Module 18 Week 18 Promotion of Local and Oral History

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the following
a. Museums in the Philippines
b. Historical Shrines in the Philippines
c. Cultural Performance
d. Philippine Culture: Tribal Groups of the Philippines
e. Religious Rites and Rituals
2. Differentiate the life style of our ancestor to the life style of Filipino today
3. Appreciate the historical background of the Philippines
Museums and Historical Shrine in the Philippines
This module contains the different museums found in the Philippines and its significance, the
historical shines found in the Philippines, cultural Performance, indigenous practices and the
religious rites and rituals. Some Museum’s that are found in the Philippines that reflects the culture
and tradition and the life style of the Filipino: Aguinaldo Shrine, Baliuag Museum and Library, Capas
National Shrine, Casa Santa Museum, Expo Pilipino, Las Casas Filipinas de Acuzar, Clark Museum
and 4D Theater, Gen. Paciano Rizal Shrine, Marcelo H. Del Pilar National Shrine, Marcos Museum
and Mausoleum, Mount Samat National Shrine, Museo de Iloko, Museum of the Women of Malolos,
Villa Escudero Museum, Balay Negrense, Bernardino Jalandoni Museum, Bohol National Museum,
Cathedral Museum of Cebu, Dizon-Ramos Museum, Fort San Pedro, Jose R. Gullas Halad Museum,
Jumalon Museum, Butterfly Sanctuary and Art Gallery, Magdalena Jalandoni Museum and Historical
Shrine, Museo Iloilo, Museo Sugbo, Museo negrense de la salle, Negros Museum, University of San
Carlos Museum and Rizal Shrine.

Figure 1. Museums and Historical Shrines in the Philippines

The Idea and the short history excerpt from the work of Guyana Workshop, Public Lecture,
May 17, 1999 Museums, Peace, Democracy and Governance in the 21st Century – Post Conference
Workshop. The study shows the short history of the museum and the functio ns and significance of
the museum todays and how it gives education from the past.

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 “Museums have a long history going back to the 3rd century B.C., when the first known museum
was opened in the University of Alexandria in Egypt. Over the years, however, the museum culture has
spread to nearly every part of the world and today it has become uncommon to find any country that
does not have a museum, no matter how small it may be. This implies that the concept of the museum
has become a global concept that has survived the 20th century. The traditional role of museums is to
collect objects and materials of cultural, religious and historical importance, preserve them, research
into them and present them to the public for the purpose of education and enjoyment. The early
museums were elitist, uninspiring and aloof as they encouraged only the educated people to visit them.
The general public were excluded. This focus has today become too narrow and unacceptable in a
changing world where there is sustained glamour for more openness, pragmatism and collective
involvement in dealing with issues that impact on people, communities and nations”

Museums and Education

“Education is critical for development. Education that is devoid of the cultures of the people in the
society is empty and incomplete. One of the fundamental objectives of the museum is to educate, and
it is only the museum that has the capacity and the ability to impart cultural education effectively as
it houses the tools and materials for doing so in its collections. In modern society, the museums enrich
the educational process by exposing children and indeed the public to their history in a positive way;
they assist our future generations to understand and appreciate their history and culture and take
pride in the achievements of their forbearers.”
“Museums possess materials and information that can and should be used in enriching and improving
the school curriculum in various disciplines. What is important is for the educational planners to work
closely with museum experts on how the educational resources that are available in the museum can
be integrated into the curriculum and the learning process at all levels. On its part, the museum should
develop educational programme for the various tiers of the school system, namely, primary schools,
secondary schools, teacher training colleges, technical colleges and universities, among others. A
properly articulated museum education programme will become an essential component in the overall
educational system of society. Educational visits to the museums should be developed and encouraged
to cater for all interest groups, and as we approach the turn of the century, it has become very
necessary and important for our museums to ensure that they become children-friendly.”

