeli and Palestinian
governments have been engaged in political
conflict, which has often resulted in violence, Text Structure
since 1948. A social studies text often
has highlighted vocabulary MARK
Like many campers, Ynon and his teammate terms. Their definitions are
THE
TEXT
were working to develop communication and at the bottom of the page.
Draw a box around the third
trust, skills that will help them grow as individuals. highlighted term on this page. Look
However, Ynon and his teammate, like all the at its definition. List three reasons this
word describes campers at Seeds of
campers at Seeds of Peace, had a more ambitious Peace.
mission: They were training to be leaders who hope
1.
to cultivate understanding and peace in their local
communities. 2.
3.
hypothetical, made up or suggested; not real
conflict, disagreement or argument
ambitious, d etermined and committed Reading Strategy:
When you compare, you tell how
things are the same. When you
contrast, you tell how they are

different. Name one way Seeds of
Peace is the same as other summer
camps. Name one way it is different.
1.
2.

A Unique Camp
Comprehension Check Seeds of Peace was established in 1993 by a
name of the person who MARK
journalist named John Wallach, who believed
THE
established the camp. TEXT that in order for enemies to make peace, they
Why did he establish it?
needed to see each other as human beings. When
children are born into communities that are in
conflict with others, they often learn to fear those
in the opposing community. They seldom have an
accurate understanding of the individuals on the
other side of the conflict because they are exposed
Text Structure
Circle the second mostly to images and words that make the “others”
highlighted vocabulary MARK seem less human.
THE
term on this page. Look TEXT
at its definition. Then use “I believe that over time, attitudes can change,”
the word in a new sentence. Wallach explained. “If you begin to know your
enemy, if you begin to hear your enemy, if you
begin to understand your enemy, it’s inevitable
that you will begin to feel some empathy.”
For that to happen, Wallach knew it would be
essential for people on both sides of a conflict to
Reading Strategy: work together, recreate together, and share stories.
What better way to break down the barriers to
Underline the word in
paragraph 2 that describes MARK communication than to bring together the young
THE
why the people involved in TEXT generation—the generation that will be the future
a conflict are different from
each other. How did Wallach feel they leaders? And where better to do this than a summer

could become similar to each other? camp in a beautiful rural location?
journalist, r eporter; person who writes or reports for

the media
inevitable, certain to happen; unavoidable
empathy, ability to understand and share the feelings
of others
essential, n
ecessary

Name Date
In its first year, the Seeds of Peace camp was

small, hosting 46 teenage boys from the Middle Comprehension Check
East. In some ways, it was a typical summer camp: Underline the quotation
that describes the mission MARK
The boys shared meals, swam, went boating on of the camp. How easy or
THE
TEXT
the nearby lake, and played sports. But there was a difficult do you think it would
be for a camp to meet this goal?
more urgent purpose underlying the fun because
the camp’s mission was “to inspire and cultivate
new generations of global leaders in communities
divided by conflict.”
Most campers at Seed of Peace are between 14
and 16 years old. They are assigned to their bunks
Text Structure
based on the “conflict region” they come from. For Circle the first highlighted
example, Israeli and Arab teens are assigned to one vocabulary word on this MARK
THE
page. Look at the definition. TEXT
cabin; Indian and Pakistani teens are assigned to Then rewrite the definition
another. in your own words.
For creative activities, swimming, evening

programs, and meals, all the campers interact with
each other. But once a day, campers are divided
into their “conflict groups” for two-hour dialogue
sessions that are led by professional facilitators. In
Reading Strategy:
these sessions, the goal is for the campers to have
honest, open conversations in which they confront Place a box around the
issues that their communities face. No topic is word that describes what MARK
THE
the facilitators do with the TEXT
off-limits. Campers often disagree and, sometimes, campers. How are the
the conversations become heated or emotional. facilitators similar to and different

from the campers?
facilitators, people who aid in a process to make it

easier for those involved
off-limits, not allowed

The facilitators help the campers stay on track
Text Structure as they participate in these sessions. One way
One of the paragraphs on they do this is to help campers talk about actual
this page discusses one of MARK
the camp’s newer programs.
THE experiences and avoid stereotyping. Stereotyping
TEXT
Circle that paragraph and happens when over-generalized, untrue statements
summarize the new program.
are made about a group of people. For example,
it would be stereotyping to say that one group of
people is more athletic than another. Stereotyping
is a way that “enemy” groups avoid learning about
each other. It keeps the people in each group from
being able to see each other as fellow humans.
Comprehension Check
Underline two sentences By learning how to communicate better and
that describe the dangers of MARK sharing stories and perspectives, the campers
THE
stereotyping. Give an TEXT
example other than the one take steps toward change. When the teens
in the article. engage in open, honest conversations about their
experiences, they are often able to see that real
people with real feelings exist on both sides of the
conflict. The teens build understanding of the
issues that divide their communities, too.
The camp also launched a program focused on
Reading Strategy: tensions that have arisen among teens from the
United States. This program brings teens of diverse
that indicates that campers MARK backgrounds together from all over the United
THE
leave with a better TEXT States in an effort to help them see each other as
understanding of their own

communities. What is similar about real people, respect each other’s differences, and
the way campers view people from build confidence in themselves.
conflicting regions and people from
their own communities back home?
What is different about them? perspective, a way of thinking about something that is
influenced by the type of person you are and/or your
experiences
engage, t o participate in an activity

