OPTICS

B2– AMSN & EPE

nguyen-thi-thanh.ngan@usth.edu.vn

10/2020
 Lectures

1 Electromagne0c and basic op0cs:

-  Maxwell’s equa.ons
-  Plane electromagne.c waves
-  The electromagne.c proper.es of dielectric media
-  Elementary electromagne.c waves
-  Gaussian beam
-  Proper.es of Gaussian beam
-  Interference
2 Polariza0on of light:
-  Malus’s law
-  Jone’s vector/ Jone’s matrix
3 Fourier op0cs:
-  Propaga.on of light in free space
-  Diffrac.on:
-  Fresnel’s diffrac.on
-  Fraunhofer’s diffrac.on
4 Holography
-  Introduc.on
-  Applica.ons
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Books

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What is the light?

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Two types of cells in human eye

Color vision by cone cells

è Light is a par0cular part of

electromagne0c radia0on that can
be seen and sensed by the human
eye, (λ= 390 nm to 780 nm)
Rod cells à Intensity vision
Cone cells à Color vision 5
Some natural and ar0ficial light sources

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Now, can you image clearly
“WHAT IS THE LIGHT”?

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 Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) Chris0aan Huygens (1629 – 1695)

-  Proposed Par0cle theory of light in -  Proposed Wave theory of light in 1678.

Op.cks published in 1704.

-  Light as small compact par.cles of energy -  Light is a wave mo.on spreading out
called corpuscle. from the source in all direc.ons.

-  Light is a par.cle flying through void

-  Observed: reflec.on, refrac.on,
-  Observed: reflec.on, shadows, light interference and diffrac.on.
travelling in a straight light

Mirror

-  Hardly accepted
Mirror
-  Un.l velocity of light is measured
by Jean Bernard Leon Foucout in
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Dual proper0es 1850
-  For the dual nature of light:
-  Maxwell’s theory treats the propaga0on of light (electromagne0c wave)
-  Quantum theory describes the interac.on of light and ma^er

-  Op0cal frequencies occupy a band of electromagne.c spectrum from Infrared

through Ultraviolet ßà Corresponding to light with wavelength from 10nm to 1mm.

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-  Light is an electromagne.c wave

-  Electromagne.c wave is described by two vector fields:

-  Electric field, E(r,t)

-  Magne.c field, H(r,t)

à Both are the vector func.ons of posi.on and .me.

-  The rela.onship between E and H sa.sfies Maxwell’s equa0ons (differen.al

equa.ons)

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Maxwell’s wave equa0ons:

-  Maxwell’s equa.ons are the set of 4 complicated equa.ons that describe the
world of electromagne.cs.

-  These equa.ons describe HOW electric and magne.c fields propagate,

interact and how they are influenced by objects.

-  They were the first indica0on of the true nature of light

−1/2
-  Predict a velocity c0 for a wave in vacuum, c 0 = ( µ 0ε 0 ) , independence of
measurement of velocity of light

è These equa.ons are rules the universe uses to govern the behavior of electric
and magne.c fields

The Light wave

func0on???
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 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

The electric and magne.c fields in free space sa.sfy the following differen.al equa.ons,
known as Maxwell’s equa.ons:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Where: ε0 = (1/36π)x10-9 [F/m] is electric permijvity

μ0 = 4πx10-7 [H/m = J/(A2m) = NA-2] is magne.c permeability

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 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

- The field E and H can be separated by taking a the curl of (4) and .me deriva.ve of
(3), we obtain the parallel equa.ons:

(5)

(6)

- Because for any vector A, (5) & (6) become:

(7)

(8)

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 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

-  Eqs. (7) & (8) are the wave equa0ons of the form:

2
2 1 ∂ u
∇ u− 2 2 = 0 (9)
v ∂t
Where: u(x,y,z,t) represents either the electric field vector E(x,y,z,t) or the
magne.c vector H(x,y,z,t).
v is the speed of wave

-  For simplicity, considering the wave propaga.ng in only z direc.on, (9) is now:

2 2
d u(z, t) 1 d u(z, t)
2
= 2 2 (10)
dz v dt
- Assume that the wave func.on u(z,t) is separable, we can write:

u(z, t) = uz (z)ut (t) or u(z, t) = uz ut (11) 14

 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

-  Subs.tu.ng (11) into (10) :

d 2 uz uz d 2 ut
ut 2 − 2 2 = 0 (12)
dz v dt
2
v d uz 1 d 2 ut
2
(13)
2
=
uz dz ut dt 2
-  Set both sides of (13) equal arbitrary denote as –ω2 à leading to two equa.ons:

d 2 uz ω 2 (14)
2
+ 2 uz = 0
dz v
d 2 ut 2
2
+ ω ut = 0 (15)
dt 15
 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

- Eqs. (14) & (15) have the solu.ons :

uz = C1ei(ω /v)z + C2 e−i(ω /v)z (16)

ut = D1eiωt + D2 e−iωt (17)

Where C1, C2, D1, D2 are determined by the boundary condi.ons

- The general solu.on u(z,t) as:

±i(ω /v)z ±iω t ±i[(ω /v)z∓ω t ]

u(z, t) = uz (z)ut (t) ∝ e e =e (18)

à  This general solu.on involve a complex wave func.on

à  We only consider the case of wave traveling from ler to right à func.on has the form:

i ( k z z −ωt )
u ( z, t ) = U 0e (19)

Where kz is the wave vector,

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 Maxwell’s wave equa0ons in free space (or vacuum)

à  The solu.on (19) can write in the trigonometric form as:

u ( z , t ) = U 0 cos(k z z − ωt ) (20)

à  (19) (and also (20)) is called a plane harmonic wave,

à  describe a sinusoidal oscilla.on func.on

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Phase velocity

-  The wave func.on (11) describes a sinusoidal oscilla.on func.on

à the progressive nature of the wave is illustrated by U(z,t) and U(z,t+∆t):

-  The la^er curve is displaced in a posi.ve z direc.on by a distance: ∆z = v∆t (13)

à This is the distance between any two points of corresponding phase (as PP’) è v is called
the Phase velocity
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- The wavelength λ is the distance over which the maximum amplitude of the wave
travels during the .me à it makes a cycle of oscilla.on.

u(z, t) = U 0 ei(kz−ωt )

- We have the rela.onship between velocity of wave (v), frequency (ν) and angular
frequency (ω) is:

(14)

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Group velocity

∆ω k dn
vg = = v(1− ) (15)
Δk n dk

-  For op.cal media, in the regions of normal dispersion

à  The refrac.ve index increases with frequency (dn/dk >0)
à  So vg < v

è In vacuum, we have vg = v = c

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Poyn0ng vector

-  One of the most significant proper.es of EM wave is that it transports

energy, and characterized by Poyn.ng vector (S) as:

S = E×H (16)

= E 0 × H 0 cos2 (k ⋅ r − ω t)

-  Irradiance, I, is the magnitude of the average Poy.ng flux:

1 n ε0 2
I = E0 H 0 = E0 (17)
2 2 µ0

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