Promotion of Unity

“For a people to live in peace and happiness, there must be unity. Museums do promote unity in the
society by using their resources to ensure understanding and appreciation for the various groups and
cultures that exist in that society. Peace is essential for happiness and joy in the family, in the
community, in the society, in the nation and in the world. Our world is troubled in many ways today
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and peace is threatened so often because people do not understand their neighbor’s. Conflict resolution
and reconciliation are essential elements for the attainment of sustainable peace and unity.”
“Museums should use their collections in promoting a better understanding of the collective heritage
of the people in the Philippines, which will have the effect of fostering the commonality of those things
that unite the nation and its people. They can, through their programmes and activities, reconcile the
various interests in the society for the collective good of the nation; they can use their unique positions
to reach the conscience of the nation and to foster dialogue, and they can become rallying points for
the country in ensuring that peace is enthroned.“
“On a broader perspective, museums can promote cultural diplomacy that will engender greater
understanding between peoples and nations. A properly packaged cultural diplomacy programme will
promote the best in the Philippines to the wider world and foster a free flow of knowledge and a
wholesome exchange of cultural materials and ideas with other nations of the world. This programme
will also create a sense of pride and purpose among the people of the Philippines, who will better
appreciate the fact that they too have a contribution to make to encourage peace, unity and
understanding in the communities of the larger world.”

The Way Forward

Historical Shrines

“Shrines are found in many country in the world’s religions, including

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Shinto, and Asatru as well as in secular
and non-religious settings such as a war memorial. Shrines can be found in various settings, such
as churches, temples, cemeteries, museums, or in the home, although portable shrines are also found
in some cultures.”
“National Shrines are historic sites or objects hallowed or honored for their history or association”

“The Philippines is full of museums caring for the collection of artifacts and other objects of
scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance which makes them available for public viewing
through exhibits. The largest and most visited museums in the Philippines are located in major cities
of Metro Manila, although there are also interesting museums in some provinces. Here is the list of the
top ten most visited museums in the Philippines.”

Figure 2. Pambansang Museo

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National Museum of the Philippines

Figure 3. Museo Pambata

Museum Pambata
 Figure 4. Ayala Museum
Ayala Museum

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 Figure 5. Bohol Museum

Bohol Museum

Clark Museum

Palawan Museum
 Figure 6. Cultural Center of the Philippines
“Created in 1966, The Cultural Center of the Philippines has sought to truly embody its logo of katotohanan
(truth), kagandahan (beauty), and kabutihan (goodness). The best artists from all over the country and
around the world have graced the CCP theaters and galleries, enthralling Filipinos for over thirty years.”

UST Museum

“Started as Gabinete de Fisica, an observation of mineral, botany, and biology collections in the 17th century,
it is used as classroom materials for the courses in science especially in Medicine and Pharmacy. The
University of Santo Tomas Museum, known to be the oldest existing museum in the Philippines, is proud of its
vast collection. Preserved for over three hundred years in the Main Building, the collections grew with the
inclusion of significant cultural objects and artifacts. UST Museum is honored to present cultural artifacts
considered indigenous to the Philippines. These are categorized into tribal musical instruments; three
dimensional artifacts; house hold wares and daily life; weaponry; brass and metal crafts; wares and burial
jars.”

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 Figure 7. Rizal Shrine’s

Rizal Shrine’s

Are you familiar with Cultural Performance in the Philippines?

Nations on the planet have their own societies made more vivid, delightful and lively as a result of
Folk Dances that are impression of their identity. In the east, the Chinese have their emblematic
Dragon Dance, the Japanese have the genealogical move Bon Odori. In the west the Americans
have their Square Dance. Then again, the Philippines won't be deserted. "The Pearl of The Orient"
gloat of an assortment of Filipino Folk Dances.

The Philippines comprise of 7107 islands, and is separated in three gatherings of islands. The
Luzon, Mindano, and Visayas. Every one of these areas contain distinctive dialects, history,
religion, and customs. With every district having diverse impact in their specialties, artworks, and
precursor moves. We should travel through every area and investigate the diverse styles,
ensembles, Dances and Talents from Each Region.... As we investigate every one of the areas and
styles, please recollect a great deal of these Cultural and Folk moves speaks to hardships and day
by day extremely difficult assignments that has transformed into a fine art. A considerable lot of
 the moves you will read about here were genuine exercises or tasks that the Filipino persevered
to survive the poor economy and condition of the country.