Name Date
Said Jack, a camper from Maine, “Seeds of Peace

gave me the confidence to believe that I can do Text Structure
something for the world. Every one of us has the A social studies article often
has headings. Headings can MARK
ability, but very few ever use it. I want to be one of signal a change in the topic.
THE
TEXT
those few.” Circle the heading on this
page. What do you think this section
Hope for the Future will be about?
Now, more than 25 years after Seeds of Peace

was established, conflict still rages in the Middle
East and throughout the world, but campers are
optimistic about their power to bring peace to their
homelands. Explained Husam, a Palestinian from
Reading Strategy:
East Jerusalem, “We are born in this place and Compare and Contrast
running away is not a solution. We should not give When you compare and contrast, you
up. We should face this issue and try to solve it.” identify how things are the same and
different. Name one way Jack is like
In 2018, former U.S. Vice President Joseph Biden other campers. Name one way he is
expressed his support at the Seeds of Peace 25th different.
anniversary celebration. In his address, he said, 1.

“There’s so much power, so much potential in
2.
today’s young people. This new generation is the
most talented and tolerant in history. All over the Comprehension Check
world, the young people you’re bringing together Underline the sentence
are seizing new ways to lead change. They’re going that indicates why Husam MARK
THE
thinks young people should TEXT
to win, mark my words.” do as much as they can to
help solve problems in their
optimistic, b
elieving that good things will happen in homelands. What does he think too
the future many people do instead?

1. Draw a picture of a scene or an activity at the Seeds of Peace camp.
2. List items you would bring if you were going to the Seeds of Peace camp. Include items related to
your background or family that you might want to show to others from a different background.
3. Imagine you are a teenager attending the Seeds of Peace camp. Write a letter to a friend or
family member back home. Describe the camp and your experiences there.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Describe the activity of trust that teens from Israel and Palestine took part in. Why did it
involve trust and communication?
Reader’s Response
Do you think the Seeds of Peace camp helps bring Middle Eastern people together ?
Explain why or why not.

How did comparing and contrasting help you better understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “Inspiring Peace.” Now read one passage from it again.
Inspiring Peace
Seeds of Peace was established in 1993 by a journalist named John
Wallach, who believed that in order for enemies to make peace, they
needed to see each other as human beings. When children are born
into communities that are in conflict with others, they often learn to
fear those in the opposing community. They seldom have an accurate
understanding of the individuals on the other side of the conflict because
they are exposed mostly to images and words that make the “others” seem
less human.

Fix the Error
However, each paragraph contains one error. First, find the error. Then fix it by editing
the sentence so the information is correct.
Inspiring Peace
needed to be able to take part in a debate successfully. When children
are born into communities that are in conflict with others, they often
learn to fear those in the opposing community. They seldom have
an accurate understanding of the individuals on the other side of the
conflict because they are exposed mostly to images and words that
make the “others” seem less human.
Inspiring Peace
needed to see each other as human beings. When children are born

into communities that are in conflict with others, they often learn to
fear those in the opposing community. They seldom have an accurate
understanding of the individuals on the other side of the conflict
because they are exposed mostly to images and words that make the
“others” seem less human.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Use the words in the word box. Not all of the words in the word box are
in the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below.
1
ALPHABET
EGYPT
GREEN
LETTERS
2
BEDTIME
3 FLORIDA
ISRAEL
4
MAINE
5 BROWN
FOUNDER
CONFLICT
6
SITES
CABINS
GAMES
7
LEADERS
SONGS
Across Down
3. Some campers come from this country. 1. Campers participate in group .

5. Seeds of Peace campers are from different 2. Campers live in these.
areas of around the world. 4. John Wallach is the of Seeds
6. Seeds of Peace is located in the state of of Peace.
in the U.S.A.
7. Campers analyze questions that even
perplex world .

Read for Fluency
is making.
Inspiring Peace
Now, more than 25 years after Seeds of Peace was established, conflict
still rages in the Middle East and throughout the world, but campers are
optimistic about their power to bring peace to their homelands. Explained
Husam, a Palestinian from East Jerusalem, “We are born in this place and
running away is not a solution. We should not give up. We should face
this issue and try to solve it.”

Name Date
UNIT
What does home mean?
4 Reading 1: “97 Orchard Street”
“97 Orchard Street” is an article about a tenement museum in New York City, U.S.A. In
the mid-1800s to early-1900s, many immigrants in New York lived in tenements. These
were buildings with many small apartments. The museum shows visitors what life in a
tenement was like for poor people. Visitors can learn what people are doing to improve
housing conditions today. They can also learn about housing rights.
Visual Summary
97 Orchard Street:
A Tenement Museum
where you can learn
about:
Immigrant lives: Reform campaigns Tolerance for other History: The period
the struggles of such as improved cultures and respect between the mid-
newcomers to the housing for the poor for immigrants trying to 1800s and early 1900s
United States make a new life in the witnessed a huge

United States number of immigrants
arriving in New York

97 Orchard Street
Use What You Know
Have you ever visited New York City and seen
List three things you have seen at a
museum or on a walking tour. the Statue of Liberty? Have you ever walked
through Ellis Island and strolled around Castle
1.
Clinton? These landmarks symbolize the
2. welcoming of immigrants to a new life. But did
3. you ever wonder what happened after immigrants
arrived in the United States? We suggest you make
Text Structure one more stop on the Immigrant Heritage Trail—
The title of a social studies 97 Orchard Street.
article can offer a preview MARK
of its contents. Circle the
THE
TEXT
At this New York City address, you will find a
article’s title. Then write one tenement building. It is located in the most famous
question you would like answered as
you read. immigrant neighborhood in America. Built in
1863, this structure is the first home of urban
poor and immigrant people to be preserved in the
United States. Restored and run by the Lower East
Side Tenement Museum, the building allows us to
travel back in time. Visitors can see firsthand the
immigrant experience at the turn of the twentieth
Reading Strategy:
Use Visuals century.
When you study the visuals along with
the text, it is easier to understand what landmarks, buildings or important historical places
you read. What does the photo tell you symbolize, represent
about early tenement buildings? restored, made to look like it used to

