Introduction to the Theory

of Ferromagnetism
Exact solution of the Ising model in one
dimension. Antiferromagnetism

Neél temperature. Magnetic susceptibility of the

Ising antiferromagnet in the mean-field
approximation
Neél temperature
 zJ   x   z J x
Denote 𝑥𝐴 = 𝑥, 𝑥𝐵 = −𝑥 x  tanh    tanh  
 T   T 
 TN 
Denote 𝑧 𝐽 ≡ 𝑇𝑁 x  tanh  x 
 T 
The solution is already known θ → 𝑇𝑁

 T 
x  3 1   , T  TN
 TN 
 2TN T
x  1  2e , T 0

𝑇𝑁 is called the Neel temperature or transition temperature

into antiferromagnetic state
Antiferromagnetism
Total magnetization of antiferromagnetic
N N N N
ˆiA z  iB z
ˆ  B i A z
ˆ   B  iB z
ˆ
M 2 2  2 2 
V V
N N N N
 B x A   B xB B x  B x
 2 2  2 2 0
V V
Magnetic susceptibility
M
 0
H
Differential magnetic susceptibility
 M 
  ?
 H  H 0
 Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
Differential magnetic susceptibility
 M   M   2B N  x A xB 
   B     h  h 
 H  H 0  h  h 0 2V   h 0
Partial derivatives
  h  xBTN   x A  1  tanh 2  h  xBTN    1 TN xB 
 x A  tanh    h       T  T h 
  T     T   
 
 x  tanh  h  x ATN   xB  2  h  x ATN
 1  tanh 
   1 TN x A 
 B        T  T h 
 T   h   T   
x A  1 TN xB 
 h  1  x A    T  T h 
2

   x A xB 2 2 TN  x A xB  
    1  x      
 xB  1  x 2    1  N x A 
T h h  T T  h h 
B  
 h   T T h 
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
x A xB 2 1  x 2 
The sum of partial derivatives  
h h T  1  x 2  TN

 N 

2
2
1  x 2
 

Differential magnetic susceptibility   B

2V  T  1  x 2  TN 
 h 0

 TN 
Analysis in the absence of magnetic field x  tanh  x 
 T 
A. In the case 𝑇 > 𝑇𝑁 the order parameter 𝑥 = 0

 2B N  1 
  
V  T  TN 
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
𝑇𝑁 −𝑇
B. In the case of ≪ 1, the order parameter squared is
𝑇𝑁
equal
 T  μ 2B N  3T  2TN  μ 2B N
x  3 1 
2
χ    T  TN  χ 
 TN  2 V  2T  TN  2V

C. If the temperature decreases below 𝑇𝑁 , differential

magnetic susceptibility decreases linearly

 2B N  3T  2TN   2B N  2T  TN  T  TN 
    
2V  2T  TN  2V  2T  TN 
 2B N  T  TN   2B N  T  TN   2B N T
 1   1  
2V  2T  TN  2V  TN  2V TN
Magnetic susceptibility of the
Ising antiferromagnet
D. In the case of 𝑇 ≪ 𝑇𝑁 , the order parameter squared is
equal
2TN
2T 
 N μ N
2
4e T
4μ 2B N  2TTN
x 2  1  4e T
χ B
2TN
 e
V  VT
T  4TN e T
Summary
• Antiferromagnetic ordering is realized if the exchange
integral is less than zero for the nearest neighbors and is
equal to zero for other atom pairs
• Antiferromagnetic phase transition occurs at Neél
temperature. At Neél temperature spontaneous
magnetization appears in each sublattice, but atomic
magnetic moments of these sublattices have opposite
directions
• Total magnetization of the antiferrromagnet is equal to
zero, but differential magnetic susceptibility is not equal to
zero
• The temperature dependence of antiferromagnet
differential magnetic susceptibility does not have the
divergence as in the case of ferromagnetism