Traditions and Heritage - Luzon Region

Luzon is comprising of the clans, for example, Ifugao, Benquet, Kalinga, Bontoc, Apayo, Kalinga,
some of the time these are call Igorot. “But some of the time that is viewed as corrupting."
Cordillerea name additionally utilized for a few sections the Luzo n Region...

Northern most locale of the Philippines, Luzon gets its Cultural impact from Hindu -Buddist, Spanish
and numerous ethnic regions clans. All with contrasts and convictions. Be that as it may, in all the
Cultural and Folk Dances from this district speaks to every single distinctive group in one way or
the other.

* Dance: Idaw

“This move in some cases has numerous names and distinctive variants. Most regular is this move
delineates the chasing custom performed before an ancestral war. The clan's men would go out and
gaze upward and look for the terrified Idaw Birds. Which is said to lead the clan to triumph. Likewise
take a gander at the garments, Philippines being an exceptionally hot atmosphere, in addition to the
utilization of as meager material as could reasonably be expected, the conventional garments was not
made to cover a significant part of the body....”

* Dance: Banga

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”This move shows the Igorot ladies on their way to the stream to bring the day by day water supply for
their families. It demonstrates the aptitude and quality of the ladies as they would convey
overwhelming loaded mud pots (Banga) brimming with water. Their elegance and dexterity while
adjusting the overwhelming pots, once in a while stacks 5 high, is a confirmation of the Filipino and
how hardships turn into a fine art and ability. As a young lady you would begin with just a single pot.
Obviously as you wind up more seasoned and more experienced, alongside the way that you could give
more water to your family in one trek. Pots could be stacked as high as 5 or 6. The more pots you could
convey demonstrated your expertise and furthermore you remaining among the ladies of that zone.
They would all accumulate and walk to the stream every day, singing a local melody which is spoken
to by the flute and slamming of bamboo into press pots in the dance......”

* Dance: Idudu

“The family is the fundamental structure of family life among the Itneg/Tinggian poeple. The watching
over the Children is shared by both the mother and father. While the men are clearing the fields,
breaking the dirt with bamboo and their feet, the ladies watch the youngsters. Before long as the m en
are done, they deal with the kids while the ladies do extremely difficult work. You can find in the move
how the ladies will take the bamboo containers in a shaking style like drying the rice, while the men
are going in hovers in foundation like they are drudging the land. At that point you will see the ladies
put down the bushels overlap the material into an infant while the spouse stands aside. At that point
the ladies will turn over the infant to the spouse, get the bamboo and begin worked the land while the
men hold and support the babys.........”

* Dance: Ragsaksakan

“The word signifies "Merriment". This move would be performed after an effective scout and
furthermore for a peace settlement between waring tribles. The beautiful hand woven "covers of life"
are worn around the neck while bushels to convey create or rice are worn upon the head. A few variants
of this move utilize the "Banga" rather than the crate.”

Pride and Honor - Mindanao Region

Mindanao is the southernmost district of The Philippines. Being the second biggest island in the
Philippines, its Culture comprises of generally Muslium or “Moro " individuals, likewise made out of
other ethnic gatherings, for example, the Maranao, Tausug, Banguingui, and indigenous clans known
as Lumad. You will see a lot of Arabian, and Middle Eastern impact in their ensembles and moves.

* Dance : Singkil

“Sinkil move takes its name from the rings worn on the lower legs of the Muslim princess. Perhaps a
standout amongst the most prepared of really Filipino moves, the Singkil relates the epic legend of the
"Darangan" of the Maranao people of Mindanao. This epic, made sooner or later in the fourteenth
century, relates the basic story of Princess Gandingan, who was gotten in the midst of a woods in the
midst of a tremor caused by the diwatas, or sprites or pixie of the Bamboo.”

