Practical Research 2

“ The word Research is a combination of the

prefix “re” (do again) and the root word
“search” (to seek, explore, and investigate).
What is Research?
•
What is Research?

•
 Grading System
Components %
Written Work (WW) 35 %

Performance Task (PT) 40 %

Quarterly Assessment (QA) 25 %

TOTAL 100 %
 Aims of Research
Research aims to unfold the answers to questions and:

Produce new knowledge or information

Utilize the new knowledge

Validate existing knowledge

Improve the investigator/researcher

 QuantitaTIve
vs. qualitative
Research
o Quantitative research is expressed in numbers
and graphs. It is used to test or
confirm theories and assumptions. This type of
research can be used to establish generalizable
facts about a topic.
o Common quantitative methods
include experiments, observations recorded as
numbers, and surveys with closed-ended
questions.
o Qualitative research is expressed in words. It
is used to understand concepts, thoughts or
experiences. This type of research enables you
to gather in-depth insights on topics that are
not well understood.
o Common qualitative methods include
interviews with open-ended questions,
observations described in words, and literature
reviews that explore concepts and theories.
 Quantitative Qualitative
Focuses on testing theories and hypotheses Focuses on exploring ideas and formulating a
theory or hypothesis

Analyzed through math and statistical analysis Analyzed by summarizing, categorizing and
interpreting

Mainly expressed in numbers, graphs and tables Mainly expressed in words

Requires many respondents Requires few respondents

Closed (multiple choice) questions Open-ended questions

Key terms: testing, measurement, objectivity, Key terms: understanding, context, complexity,
replicability subjectivity

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Quantitative research, also known as empirical research, is
a type of inquiry where relations are established through
the collection of numerical data which are analyzed to
derive generalization.

A systematic scientific analysis of data and their

relationships.
 How Quantitative Research Works

Observing and
Collecting Analyzing the
explaining an
information information
occurrence
 Strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
• Data collection is relatively faster and easier to
do.
• Useful given a large sample or population,
because it could speedily generate accurate,
precise and credible results.
• Data analysis is done through the use of
statistical software.
• Results are more objective and are free from
personal bias of the researcher.
• Samples are randomly selected and are not in
any way known or related to the researcher.
• The study is replicable and the instruments
used may be re-used to further researches in
the different fields and contexts.
• The statistical aspects may be too technical for
average readers to comprehend.
• There is too much emphasis on statistical
significance, disregarding the importance of the
effects involved in the study.
• The result might be too abstract and extensive
for direct application to particular local
conditions and personages.
• Results of the study may also be too limited as
they only provide numeric interpretations
rather than detailed narrative accounts of an
individual’s insights.
 TYPES OF
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
 Quantitative
Research

Descriptive
Experimental non-
experimental

True Quasi- According to According to

experimental expiremental purpose time

Correla Cross- Longitudi

Survey
tional sectional nal
 True Experimental

Variable manipulation
Aims to determine causal relationships among variables.

Relies on statistical analysis to approve or disprove a hypothesis.

Random selection of
participants
Considered as the most accurate type of experimental design.
Conducted in a
controlled setting
Maybe conducted with or without a pre-test.

Intervention is present
Involves a control group and a test group.
 Quasi - Experimental

Aims to determine causal relationships among variables.

Variable manipulation

Bears resemblance to true experimental research (but different).

Conducted in a
controlled setting
Participants are not randomly assigned.

Intervention is present Involves conduct of pretest and posttest.

 True Experimental Quasi-
Experimental
 Random
selection of  Determine causal
participants relationships  Participants are
 Maybe  Intervention not randomly
conducted with  Manipulation of selected
or without  Involves pretest
variables and posttest
pretest
 Test group and  Controlled setting  No control group
control group
 Done to gather evidence on people’s
knowledge, opinions, attitudes, and
According to Purpose values on various issues and concerns.

Variables are not

Survey Research controlled/manipulated.

Makes use of questionnaires,

interviews, and surveys.

Types of Descriptive Non-Experimental Research

 Seeks to interpret the degree of relationship
between two or more variables using
statistical data.
According to Purpose

Variables are not controlled/manipulated.

Correlational
Research
No intervention is applied.

Does not aim to determine cause and effect

relationships.

Types of Descriptive Non-Experimental Research

 Non-
Experimental
Experimental

Involves NO
Involve
manipulation of numeric data
manipulation of
variables variables

Involve
Intervention is statistics NO intervention
present done



Practical Research 2: Uy, Cabauatan, De Castro, Grajo
Scribbr.com
Types of Quantitative Research Designs_GM Lectures
https://www.hampshire.edu/dof/what-is-research

— Sources
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