Name Date
The only way to explore the museum is through

a guided tour. Carefully restored apartments reflect Comprehension Check
the lives of residents from different historical Underline the sentence that
explains how visitors MARK
periods and cultures. You will hear the stories of explore the museum.
THE
TEXT
immigrant families who struggled to make a life What can they learn from
the apartments of immigrants
in America. from long ago?
Learn about the impact of economic depressions
on the Gumpertz family in the 1870s. Discover
the imaginative ways this family made their
way through hard times. A visit to the Levines’
apartment illustrates the Lower East Side’s
connection to the nation’s garment industry. It Text Structure
also shows the impact this type of work had on A social studies article often
immigrant families. terms. Their definitions
THE
TEXT
In one museum exhibit, a costumed woman appear at the bottom of
the page. Circle the second
portrays immigrant Victoria Confino. This is a vocabulary term on this page. Read its
hands-on experience. You can touch any items in definition. List three kinds of workers
in this industry.
the apartment and try on period clothing. Victoria
will answer any questions about life in 1916. 1.
2.
economic depressions, t imes when many people are
out of work 3.
garment industry, businesses that make clothes
period clothing, clothes which were worn long ago
Reading Strategy:
Use Visuals
Look at the items in the photo. What

do they tell you about the home and
the people who lived in it?

An unrestored apartment in the building drives
Comprehension Check home the nineteenth-century reform movement’s
Underline the sentence that campaign for improved housing. Here you can
tells one thing the reform MARK
movement worked for in
THE participate in a program that lets you role-play. You
TEXT
the 1800s. Is it important can pretend to be a housing inspector: Determine
for visitors to also learn about
today’s housing rights and problems? what is acceptable housing at different times, and
Why or why not? learn how people fought for better housing. Visitors
also learn about housing rights today and how to
report housing problems.
The museum offers public tours and school
tours. More than 25,000 schoolchildren each
year participate in the site’s original programs,
Text Structure
which use history to teach tolerance. You can also
term on this page and place MARK
take part in discussions of current issues such
THE
a check mark beside its TEXT as immigration, labor, and social welfare. And
definition. Rewrite the
sentence without using the walking tours of the Lower East Side describe the
vocabulary term. neighborhood’s role as the nation’s most famous
gateway for immigrants.
reform movement, movement intended to bring about

change
campaign, series of actions intended to achieve a
particular result
Comprehension Check tolerance, the acceptance of other people and cultures
as they are
social welfare, a government program that gives
location where walking MARK

THE assistance to the poor
tours take place. What do TEXT
you think visitors might
learn on a walking tour that they
might not learn inside a museum?

Name Date
An important part of the museum’s mission is

addressing current social issues by looking back at Reading Strategy:
history. For example, immigrant students who visit Use Visuals
the museum today use the diaries and letters of Study the photo. List two details
that tell something about immigrant
past immigrants to learn English. communities.
To help unite the diverse community
surrounding it, the museum has organized the
Lower East Side Community Preservation Project.
The project helps community leaders identify and
restore local historic places. It is working currently
to create historical markers at sites around the Text Structure
neighborhood. The sites represent the different Paragraphs in a social
studies article usually have MARK
groups who have lived in the neighborhood since a main idea stated in a
THE
TEXT
the 1800s. topic sentence. Circle the
topic sentence in the second
paragraph. List one detail that
supports the main idea.
Comprehension Check
that tells what the different MARK
THE
historic sites in the Lower TEXT
East Side represent. What

is one way the preservation project
plans to make these locations known
to the public?

1. Use library resources or the internet to find out
about historical museums in your community. Make
a map of where the museums are located.
2. Visit a historical museum in your community.
Write a brochure encouraging people to visit the
museum.
3. Interview an immigrant in your community or in
your own family. Ask about his or her experiences
as a newcomer in the United States.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Write the text for a brochure about 97 Orchard Street. The brochure should be designed
to encourage people to visit the museum.
Reader’s Response
Would you be interested in visiting the museum at 97 Orchard Street? Why or why not?

How did studying the visuals along with the text help you better understand the
article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “97 Orchard Street.” Now read one paragraph from it again.
“97 Orchard Street”

At this New York City address, you will find a tenement building. It is
located in the most famous immigrant neighborhood in America. Built
in 1863, this structure is the first home of urban poor and immigrant
people to be preserved in the United States. Restored and run by the
Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the building allows us to travel back
in time. Visitors can see firsthand the immigrant experience at the turn
of the twentieth century.

Fix the Error
the sentence so the information is correct.

In the most famous immigrant neighborhood in America, there is
a tenement building at 97 Orchard Street. Built in 1863, this structure
is the first home of extremely wealthy people to be preserved in the
United States. The Lower East Side Tenement Museum restored the
building and made it into a museum. The building allows visitors to see
what life was like for immigrants around 1900.

