Aerospace Thermodynamics

AS2007
Dr Surendra Ghadai

INTRODUCTION
Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer
• And the effect of energy transfer on the physical properties (Pressure,
Temperature, Volume….) of substances
• Formulation of Thermodynamic Laws by observing common
experiences
• Thermodynamic Laws Principles of energy conversion
• Applications of the Thermodynamic Laws and principles:
• Internal combustion engines, refrigerator, air conditioner, gas turbines, gas
dynamics, jet propulsion, compressors, and also, computer, TV, pressure
cooker, shower, water heater etc…

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Applications
• All activities in nature involve some
interaction between energy and matter
• Thermodynamics is encountered in
many engineering systems and other
aspects of life
• Home, refrigerator, computer…..
• The energy has always tendency to Heat flows from high to low temperature

flow from high to low potential

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Applications - A Gas Turbine Unit
• More commonly found in Jet planes, electric power generation, ship
propulsion
• Steps involved are:
• Air compression
• Fuel combustion
• Expansion in turbine
• Objective here is: how efficiently the energy of the fuel is converted
into mechanical work
• Though the processes of energy conversion are different, the principle
of energy conversion remains the same

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

 Macroscopic vs Microscopic
[Two points of view for study behavior of matter]

• A certain quantity of matter is • Matter is considered as scores of

considered
• Does not require the knowledge
of the behavior of individual
particle
• Classical Thermodynamics
molecules
• Average behavior of large group
of individual particles must be
known
• Statistical thermodynamics

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Systems
• A System is a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study
• The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings or
environment
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the boundary
• Boundary is shared by both system and surroundings
• It has zero thickness, and thus it can neither contain any mass nor occupy
any volume in space
• The boundary can be fixed or moving
• A system and its surroundings together comprise a universe

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Systems

Courtesy: NPTEL

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Systems
• Three classes of systems: Open, Closed and Isolated
• A closed system or control mass consist of fixed amount of mass and,
no mass can cross its boundary
• Energy in the form of heat or work, can cross the boundary
• The volume does not have to be fixed for closed system
• If, even energy is not allowed to cross the boundary,
that system is called as an Isolated system
• It is of fixed mass and energy

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Systems
• An Open system, or a Control volume, is a properly selected region in
space
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of control volume
• Most of the engineering devices involve mass flow in and out of
a system, and therefore studied as control volume
• Example - compressor, turbine, nozzle, etc

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Systems
• The boundaries of a control volume are called as control surface
• It can be real or imaginary
• Real – actual physical surface
• Imaginary – no physical surface
• A control volume can be fixed in shape and size
• Ex – Nozzle
• Or it may have a moving boundary
• Piston-cylinder arrangement

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Properties of a system
• Any characteristic of a system is called a Property
• Ex: Pressure(p), Volume(V), Temperature(T), mass (m) [more familiar ones]
and viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, electrical
resistivity
• Properties can be either intensive or extensive
• Intensive properties are those that are independent of mass of a
system such as Temperature, Pressure and Density
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size or
extent of a system such as total mass, total volume and total
momentum
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties such
as specific energy (e=E/m) and specific volume (v=V/m)

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Properties of a system

How to distinguish
between extensive and
intensive properties?

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states (state of balance)
• No unbalanced potential or driving force within the system
• No changes in system when it is isolated from its surroundings
• A system is in thermodynamic equilibrium if all the following
equilibrium conditions satisfied
• Thermal equilibrium [Temperature = C]
• Mechanical equilibrium [Pressure = C wrt time]
• Phase equilibrium [Mass of each Phase = C]
• Chemical equilibrium [No chemical reaction]
• Electrical Equilibrium [Potential = C]

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

The State Postulate
• The state of a system is described by its properties
• How many properties?

• The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given

by the state postulate
• The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two
independent, intensive properties [ex. Temperature and Specific volume]
• Absence of effects due external force fields such as electrical, magnetic,
gravitational, motion and surface tension effects

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Processes and Cycles
• Any changes that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is called a process
• The series of states through which a system
passes during a process is called the path of the
Process
• To specify a process completely, one should mention the following
• Initial and final states
• The path it follows
• The interactions with the surroundings

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai

Quasi-static or quasi-equilibrium process
• A sufficiently slow process which allows the system to adjust itself
internally so that the change in property of the whole system should
take place at same pace
• The system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all
times, hence it is quasi-equilibrium

7/29/2021 KIIT Deemed to be University Dr Surendra Ghadai