Q.13- Define the Function. And explain with example of Recursion.

Ans - Function in C

A function is a group of statements that together perform a specific task. Every C

program has at least one function, which is main().

Why use function ?

Function are used for divide a large code into module, due to this we can easily
debug and maintain the code. For example if we write a calculator programs at that
time we can write every logic in a separate function (For addition sum(), for
subtraction sub()). Any function can be called many times.

Advantage of Function

 Code Re-usability

 Develop an application in module format.

 Easily to debug the program.

 Code optimization: No need to write lot of code.

Type of Function in C

There are two type of function in C Language. They are;

 Library function or pre-define function.

 User defined function.

Recursive Function in C

When Function is call within same function is called Recursion. The function which
call same function is called recursive function. In other word when a function call
itself then that function is called Recursive function.
 Recursive function are very useful to solve many mathematical problems like to
calculate factorial of a number, generating Fibonacci series, etc.

Advantage of Recursion

 Function calling related information will be maintained by recursion.

 Stack evaluation will be take place by using recursion.

 In fix prefix, post-fix notation will be evaluated by using recursion.

Disadvantage of Recursion

 It is a very slow process due to stack overlapping.

 Recursive programs can create stack overflow.

 Recursive functions can create as loops.

Find the Factorial of any number using recursion

Example

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int fact(int);
int i,f,num;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any number: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
f=fact(num);
printf("Factorial: %d",f);
getch();
}

int fact(int n)
{
if(a<0)
return(-1);
 if(a==0)
return(1);
else
{
return(n*fact(n-1));
}
}

Q.14- Write a program for call by value and call by reference.

Ans - call by value and call by reference

Call by value

In call by value, original value can not be changed or modified. In call by value, when you

passed value to the function it is locally stored by the function parameter in stack memory

location. If you change the value of function parameter, it is changed for the current function only

but it not change the value of variable inside the caller method such as main().
Call by value

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void swap(int a, int b)

{
int temp;
temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
}

void main()
{
int a=100, b=200;
clrscr();
swap(a, b); // passing value to function
 printf("\nValue of a: %d",a);
printf("\nValue of b: %d",b);
getch();
}

Call by reference

In call by reference, original value is changed or modified because we pass reference

(address). Here, address of the value is passed in the function, so actual and formal arguments

shares the same address space. Hence, any value changed inside the function, is reflected

inside as well as outside the function.

Example Call by reference

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void swap(int *a, int *b)
{
int temp;
temp=*a;
*a=*b;
*b=temp;
}
void main()
{
int a=100, b=200;
clrscr();
swap(&a, &b); // passing value to function
printf("\nValue of a: %d",a);
printf("\nValue of b: %d",b);
getch();
}