The tenement building at 97 Orchard Street is located in the most
famous immigrant neighborhood in America. Built in 1863 and
restored by the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, the building allows
us to experience history. However, visitors are not allowed to go inside
to see how immigrants lived at the turn of the twentieth century. This

tenement is the first home of poor and immigrant city-dwellers to be
preserved in the United States.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search Puzzle

To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check off
each clue after you’ve found the answer. Write the word on the line next to its clue.
1. Person who moves to another country:
2. A tenement building in the Lower East Side was turned into this:
3. Carefully restored apartments reflect their lives:
4. A woman wears this to portray Victoria Confino:
5. A reform movement once worked to improve this:
6. In one exhibit you can pretend to be this:
7. Visitors can discuss current issues, such as immigration, social welfare, and this:
8. Students can use these to learn English:
9. The preservation project restores these:
10. You can learn how one family worked their way through this:
X L M B I V W S H R Z B R K L
L R X D H F W K A R S L U I I
M F S N E L I C R I I L D L N
T J R Y X A E R D F T B C O S
H J E S P B T L T F E I Q M P
J E T I G O O N I X S Z Q C E
B M T O B R A L M W L C O T C
H R E O N R E F E A U S I E T
H O L M G V S S S O T Y V R O
O W I I A S E T G U C L M S R
U O M U S E U M M U F C E J L
S M I U I O K E P N D T I Y J
I O U H L M C O O G P Z I A G
N N C R E S I D E N T S R H D
G L O P H T R O N T Y X I K X

Read for Fluency
is making.
3. Look again at the punctuation in the paragraphs. Remember that when a sentence
4. Now read the paragraphs below out loud. Pay attention to the important words and

Have you ever visited New York City and seen the Statue of Liberty?
Have you ever walked through Ellis Island and strolled around Castle
Clinton? These landmarks symbolize the welcoming of immigrants to
a new life. But did you ever wonder what happened after immigrants
arrived in the United States? We suggest you make one more stop on the
Immigrant Heritage Trail—97 Orchard Street.

At this New York City address, you will find a tenement building. It is
located in the most famous immigrant neighborhood in America. Built in
1863, this structure is the first home of urban poor and immigrant people
to be preserved in the United States. Restored and run by the Lower East
Side Tenement Museum, the building allows us to travel back in time.
Visitors can see firsthand the immigrant experience at the turn of the
twentieth century.

Name Date
UNIT
What is the human spirit?
5 Reading 1: “Alone on a Raft”
This article tells the story of Poon Lim, a young Chinese man who was the only survivor
of a British boat that sank off the coast of South Africa in 1942, during World War II. He
lived for four months at sea before being rescued. He had few supplies and had to learn
to find fresh food and water after his supplies ran out.
Visual Summary
Poon Lim
worked as a cabin returned to sea to was the only

boy aboard a Chinese work on a British survivor, and he
ship merchant ship, the lived on a raft with
Ben Lomond the supplies inside it
Poon Lim left the The Ben Lomond Poon Lim survived
ship because of poor was attacked by a for 133 days until
conditions to study German submarine being rescued
mechanics

Alone on a Raft
Use What You Know
What would it be like to be lost at sea? How
Tell about a time you faced a challenge.
long could one person survive without help from
others? Could someone live for days or even
months all alone on the ocean? One man did
just that. In 1942, Poon Lim began an incredible
journey with only a small raft, a few supplies,
Text Structure smart thinking, and a strong will to stay alive.
gives information about MARK Disaster
THE
historical events. Draw a TEXT
box around the date in the On November 10, 1942, a British ship named
second paragraph. What happened the Ben Lomond set sail from the city of Cape Town
on that date?
in South Africa. It was headed for Suriname, then,
on to New York City in the United States. Thirteen
days later, disaster struck. A German submarine
attacked. At 11:30 in the morning, it fired two
torpedoes at the British ship.
The Ben Lomond sank in just two minutes.
Reading Strategy:
Identify Main Idea Among the crew members were 24 British sailors
and Details and 23 Chinese sailors. Most of the men died that
As you read, it is important to day. Some people believe that a sailor named Poon
identify the most important, or main,
idea. Details are words, phrases, or Lim was the only survivor.
sentences that help you know more By some accounts, the crew of the German
about the main idea. What is the main
submarine saw Lim floating away, but decided not

idea on this page?
to go after him. They probably thought he would
not survive on the open water. But he did. Who
was Poon Lim, and how did he manage to stay alive
after disaster struck?
Suriname, a small country on the northeastern coast

of South America
torpedoes, underwater weapons fired from a ship
crew, the people who work on board a ship

Name Date
Life as a Cabin Boy

Reading Strategy:
Poon Lim was a sailor from the island of Hainan, Identify Main Idea
China. When he was 16 years old, he signed up to and Details
work as a cabin boy. He joined the crew of a British Circle the sentence in the
second paragraph that MARK
passenger ship. THE
contains the main idea. TEXT
Sadly for Lim, Chinese workers were treated What is a detail that
supports it?
poorly at that time. They were paid low wages and
given the worst jobs. They also were forced to sleep
in cramped, crowded rooms. These conditions
caused Poon Lim to hate life at sea. After a while,
he decided to quit. He moved to Hong Kong to
study mechanics instead.
Comprehension Check
Six months later, Poon Lim heard from a cousin
Underline the text that says
who was working on another British ship. He told how long Poon Lim was MARK
THE
gone from sea before TEXT
Lim that conditions were improving for Chinese
returning again to another
workers. World War II had broken out in Europe, ship. What kind of ship was it?
and many young British men had signed up to
fight. This meant that merchant ships, which
carried supplies, desperately needed sailors. Many
ships were offering better pay and living spaces to
workers from China.
The war had reached Hong Kong, too. The city Text Structure
was in danger of an attack by Japan. So, Poon Lim A social studies article often
THE
decided to return to sea. He took a job working
words. Their definitions are TEXT
under his cousin on a British merchant ship called at the bottom of the page.
the SS Ben Lomond (also known as the Benlomond). vocabulary word on this page. Read
the definition. Rewrite the sentence
in which it appears without using the
cabin boy, a young man who works on a ship, doing
vocabulary word.
small jobs for the captain or crew
mechanics, the study of machines
merchant, selling goods to governments or other
companies

