Syllabus

Subject Code: EE3L007 Name: Electrical Power Transmission

and Distribution
L-T-P: 3- 1-0 Credits: 4
 

Power System Network: Basic structure of power system,

Transmission voltages, Bundled conductors, Choice of economics
voltages, Transmission of Network in India;

Line Parameters: Line resistance, Inductance, Inductance of

bundled conductor lines, Capacitance of two wire line, Capacitance
of three phase line with equilateral spacing, Capacitance of three
phase line with Unsymmetrical spacing.
 Syllabus

Performance of Transmission Lines: Representation of lines,

Per unit method, Short transmission line, Medium length
transmission line, Long transmission line, Evaluation of ABCD
parameters, Equivalent  and T circuits,

Line voltage regulation and compensation, Regulating

transformer;

Overhead Line Insulators: Insulator materials, Types of

insulators, voltage distribution over insulator string, Improvement
of string efficiency.
 Syllabus
Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines: General
consideration, Line supports, Span conductor configuration,
spacing and clearances, sag and tension calculations,
Conductor vibration;

Corona: The phenomenon of corona, Corona loss, Factors

and conditions affecting coronal loss, Coronal in bundled
conductor lines; Interference between Power and 13
Communication Lines: Electromagnetic Induction, Electro
Static induction, Reduction of interference;
 Syllabus

Underground Cables: Classification of cables, Pressurized

cables, Effective conductor register, conductor inductive
reactance, parameters of single core cables, Capacitance of
three core belted cable;

Power System Transients : Circuit closing transient,

Sudden symmetrical short circuit of alternator, Recovery
transient due to removal of short circuit, Travelling waves
on transmission lines, Wave equations, Arcing grounds,
Line design based on direct strokes.
 Syllabus

Extra High Voltage Transmission: Need for EHV

transmission, Use of bundled conductors, Radio noise from
EHV lines, Shunt compensation static-var systems, Series
compensation, EHV systems in India;

Distribution System: Comparison of various distribution

systems, voltage drop in distribution, General design
consideration, Power System Earthing, Surge Arrestor
 Books

1. W. D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System analysis,

McGraw Hill, 1982.

2. D. P. Kothari, I J. Nagrath, Power System Engineering,

Mc Graw Hill.

3. L. M. Faulkenberry and W. Coffer, Electrical Power

Distribution and Transmission, PHI, 1996.
 Chapter-1: INTRODUCTION
•The load variations over a day comprises three components
- a varying component whose daily pattern depends upon the
time of day, weather, season
- a steady component, which is known as base load
- Purely randomly varying component of relatively small
amplitude
•Figure 1.1 shows a typical daily load curve. The characteristics of
a daily load curve on a gross basis are indicated by peak load and
the time of its occurrence.

Fig. 1.1-Typical Daily Load Curve

• The average load determines the energy consumption over
the day, while the peak load along with considerations of
standby capacity determines plant capacity for meeting the
load.

average load
 LoadFactor (less than unity)
maximum (peak) load
 Load Forecasting
1. Load Forecasting- Power plant planning and construction
require a gestation period of four to eight years or even
longer for the present day super power stations.
Therefore, energy and load demand forecasting plays a
crucial role in power system studies.
2. Yearly forecasts are based on previous year's loading
updated by factors such as general load increase, major
loads and weather trends.
3. In short-term load forecasting, hour-by-hour predictions
are made for the particular day under consideration.
4. A minor forecast error on low side might necessitate the
use of inefficient, oil fired turbine generators or “peaking
units” which are quite costly.
 Load Forecasting
5. On the other hand, a high side forecast error would keep
excessive generation in hot reserve.
6. Wind and Solar power plants are being integrated in
existing power system and that penetration is increasing
day by day. As power from those sources intermittent in
nature, the forecasting becomes essential.
7. Accurate forecasting of not only load, the power
generation from wind and solar are also becomes
essential.
 Structure of Power Systems
• For economical and technological reasons individual power
systems are organized in form of electrically connected areas or
regional grids.
• The grids were the Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and
Southern Grids. These regional links were established to enable
transmission of surplus electricity between States in each region.
• Each area or regional grid operates technically and economically
independently, but these are interconnected to form national grid.
• Interconnection has economic advantage of reducing the reserve
generation capacity in each area. Under conditions of sudden
increase in load or loss of generation in one area, it is immediately
possible to borrow power from adjoining interconnected areas.
• India has interconnections to neighboring countries as well.
Presently, India imports/exports electricity from Bhutan, Nepal,
Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. India is also thinking for large
International Grid.
Effects of interconnection
• Interconnection causes larger currents to flow on
transmission lines under faulty condition with a
consequent increase in capacity of circuit breaker.
• The synchronous machines in all interconnected areas
must operate stably and in a synchronized manner.
• It provides capacity savings by seasonal exchange of power
between areas having opposing winter and summer
requirements.
• It facilitates transmission of off-peak power.
Indian power system structure-
• Electrical power is generated at a voltage of 11 to 25 kV which
then is stepped up to the transmission levels in the range of 66
to 765 kV .
• As the transmission capability of a line is proportional to the
square of its voltage, research is being carried out to raise
transmission voltages.
Fig 1.2 (a): schematic diagram depicting power system structure
Fig 1.2(b): schematic diagram depicting power system structure
 Transmission System

High voltage AC (HVAC) High voltage DC (HVDC)

Other than cost, there are

other technical merits of
HVDC over HVAC
(Ex. Frequency stability,
Fast control of power
400 km flow)

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 Types of energy sources
1. Conventional energy sources
• Thermal Power Stations-Steam
• Gas-based power plants
• Hydroelectric power generation
• Nuclear Power Stations
• Geothermal Power Plants

2. Renewable energy sources

• Wind Power
• Solar Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Biofuels
 Solar System in isolated or off-grid mode
AC
Photovoltaic
Bus
System
DC-Bus

DC-DC DC to AC Loads
Converter Converter 1ph, 3ph

Control Control
Unit Unit

Acts as Maximum Power Tracker, or to boost the voltage

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 Power Electronic Converters
You know about Diodes

+ -
i
Diode

v
This is the example of rectifier
circuit which converts AC into
DC
v

t
19
 Power Electronic Converters

• There are electronic devices (ex.: Thyristers, Transistors) whose

ON/OFF period can be regulated and hence, can be used to control
current, voltage and frequency.