“The musical applauding of bungled bamboo posts speak to the trees that were falling, which she
smoothly stays away from. Her slave steadfastly goes with her all through her trial. At last, she is spared
by the ruler. Artists wearing grave faces and keeping up a noble posture being moving at a moderate
pace which soon advances to a quicker rhythm skillfully control apir, or fans which speak to the breezes
that turn out to be favorable. The artists weave expertly through crisscrossed bamboos.”

* Dance : Kini Kini

“Kini implies the Royal Walk. Maranao ladies played out this hit the dance floor with scarves. The
excellence of the scarve and the ability and elegance in which it is shown. Demonstrates their world
class social childhood.”

* Dance : Pangalay

“A pangalay native to the Badjao, sometimes known as the "Sea Gypsies." Pangalay is a move that
emphasizes the deftness of the stomach zone. The melodic skip of the shoulder with simultaneous trading
waving of arms are the fundamental advancement of this move. The pangalay is normally performed at
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weddings and different gatherings. You will in like manner watch a couple of segments of the Sinkgil in
this move besides. Another bit of this move is in like manner called the Muslium four Bamboos.”

* Dance : Asik
“This is performed by a performance madien, enhanced with fine dabs and make up, long head scarf. She
would move to win the support of her Sultan ace. Numerous time the young ladies would move to win
the hearts of her lord or to compensate for a wrong she had done. She would give her entire essence into
this execution to mellow the core of her lord to acknowledge her...”
LOVE OF LIFE AND COUNTRY - VISAYAS REGION

Visayas being the Central Island of The Philippines, Visayas is likewise separated into three areas.
Focal, Eastern, Western. Comprising of Austronesians, Negritos, these we Animist Tribal Group.
Numerous others clans from around encompassing island would come after the destruction or
separate of thier clans. Visayas turned into a mixture for a wide range of Tribes and Cultural
backgrounds. You will discover Arbian, Spanish, and some Western impacts in the moves of this
locale. You will see that the moves of the Visayas are more playful and energizing, less in Drama and
innate implications as different districts.

* Dance : Sayaw Sa Banko

“This move is local to the barrio of Pangapisan, Lingayen, Pangasinan, and requests aptitude from its
entertainers who must move over a seat about six inches wide.”

* Dance : Tinikling
 “Tinikling is viewed as the national folkdance with a couple of artists bouncing between two bamboo
posts held simply over the ground and struck together so as to music. Begun from Leyte Province, this
move is in truth a copy development of "tinikling flying creatures" bouncing over trees, grass stems or
over bamboo traps set by ranchers. Artists play out this hit the dance floor with noteworthy elegance
and speed hopping between bamboo shafts.”

* Dance : Subli

“The expression "subli" is from two tagalog words "subsub" which means falling on head and "bali",
which implies broken. Subsequently, the artists give off an impression of being faltering and abnormal
all through the move. This variant is initially a custom move of the locals of Bauan, Batangas, which is
appeared amid holidays as a stately love move to the town's symbol, the blessed cross.”
* Dance : Maglalatik

“Initially performed in Binan, Laguna as a deride war move that exhibits a battle between the Moros and
the Christians over the prized latik or coconut meat amid the Spanish administer, this move is likewise
appeared to pay tribute to the town's supporter holy person, San Isidro Labrador. It has a four -section
execution, for example, the palipasan and the baligtaran demonstrating the extreme fight, the paseo and the
escaramusa-the compromise. Moro artists wear read pants while the Christian artists appear in blue. All
artists are male; with bridles of coconut shells connected on their chests, backs, thighs and hips.”

Philippine Culture: Tribal Groups of the Philippines

Badjao

The clan of Badjao dwells in the islands of Sulu, one of the islands in Mindanao. They are ocean faring
individuals. They are known for their imaginatively woven, beautiful sails. A greater part of the Badjaos
rehearse Islam, while a couple of them have carnal convictions. Regardless they have confidence in a
medium, a man interceding amongst them and the divine beings.

Igorots

The Igorots are contained numerous clans that live in the Cordillera mountain ranges. They are known to
be rice-cultivators. Truth be told, the Ifugaos, an assortment of the Igorot clan assembled the Banaue Rice
Terraces, a standout amongst the most well known recorded and building attract

Ilongot

This clan lives in the east heaps of Luzon called Sierra Madre. Numerous anthropologists and history
specialists observe the Ilongot society to intrigue. There is uniformity amongst people, and the two
guardians for the most part take protective parts.