A Little Luck
Text Structure
In 1942, as the Ben Lomond was sinking, Poon
has headings. Headings can MARK Lim managed to grab a life jacket. He needed it to
THE
signal a change of topic. TEXT survive. Even though he had worked on ships for
Circle the second heading
on this page. What do you think life years, he was a poor swimmer.
was like for Poon Lim at this point in Poon Lim floated for about two hours until he
the text?
got lucky. He spotted one of the ship’s life rafts,
which was a small wooden platform about two-
and-a-half meters from one side to the other. A
canvas roof covered part of the raft. On board, he
found some food and supplies. He realized there
Comprehension Check was enough to help him stay alive.
Underline the list of food
items that was aboard the MARK Life on the Raft
THE
life raft. How long did Poon TEXT
Lim think he could make this The raft was equipped with a flashlight, flares,
food last? and a few other items. For food and drink, he had
a jug of water, tins of biscuits, lumps of sugar, hard
crackers, and even some chocolate. Thinking he
would be rescued soon, Lim decided to make the
food last for 30 days. He counted the days by tying
knots in a rope. However, a month came and went,
Reading Strategy:
and he was still lost at sea.
Identify Main Idea
and Details
life jacket, a vest that can float to help a person stay
What is the main idea of the section

above water
“A Little Luck”? What is one detail canvas, a strong, heavy cloth
from the section?

Name Date
Poon Lim realized it would be hard for anyone

to find him. The seas were dangerous because of Reading Strategy:
the war. It would have been a risk to search for Identify Main Idea
and Details
any survivors from the Ben Lomond. Lim knew he
Underline the main idea of
needed to find a way to survive on his own, and the second paragraph. What MARK
THE
hope that the raft would follow ocean currents is one detail of the paragraph? TEXT
to land.
First, he had to deal with the fact that he wasn’t
a good swimmer. He was worried that he could
fall off the raft and drown. So, he tied a rope from
his wrist to the raft. He also began to practice
Comprehension Check
swimming twice a day. It not only helped him
improve, it also was great exercise and kept him tells how Poon Lim got fresh MARK
THE
strong. water. Why did this make it TEXT
hard to survive life on the raft?
To stay alive, Poon Lim also needed food to
eat and water to drink. To get fresh water, he
used the canvas roof and his life jacket to build a
rain-catcher.
From Bad to Worse

Text Structure
For food, there were plenty of fish in the waters A social studies textbook
all around him. Poon Lim just had to find a way to often defines highlighted MARK
THE
vocabulary words. Circle the TEXT
catch them. So, he used wire from the flashlight second vocabulary word on
and sharp pieces of metal from the biscuit tins to this page. Read the definition.
Then rewrite the definition in your
make a fishing line with hooks. For bait, he used own words.
some of the hard crackers.
currents, bodies of water moving in one direction

bait, food used to catch fish or other animals

He also discovered a way to catch birds. He made
Text Structure a nest out of seaweed that was stuck to the bottom
Social studies articles often of the raft. Then he left a dead fish beside it. When
include details about things MARK
that happened along a time
THE a seagull landed on the nest to eat the fish, Lim
TEXT
line. Circle the text that snatched the bird.
indicates a passage of time.
What happened at that time? After two months, Poon Lim was getting used
to life on the raft. His smart inventions and strong
spirit were keeping him alive. But he had more to
worry about than hunger and thirst. There were
also sharks and storms!
Sharks swam all around him. They smelled
Comprehension Check blood from the fish he caught, and often circled
Draw a box around the first the small raft. But instead of being afraid, Poon
thing Poon Lim did to catch MARK
birds. Then what did he do?
THE Lim knew they could be another source of food.
TEXT
He pulled a nail from one of the wooden boards
and turned it into a hook. When a small shark tried
to ram the raft, he shoved the hook into the animal
and pulled it out of the water. Soon, he was eating
shark meat and dried shark fins.
Reading Strategy: Poon Lim also faced storms at sea. One day, a
Identify Main Idea big one hit. Wind and rain pounded the raft. They
and Details
ruined his supply of food and water. Fortunately,
In the third paragraph,
underline the main idea. MARK he later caught a bird. It helped him live a little
THE
Then write at least one detail. TEXT longer.