• Those devices act as very fast electronic switch (switching freq.

may be upto 50 kHz or even can be more).

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 Wind Generators

Fig. 3: Generator with gear box

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Wind Generators without Gear Box

Fig. 5: Direct drive PMSG

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 Generation Capacity Status in India

Total Installed Capacity 357.87548 GW (As on

30.6.2019)
[79371.92]
(22%)
[24937.22]

[6780] 194489.50 (55%)

[45399.22]
(12%)

Coal Large Hydro Nuclear

Gas Res
23
 Renewable Generation Capacity Status in India

Installed grid interactive renewable power capacity in

India as of 30.6.2019
[4603.75]
[9269.8]

[36089.12]

[29409.25]

Wind Solar
Biomass Small Hydro
Govt. of India has target to achieve Solar power of 1 lac MW by 2022.

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 Growth of power system in India
Deregulation-

1. For over one hundred years, the electric power industry

worldwide operated as a regulated industry. In any area
there was only one company or government agency
(mostly state-owned) that produced, transmitted,
distributed and sold electric power and services.

2. Deregulation as a concept came in early 1990s. It

brought in changes designed to encourage competition.
3. The structure for deregulation is evolved in terms of
Genco (Generation Company), Transco (Transmission
Company) and ISO (Independent System Operator). It is
expected that the optimal bidding will help Genco to
maximize its payoffs.
Ex: Odisha Power Transmission Corporation Limited
(OPTCL) undertake the business of transmission and
wheeling of electricity in the State

4. The consumers are given choice to buy energy from

different retail energy suppliers who in turn buy the energy
from Genco in a power market. (independent power
producer, IPP).
Four important terms connected with deregulated
power systems:
1. Open Access- open access is the non discriminatory
provision for the use of transmission lines or distribution
system or associated facilities with such lines or system
by any licensee or consumer or a person engaged in
generation in accordance with the regulations specified
by the appropriate commission. It will promote
competition and in turn lead to availability of cheaper
power.
2. Wheeling- wheeling is the operation whereby the
distribution system and associated facilities of a
transmission or distribution licensee are used by
another person for the conveyance of electricity on
payment of charges to be determined by appropriate
commission.
3. Energy Banking- Energy Banking is a process under
which the captive power plant or a co-generator
supplies power to the grid not with the intention of
selling it to either a third party or to a licensee, but with
the intention of exercising his eligibility to draw back
this power from the grid at a prescribed time during
next financial year, after deduction of certain banking
charges.

4. Unbundling / Corporatization- Many state electricity

boards have either been unbundled or corporatized.
Distribution business is privatized in some states such as
Delhi.
 Distributed and Dispersed Generation
• Distributed Generation (DG) entails using many small
generators of 2-50 MW output, installed at various strategic
points through out the area, so that each provides power to a
small number of consumers nearby.
• These may be solar, mini/micro hydal or wind turbine units,
highly efficient gas turbines, since there are the most
economic choices.
• Dispersed generation refers to use of still smaller generating
units, of less than 500 kW output and often sized to serve
individual homes or businesses.
• Micro gas turbines, fuel cells, diesel, and small wind and solar
PV generators make up this category.
• The distributed/dispersed generators can be stand-
alone/autonomous or grid-connected depending upon the
requirement.
 Power System Engineers and Power System Studies
• On the planning side, the engineer has to make decisions
on how much electricity to generate-where, when, and by
using what fuel.
• He has to be involved in construction tasks of great
magnitude both in generation and transmission.
• He has to solve the problems of planning and coordinated
operation of a vast and complex power network, so as to
achieve a high degree of economy and reliability.
• For planning the operation, improvement and expansion of
a power system, a power system engineer needs load flow
studies, short circuit studies, and stability studies.
• He has to know the principles of economic load dispatch
and load frequency control.
 Use of Computers and Microprocessor
• Analogue computers were developed in 1940s and were used
in conjunction with AC network analyzer to solve various
problems such as load-flow and stability studies for off--line
studies.
• In 1950s many analogue devices were developed to control
the on-line functions such as generation, control, frequency
and tie-line control.

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is one

such example
Electric utilities use SCADA systems to detect current flow and
line voltage, to monitor the operation of circuit breakers, and
to take sections of the power grid online or offline
 SCADA System

Measurement from CTs/PTs OR Meters at each Sub-staions

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) at each Sub-stations

SCADA Server Station

(Monitoring & Control)

Control command to CBs/Switches Printer

Fig.2: The block diagram of the implementation of

SCADA automation
 SCADA System
Components of SCADA
• Combination of hardware and
software
• A central host or master
station unit
• Remote terminal units (RTUs)
• Communication System
Functions of SCADA:
• Communications with RTUs
• Data processing
• Historical data storage
• Transfer of control commands
to RTUs
• Graphical display of
• Control Function
• Switchgear control (Sector-
wise Trip/Restore commands)
• Alarm/Event Lists
 Smart Grid

Electric Grid + IT = Smart-Grid