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Lumad

Lumad is a term used to allude to the clans containing the eastern parts of Mindanao. They are known for
inborn music that influences utilization of special instruments they to have developed.

Mangyan

The Mangyans of Mindoro are a standout amongst the most well known clans in the Philippines. Among all
the current clans in the Philippines, they have the biggest populace. They hone antiquated chasing and
animalist religious perspectives, albeit around 10% have been changed over to Christianity

Palawan Tribes

The locale of Palawan is house to various clans. Palawan is one of the areas in the Philippines that has not
totally grasped urbanism, hence influencing it to flawless as living arrangement to a considerable lot of the
indigenous individuals. The majority of the Palawan clans live on angling and chasing.

Tumadok

The Tumadok clan is likely one of the not very many clans existing in the Visayas district. They for the most
part dwell in the Panay Island. They have kept their conventions entirely up to this point, likely in view of
their topographical area. They are isolated from alternate occupants with a p rogression of mountain
ranges.
It is awesome to see that there are as yet a significant number of these existent clans in th e Philippines.
While they become less and less in number since some clan individuals grasp advancement, a considerable
lot of these clans endeavor to keep their social conventions alive.
A large portion of the clans keep their conventions through workmanship. For example, the Igorots still do
cultivating and development, and a large portion of them wear their woven material outfit. The Ifugaos are
particularly appealing to numerous Filipinos and outsiders in light of their surprising outfit, particularly
the guys who wear something like a G-string. The Badjaos are known for their vivid sails and even as of not
long ago, you would see their water crafts imaginatively cruising in the
The Philippine government applied exertion in ensuring the recorded terrain s of these clans. Amid the late
World War time frame, a considerable lot of these clans lost their properties to real estate brokers. Along
these lines, their populace made a sudden drop. So as to hold their wonderful culture, the legislature
expanded help in protecting ancient rarities and proceeding with their conventions. In the past it was very
difficult to do, yet with the assistance of Non-government associations (NGOs), the clans could join
advancement and still keep their conventions alive.
On the off chance that you are flying out to the Philippines, you presumably would see a couple of these
clans. The Igorots of the Cordillera normally connect with individuals. Be that as it may, a few clans like the
Mangyans of Mindoro are separated in their properties and you need to movement to them on the off
chance that you need to see their methods for living. Numerous outsiders appreciate submerging in their
uncommon culture due to its multifaceted nature and uniqueness.
The Philippines is comprised of more than 7,100 islands. With such a large number of islands and more
than 16 locales, we have various types of social practices. Despite the fact that we customarily take after
most practices since the pre-Spanish period however stay aware of the cutting edge rehearses, a few
indigenous clans have figured out how to keep their social character alive.
A significant number of the clans in the Philippines still live in their unique genealogical land and practice
customs, while most present day Filipinos keep just the qualities like accommodation, cherish for family
and God. Here are a couple of the indigenous clans that have kept the way of life of the Filipinos
Religious Rites and Rituals
The Philippines gladly gloats to be the main Christian country in Asia. In excess of 86 percent
of the populace is Roman Catholic, 6 percent have a place with different nationalized Christian
factions, and another 2 percent have a place with well more than 100 Protestant categories.
Notwithstanding the Christian lion's share, there is an enthusiastic 4 percent Muslim minority,
focused on the southern islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. Scattered in separated uneven
locales, the rest of the 2 percent take after non Western, indigenous convictions and practices. The
Chinese minority, albeit measurably irrelevant, has been socially compelling in shading Filipino
Catholicism with a significant number of the convictions and practices of Buddhism, Taoism, and
Confucianism. The pre-Hispanic conviction arrangement of Filipinos comprised of a pantheon of
divine beings, spirits, animals, and men that watched the streams, fields, trees, mountains,
backwoods, and houses. Bathala, who made earth and man, was better than these different divine
beings and spirits. General penances and supplications were offered to assuage these divinities and
spirits- - some of which were generous, some malignant. Wood and metal pictures spoke to
genealogical spirits, and no refinement was made between the spirits and their physical image.
Reward or discipline after death was needy upon conduct in this life. Any individual who had
presumed control over the heavenly and regular was naturally raised to a place of unmistakable
quality. Each town had its offer of shamans and ministers who intensely utilized their abilities and
carried on custom curing. Numerous picked up prestige for their capacity to create anting, an appeal
ensured to make a man invulnerable notwithstanding human foes. Different magicians devised love
mixtures or created talismans that made their proprietors imperceptible. Upon this indigenous
religious base two remote religions were presented - Islam and Christianity - and a procedure of
social adjustment and union started that is as yet developing. Spain acquainted Christianity with the
Philippines in 1565 with the landing of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi. Prior, start in 1350, Islam had been
spreading northward from Indonesia into the Philippine archipelago. When the Spanish touched
base in the sixteenth century, Islam was solidly settled on Mindanao and Sulu and had stations on
Cebu and Luzon. At the season of the Spanish entry, the Muslim regions had the most astounding
and most politically incorporated culture on the islands and, given additional time, would likely