Name Date
133 Days Later

Comprehension Check
Poon Lim survived on that tiny raft on the ocean
Underline the text that tells
for an amazing 133 days. No one has lived on a raft what record Poon Lim broke. MARK
THE
for a longer period of time. He later remarked, “I How did he feel about TEXT
breaking the record?
hope no one will ever have to break that record.”
Lim thought that if he kept floating, he would
reach land or be rescued eventually. But some days,
it was hard to keep hoping. Once a ship passed
nearby. The crew saw him, but did not stop. Lim
believed they ignored him because he was Chinese. Text Structure
At last, on April 15, 1943, Brazilian fishers Draw a box around the text
spotted the raft about 10 miles from the shore of that gives a date in the third MARK
THE
paragraph. What happened TEXT
their country. Lim had traveled all the way across on that date?
the Atlantic Ocean. The fishers took him on board
their boat and brought him to the city of Belém.
Poon Lim was in remarkable health for someone
who had been at sea for so long. He could walk on
his own and had lost only 20 pounds. He spent
four weeks recovering at a Brazilian hospital. Then Comprehension Check
he went to England, and eventually moved to the Underline the sentence that
tells how Poon Lim was MARK
United States. rewarded for his bravery
THE
TEXT
Poom Lim’s incredible story inspired people in at sea. How did his experience
help others?
Britain and across the globe. King George VI awarded
him a British Empire Medal. The British Royal Navy
added survival tips based on his experiences into

official manuals for sailors. Lim showed the world
that with some smart thinking, determination, and
some luck, you could survive almost anything!
fishers, people who catch fish for a living

1. Create a poster to illustrate some of Poon Lim’s experiences. On the poster, include captions to
explain how Poon Lim stayed alive.
2. Use important dates and events from the article to create a time line of the life of Poon Lim.
3. Imagine you are writing a biography of Poon Lim. Write about the events of his life and how he
overcame challenges in his life.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
What were some strategies that Poon Lim used to survive on the raft?
Reader’s Response
How do you think you would do in a situation like Poon Lim’s? What would be most
challenging for you?

How did searching for main ideas and supporting details help you better understand
the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read an excerpt from “Alone on a Raft.” Now read one paragraph
from it again.
“Alone on a Raft”
On November 10, 1942, a British ship named the Ben Lomond set sail
from the city of Cape Town in South Africa. It was headed for Suriname,
then, on to New York City in the United States. Thirteen days later,
disaster struck. A German submarine attacked. At 11:30 in the morning,
it fired two torpedoes at the British ship.

Fix the Error
from the city of Cape Town in South Africa. It was headed for Suriname,
then, on to New York City in the United States. Thirteen days before,
disaster had struck. A German submarine attacked. At 11:30 in the
morning, it fired two torpedoes at the British ship.
for the city of Cape Town in South Africa. It was headed for Suriname,
then, on to New York City in the United States. Thirteen days later,
disaster struck. A German submarine attacked. At 11:30 in the morning,
it fired two torpedoes at the British ship.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Word Search Puzzle

To complete this word search puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Look at the clues and circle the answers in the puzzle below. Check off
each clue after you’ve found the answer. Write the word on the line next to its clue.
1. A submarine can fire from under the water.
2. The people who work on a ship are called this: .
3. Poon Lim managed to grab a life before the ship sank.
4. It can be very difficult to if you are lost at sea.
5. Poon Lim studied in Hong Kong.
6. Poon Lim had some of sugar on the raft.
7. A ship that carries supplies is called this: ship.
8. Poon Lim used hard crackers as to catch fish.
9. The raft followed ocean .
10. Brazilian fishers Lim after 133 days at sea.
J H S L V U M P S O C A T S L
E A D O H M N E K Z B T J U K
S K C Z U K P K C W F U H R Q
I J W K M Y C B P H A U T V L
B G W B E A C F S Z A B K I V
A V C Z Z T Y J H T D N Q V B
I L U M P S B O O P T B I E D
T H Z Z T O R P E D O E S C H
R Z J U Z F B C U R R E N T S
F E B V M G N P L N H T O T O
Z S S N B Z H J A Y D R G G A
M E R C H A N T B Y Q T B D T
E C C S U M J V C R E W X B C
I Y B L I E T N K T O B Y V R
O J P F L Y D G N H E N P M W

Read for Fluency
is making.
Six months later, Poon Lim heard from a cousin who was working
on another British ship. He told Lim that conditions were improving
for Chinese workers. World War II had broken out in Europe, and many
young British men had signed up to fight. This meant that merchant
ships, which carried supplies, desperately needed sailors. Many ships
were offering better pay and living spaces to workers from China.

The war had reached Hong Kong, too. The city was in danger of an
attack by Japan. So, Poon Lim decided to return to sea. He took a job
working under his cousin on a British merchant ship called the SS Ben
Lomond (also known as the Benlomond).

Name Date
UNIT
How does the sky influence us?
6 Reading 3: “The Moon” / “No Need to Establish a
Moon Base”
These two articles debate whether the United States should send people to the Moon
and build a base there. In “The Moon,” the author argues that the United States should
return to the Moon. She suggests that people can learn a lot about Earth’s early history
by studying the Moon. She claims that telescopes set up on the Moon would give us
clearer pictures of space. The Moon could also be used as a training camp for trips to
other planets. In “No Need to Establish a Moon Base,” the author argues that Americans
should not send astronauts to the Moon. He argues that sending people into space is
not necessary. Robots can perform the same tasks as humans. Using robots is also safer
and less expensive.
Visual Summary
Should we be sending astronauts to the

Moon and building a base there?
YES: NO:
The Moon is our Robots can do

closest neighbor. the same tasks.
We could set up Manned space flights

telescopes there. are dangerous and
expensive.