have brought together the whole archipelago. Carrying on their recorded convention of removing
the Jews and Moros [Moors] from Spain (a pledge to dispensing with any nonChristians), Legaspi
immediately scattered the Muslims from Luzon and the Visayan islands and started the procedure
of Christianization. Strength over the Muslims on Mindanao and Sulu, nonetheless, was never
accomplished amid three centuries of Spanish run the show. Amid American control in the principal
half of this century the Muslims were never completely placated amid th e supposed "Moro Wars."
Since freedom, especially in the most recent decade, there has been opposition by vast sections of
the Muslim populace to national mix. Numerous vibe, with worthy motivation, that reconciliation
adds up to social and mental destruction. For more than ten years the Moro National Liberation
Front has been pursuing a war of severance against the Marcos government. While Islam was
contained in the southern islands, Spain vanquished and changed over the rest of the islands to
Hispanic Christianity. The Spanish only from time to time needed to fall back on military power to
prevail upon changes over, rather the great show of ceremony and condition, administrative
clothing, pictures, supplications, and sacrament pulled in the provincial peop le. To shield the
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populace from Muslim slave bandits, the general population were resettled from detached scattered
villages and brought "debajo de las companas" (under the ringers), into Spanish composed pueblos.
This set an example that is apparent in current Philippine Christian towns. These pueblos had both
common and religious expert; the predominant power amid the Spanish time frame was in the
hands of the ward minister. The congregation, arranged on a focal court, turned into the locus of
town life. Masses, admissions, immersions, funerals, relational unions punctuated the dreariness of
regular schedules. The congregation timetable set the pace and cadence of day by day life as
indicated by celebration and formal seasons. Commercial centers and cockfight pits jumped up close
church dividers. Talk and merchandise were traded and villagers discovered "both limitation and
discharge under the ringers." The aftereffects of 400 long periods of Catholicism were blended -
running from a profound religious comprehension by the informed tip top to a more shallow
comprehension by the rustic and urban masses. The last is usually alluded to as Filipino people
Christianity, joining a surface facade of Christian monotheism and creed with indigenous animism.
It might show itself in agriculturists looking for religious gifts on their rice seed before planting or
in the arrangement of a bamboo cross at the comer of a rice field to avert harm by creepy crawlies.
It might likewise appear as a society healer utilizing Roman Catholic images and sacrament blended
with pre-Hispanic ceremonies. At the point when the United States assumed control over the
Philippines in the principal half of the century, the defenses for colonizing were to Christianize and
democratize. The inclination was that these objectives could be accomplished just through mass
training (up until the point when then instruction was saved for a little world class). A large portion
of the educators who went to the Philippines were Protestants, numerous were even Protestant
priests. There was a solid bias among a portion of these educators against Catholics. Since this
Protestant gathering founded and controlled the arrangement of state funded training in the
Philippines amid the American provincial time frame, it applied a solid impact. In this way they
adjust has moved to reflect significantly more grounded impact by the Catholic lion's share. Amid
the time of furnished defiance to Spain, a nationalized church was sorted out under Gregorio
Aglipay, who was made "Otherworldly leader of the Nation under Arms." Spanish religious
administrators were ousted and captured, and church property was swung over to the Aglipayans.
In the early piece of the twentieth century the quantities of Aglipayans crested at 25 to 33 per cent
of the populace. Today they have declined to around 5 percent and are related with the Protestant
Episcopal Church of the United States. Another powerful nationalized Christian organization is the
lglesia ni Kristo, started around 1914 and established by Felix Manolo Ysagun. Alongside the
Aglipayans and Iglesia ni Kristo, there have been a multiplication of Rizalist factions, guaranteeing
the martyred legend of Philippine patriotism, Jose B. Rizal as the second child of God and a rebirth
of Christ. Pioneers of these orders themselves frequently claim to be resurrections of Rizal, Mary,
or pioneers of the transformation; assert that the end of the world is within reach for non -
adherents; and claim that one can discover salvation and paradise by joining the gathering. These
gatherings run from the Colorums of the 1930s to the advanced P.B.M.A. (Philippine Benevolent
Missionary Association, headed by Ruben Ecleo). A large portion of the individuals who take after
these factions are poor people, confiscated, and separated and feel estranged from the Catholic
Church. The present test to the matchless quality of the Catholic church originates from an
assortment of little factions - from the fundamentalist Christian gatherings, for example, Jehovah's
Witnesses and Seventh Day Adventists, to the lglesia ni Kristo and Rizalists. The Roman Catholics
experience the ill effects of an absence of faculty (the cleric to individuals proportion is exceedingly
low), putting them off guard in picking up and keeping up prominent help. The Catholic Church is
looking to address this difficulty by setting up an undeniably local pastorate and by participating in
programs adapted to social activity and human rights among the country and urban poor. By and
large this action has prompted grinding between the congregation and the Marcos government,
bringing about captures of clerics, nuns, and laypeople on charges of subversion. In the "war for
spirits" this might be an essential forfeit. At display the biggest developing religious are a falls inside
the region of these littler, grass roots orders; yet the truth will surface eventually where the rates
will at last rest.