The Moon
Use What You Know
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap
List three facts you know about the
Moon. for mankind.” Those famous words were spoken
on July 20, 1969, by Neil Armstrong, just after he
1.
became the astronaut to take the very first step
2. onto the Moon’s surface.
3. An estimated half-billion viewers watched in
awe on their television sets. Never before had so
Text Structure many people tuned in to watch a single broadcast.
A science text often opens Indeed, the audiences knew that they were
with an introductory MARK
paragraph. Circle the
THE
TEXT watching history in the making.
introduction. What is the Armstrong and his fellow Apollo 11 astronaut,
main idea?
Buzz Aldrin, spent approximately 2.5 hours walking
on the Moon’s surface and collected about 23
kilograms of lunar rock and soil for scientific study.
The astronauts left behind a plaque that said:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon
Text Structure the Moon. July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all
Draw a box around the mankind.
second highlighted MARK
THE
vocabulary term on this TEXT mankind, all humans, considered as a group
awe, a feeling of great respect for someone or something
Then rewrite the definition in your
broadcast, program on radio or television
own words.
plaque, a piece of flat metal or stone with writing on it

Name Date
After that historical trip, ten other humans

took a voyage to the Moon. However, since 1972, Comprehension Check
no human has walked on the Moon’s surface. Underline the sentence
that tells how the next trip MARK
According to the National Aeronautics and Space to the Moon is expected to
THE
TEXT
Administration (NASA) in the United States, that be different from previous
missions. How long did the previous
may soon change. NASA plans to send astronauts missions take on the Moon?
back to the Moon. This time, though, instead of
a 2.5-hour moonwalk, the astronauts will stay for
longer periods of time. The lunar campaign will
begin with a series of robotic missions to collect
data needed for the human missions.
Reading Strategy:
Looking to the Moon Take Notes
So why bother studying the Moon? The process Taking notes as you read
can help you remember MARK
teaches us about our own planet. Scientists believe ideas and details. When you
THE
TEXT
that the Moon can reveal a lot of information take notes, it is often a good
idea to use abbreviations, or a
about Earth’s history. Why? The Moon was once shortened form of writing. Underline
a part of Earth. According to a well-accepted an abbreviation on this page. What
does it stand for?
scientific theory, four billion years ago, a small
planet called Theia collided with Earth and sent
chunks of our planet flying into space. Gravity
bound the Earth chunks together and the Moon
was formed.
Comprehension Check
collided, crashed violently into something

Circle the sentence that
reveals how the Moon and MARK
THE
Earth are related. What other TEXT
planet was described as part
of the activity that formed the Moon?

What the Apollo Missions Taught Us
Text Structure Between 1963 and 1972, NASA’s main focus was
A science article often
has headings. Headings MARK
to land humans on the Moon and bring them back
THE
can signal a change of TEXT to Earth safely. NASA achieved this on six separate
topic. Draw a box around
the heading on this page. What do missions during which astronauts gathered a
you think this section will be about? wealth of scientific data. What scientists learned
includes the following:
• Earth and the Moon are very similar in
composition.
• There is no evidence of life on the Moon.
• The age of Moon rocks ranges between 3.2 and
Comprehension Check 4.6 billion years old.
Circle how many missions
were taken to the Moon. MARK
• Volcanoes have erupted on the Moon.
THE
What was the overall TEXT • The Moon’s craters provide a key to
mission of the astronauts
who traveled there? understanding the geologic evolution of the
planets.
geologic evolution, the history of a planet based on its

rock layers
Reading Strategy:
Take Notes
Underline two details
from the bulleted list. MARK
THE
If you were including these

TEXT
details in your notes, what
topic or heading would you list
them under?

Name Date
What Can Be Gained from Future

Lunar Missions? Text Structure
In addition to uncovering more important second highlighted MARK
THE
information about the Moon, Earth, and other vocabulary term on this TEXT
celestial bodies, NASA scientists will set up Then use the term in a new sentence.
telescopes on the Moon to obtain a clear vantage
point from which to study the universe.
Eventually, scientists hope to have humans
living and working on the Moon for long periods of
time. They also hope to launch missions from the
Moon into deep space, including missions to Mars. Reading Strategy:
But to live on the Moon for extended periods, Take Notes
humans must meet the necessities of human life. When you take notes, include all of
the items on a list the author gives.
For example, they must have breathable air and List the two items that are required
potable water. Rather than carry these necessities for human life on the Moon.
from the Earth to the Moon, NASA plans to mine 1.

water, hydrogen, and oxygen from lunar soil. This
2.
process, known as “in-situ resource utilization”
or ISRU, could make future exploration into deep Comprehension Check
space a reality. Circle the sentence that
tells why scientists would MARK
THE
celestial, r elating to the sky set up telescopes on the TEXT
vantage point, a place that affords a good view Moon. What do scientists
hope will eventually happen on
potable water, water suitable for drinking
the Moon?

No Need to Establish
Text Structure a Moon Base
A second science article
begins on this page. Circle MARK When Americans landed on the Moon in 1969,
THE
the title of this article. How TEXT it was considered to be a triumph. Today, there is
do you think it will relate to
the first article you read? talk of sending astronauts back to the Moon and
constructing a permanent Moon base. However,
both actions are unnecessary, dangerous, and
expensive.
In truth, the need for manned space flights
has decreased as the use of robots has increased.
Comprehension Check In fact, today’s robots can perform most of the
Underline the sentence in tasks previously assigned to humans, and can do
the first paragraph that MARK
gives the author’s opinion
THE
TEXT so in a more precise way. Recent achievements in
about a return trip to the space—such as discovering more than 100 planets
Moon and setting up a moon base.
When did astronauts first land there? outside our solar system and finding evidence of
water on Mars—have come from unmanned space
telescopes or robots.
precise, exact
evidence, proof
Reading Strategy:
Take Notes
Underline two details
from the second paragraph. MARK
THE
If you were including these

TEXT
details in your notes, what
topic or heading would you list
them under?

Name Date
Furthermore, unmanned space missions pose

a smaller threat to human life than manned Comprehension Check
space missions. We often forget how dangerous Underline the sentence that
tells how many people have MARK
manned space flights can be. So far, they have been died on space flights. Do you
THE
TEXT
responsible for the deaths of seventeen people. think it is a good idea for people
to travel into space? Why or why not?
In addition to the cost in human life, manned
missions are expensive. One space shuttle launch
alone can cost $360 million. Much of that money
is used to create systems that keep humans alive in
space. This, added to the cost of building a Moon
base, would require hundreds of billions of dollars.
Reading Strategy:
In order to meet this need, the U.S. government Take Notes
would have to cut important social programs or Circle two key points from
raise taxes. the second paragraph MARK
THE
to include in notes on this TEXT
It is for these reasons that it makes sense to page. What are the two
abandon the idea of a return to the Moon and the key points?
construction of a permanent base. Instead, we 1.

should invest our time, money, and energy into
2.
additional robotic projects.
Text Structure
pose, present
abandon, leave behind
third highlighted vocabulary MARK
invest, spend THE
term on this page. Read TEXT
the definition. Rewrite
the sentence without using the term.

1. Research on the internet or at the school library
to find out about space stations. Write a report
to explain how scientists live and work in a space
station.
2. Create a pamphlet about the Moon. Try to
persuade people why it’s important to us and why
we should build a space station there. You can draw
your own illustrations or find them on the Internet
or in magazines.
3. With a classmate, debate the topic presented in
these two articles. Each of you should take the side
of one of the articles and argue your case.

Reading Wrap-Up
Retell It!
Imagine it is your job to go before government officials and ask them to pay for a base
on the Moon. Make a list of talking points you would use to persuade people. Address
any objections they might raise.
Reader’s Response
Do you agree with the author of the second article? Why or why not?

How did taking notes help you better understand the article?

Name Date
Edit for Meaning
Read
You have read “No Need to Establish a Moon Base.” Now read one paragraph from it
again.
“No Need to Establish a Moon Base”

In truth, the need for manned space flights has decreased as the use
of robots has increased. In fact, today’s robots can perform most of
the tasks previously assigned to humans, and can do so in a more precise
way. Recent achievements in space—such as discovering more than
100 planets outside our solar system and finding evidence of water on
Mars—have come from unmanned space telescopes or robots.

Fix the Error

The need for people to travel into outer space has decreased.
Meanwhile, the use of robots on space missions has increased. In fact,
today’s robots can perform most of the tasks once done by humans. Not
only that, robots can also complete tasks in a more precise way. Several
recent achievements in space are due to robots or space telescopes. They
helped us discover more than 100 planets inside our solar system. They
have also uncovered evidence of water on Mars.

The need for manned space flights has risen, while the use of robots
in space has dropped. In fact, today’s robots can perform many tasks
previously done by humans. They can also do these tasks in a more
precise way. Recent achievements in space—such as the discovery of

more than 100 planets—have come from robots and space telescopes.
They have also found evidence of water on the planet Mars.

Name Date
Focus on Details
Crossword Puzzle
To complete this crossword puzzle, you’ll need to remember or search for details in
the reading. Use the words in the word box. Not all of the words in the word box are
in the puzzle. Fill in the crossword with answers to the clues below. The first one is
done for you.
1 2
M ASTRONAUTS
3 4
A CRATERS
5 6
N NINE
N TELESCOPES
7 BASE
E
FOUR
D
OXYGEN
TRIUMPH
CAMP
8 9
MANNED
ROBOTS
VEHICLES
CHALKY
MINE
SPACECRAFT
VICTORY
Across Down
5. A gas humans must breathe to stay alive 1. Operated by people
6. An amazing accomplishment 2. They landed on the moon in 1969.
7. Setting up these on the moon could give 3. To extract from the ground by drilling
researchers a clearer view of space. 4. The amount of months it would take to
8. Today, they travel on many missions into reach Mars
space. 9. A protected area where people can live
while they’re on a mission

Read for Fluency
is making.
“The Moon”
Armstrong and his fellow Apollo 11 astronaut, Buzz Aldrin, spent
approximately 2.5 hours walking on the Moon’s surface and collected
about 23 kilograms of lunar rock and soil for scientific study. The
astronauts left behind a plaque that said:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon. July 1969, A.D.
We came in peace for all mankind.

12/26/18 10:15 PM
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Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson, 221 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030

Printed in the United States of America

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Reading 2: “Early Inventions”

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Summary Use with Student Edition pages 8–13.

Selective Breeding Genetic Engineering Vertical Farms

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

crops, plants grown on a farm

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Summer Every Day

plants to grow, and later by cross-breeding, farmers

don’t have to wait until summer to snack on your

Science on the Farm

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

genes, parts of living cells that cause a particular trait to

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Vertical farms grow up, not out. Instead of

never been possible.

the water can be reused. The growing mixture is

pesticides, chemicals used to kill harmful insects

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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to cook. The first home ovens brought the fire

electromagnetic radiation, a form of energy that

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Edit for Meaning

“What’s for Dinner?”

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1. Find and fix the error.

“What’s for Dinner?”

2. Find and fix the error.

“What’s for Dinner?”

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Word Search Puzzle

1. ✓ Breeding two different varieties of plants together creates a plant

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“What’s for Dinner?”

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Summary Use with Student Edition pages 24–27.

Reading 2: “Early Inventions”

1. ✓ Breeding two different varieties of plants together creates a plant

2. General anesthesia allowed doctors to perform this without patients feeling

6. The inventor of the electric brake received a for