Pukpok

Kutkot

Baliw

Aswang

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Penitensya

What is Oral History?

Principles and Best Practices

 Principles and Best Practices for Oral History

The Oral History Association encourages individuals and institutions involved with the
creation and preservation of oral histories to uphold certain principles, professional and
technical standards, and obligations.
 Oral History in the Digital Age
Oral History in the Digital Age is the go-to place for the latest information on digital
technologies pertaining to all phases of the oral history process.

References and Supplementary Materials

Books and Journals
1. Antonio, Eleonor D., Dallo, Evangeline M. at et al... ; 2010; Kayamanan (kasaysayan ng
Pilipinas); Sampaloc, Manila; Rex Book Store, Inc.
2. Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; 2010; Philippine History; South Triangle, Quezon City; C & E
Publishing, Inc.
3. Guyana Workshop, Public Lecture, May 17, 1999 Museums, Peace, Democracy and
Governance in the 21st Century – Post Conference Workshop
4. Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History, University of Kentucky Libraries; and the Oral
History Association.
5. philippinesculturalfolkdances.blogspot.com/
6. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Short History of the Philippines. New York: Mentor Books, 1969.
Carroll, John J., and others. Philippine Institutions. Manila: Solidaridad, 1970. Chaffee,
7. Frederic H., and others. Area Handbook for the Philippines. Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, 1969. Corpuz, Onofre D. The Philippines.
8. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; Spectrum Books, paper, 1965. Gowing, Peter G.,
and Robert D. McArnis, eds. The Muslim Filipinos. Manila: Solidaridad, 1974.
9. Mercado, Leonardo N., ed. Filipino Religious Psychology. Tacloban City, Philippines:
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11. https://everything-filipino.com/philippine-culture-tribal-groups-of-the-philippines/

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