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Some Changes in Postharvest Physiology and Activities
Some Changes in Postharvest Physiology and Activities
Appl
Abstract
Sugars play indispensable roles in many metabolic processes in plants. In broccoli, the level of sugars, particularly sucrose, rapidly
decline few days after harvest. This study investigated the inuence of exogenous application of 10% (w/v) sucrose to broccoli heads
during storage at 20oC. Hydration of the head was slowed down by sucrose treatment compared with the non-treated heads which gained
weight by about 5% of the initial value at the end of the experimental period. Furthermore, sucrose application enhanced ethylene
production as well as respiration rate. Glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) activity was higher in the orets of sucrose-treated heads
but, like the non-treated heads, the activity continuously declined until the end of the storage period. The relatively higher GS activity
during the early period of storage caused the delay of the onset of ammonia accumulation by about a day. In the branchlet portion, GS
activity was higher in the sucrose-treated heads until day 2 but declined thereafter. The decline in GS activity in this portion, however,
did not result to ammonia accumulation.
Key words: Ammonia, ethylene, postharvest life, respiration, broccoli
head sealed in a glass jar for 1 h by taking a 10 ml (for CO2) and 3.0
1 ml (for C2H4) gas sample from the glass jar and injecting the A
sample to the thermal conductivity detector (TCD) (GC-8 AIT, 2.5
Shimadzu Co., Ltd.) and ame ionization detector (FID) (GC- No Sucrose
C H (nl g h )
2.0
14B, Shimadzu Co., Ltd.) gas chromatographs, respectively. The Sucrose treated
result was expressed in ml CO2 kg-1h-1 for respiration rate and nl 1.5
g-1h-1 for C2H4 production.
1.0
Extraction and assay of GS and ammonia: Approximately ve
grams (plus or minus % weight gain or loss of the initial fresh 0.5
weight of the tissue) from each portion of the broccoli head was
added with 1% polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) proportional 0.0
to the sample weight, 1 g sea sand and 5 ml buffer solution Initial 1 2 3 4 5
containing 50 mM tris-HCl (pH 7.6), 10 mM MgSO4, 1 mM Days of storage
300
EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DDT), 12 mM 2-mercaptoethanol,
B
2 until day 5.
100 GS activity and ammonia accumulation: The glutamine
synthetase activity varied between portions of broccoli head. In
the oret portion, the GS activity in both treatments increased
95 No Sucrose Sucrose treated after 24 h from harvest and continuously declined thereafter (Fig.
3A). The sucrose-treated orets had relatively higher enzyme
activity than the non-treated ones throughout the entire storage
90
duration. In the branchlet portion, sucrose treatment increased
1 2 3 4 5
the enzyme activity until day 2 while the activity in the non-
Days of storage
treated portion was maintained until day 3. Enzyme activity in
Fig. 1. Changes in fresh weight of intact broccoli heads supplied with
exogenous sucrose during storage. Vertical bars indicate SE. SE bars are the sucrose-treated tissue was higher than that without sucrose
not shown when masked by the graph symbols. treatment except on day 3.
Postharvest physiology and glutamine synthetase in broccoli head supplied with exogenous sucrose 11
0.5
Discussion
A
Major physio-biochemical changes have been observed in
0.4
broccoli head during storage (Deschene et al., 1991; Pogson
(u mole min-1mg-1protein)
Glutamine synthetase
Sucrose treated floret 2A). After day 3 of storage, ethylene rapidly increased until day
Sucrose treated branchlet 4 in the sucrose treated heads but no remarkable increase was
3
observed in the non-treated heads. Although ethylene production
was signicantly higher in the sucrose-treated heads, the rate of
2 yellowing (data not shown) was almost the same as in the non-
treated ones. Nishikawa et al. (2005) attributed this result to the
1 decreased sensitivity of the orets to ethylene. They suggested
that sucrose may be easily transported into the sink cells, the
0 orets, and glucose produced by sucrose hydrolysis in the cells
Initial 1 2 3 4 5 may enhance the ethylene biosynthesis. However, it was unclear
Days of storage as to what regulates ethylene sensitivity, sucrose or its hydrolyzed
Fig. 3. Changes in glutamine synthetase activity (A) and ammonia content product, glucose, in the cell. On the other hand, the respiration rate
(B) in the branchlet and oret portions of broccoli heads supplied with was initially high in all heads but abruptly declined after 24 h from
exogenous sucrose during storage. Vertical bars indicate SE. SE bars are
not shown when masked by the graph symbols. harvest and stabilized thereafter (Fig. 2B). The high initial CO2
production can be attributed to stress imposed during harvest and
Ammonia content in the orets treated with sucrose was slightly subsequent trimmings. In the sucrose-treated heads, respiration
lower than that without sucrose until day 4 (Fig. 3B). Although rate was consistently higher than the non-treated heads from day
ammonia content abruptly increased in both treatments, the onset 2 until the end of the storage period. The ready availability or
of ammonia accumulation was delayed by about a day in the abundance of respiratory substrate could have caused the higher
sucrose treated orets than that without sucrose. In the branchlet CO2 production.
portion, the ammonia content was not signicantly different
between the non-treated and the sucrose-treated tissues, and there GS activity in the orets of both treatments reached the maximum,
was no remarkable change in ammonia content throughout the a day after harvest, and continuously declined thereafter (Fig.
storage duration. 3A). The enzyme activity was higher in the florets of the
sucrose-treated heads than in the non-treated ones. The changes
Correlation between GS activity and ammonia accumulation: in enzyme activity in the oret portion of sucrose-treated heads
Correlation analysis revealed that there is a signicant negative were negatively correlated with ammonia accumulation (Table
correlation between GS activity and ammonia accumulation in 1). In senescing wheat leaves, the accumulation of ammonia has
the oret portion of the sucrose–treated heads (Table 1). On the been found to coincide with almost complete disappearance of
other hand, no signicant correlation between GS and ammonia GS (Peters and Van Laere, 1992). The result implies that due
content was found in both portions of the non-treated heads and to the relatively higher GS activity in sucrose-treated head, the
the branchlet portion of the treated ones. onset of ammonia accumulation was delayed compared to the
Table 1. Correlation coefficient (r) values computed from linear non-treated heads. Ammonia started to rise on days 2 and 3 in the
regression analyses between glutamine synthetase activity and ammonia non-treated and the sucrose-treated orets, respectively (Fig. 3B).
accumulation in the branchlet and oret portions of broccoli heads treated
with exogenous sucrose during storage In the branchlet portion, GS activity was higher in the sucrose-
treated tissue during the earlier period of storage but dropped
Treatment Portion Correlation coefcient (r) value
after day 3. Although there was a decline in GS activity in this
Without Sucrose Florets -0.356
portion, there was no signicant increase in ammonia content until
Branchlets -0.277
the end of the 5-day storage period. It is likely that the level of
Sucrose-treated Florets -0.503*
ammonia has been efciently assimilated by GS. The ammonia
Branchlets 0.359
produced from protein catabolism, amino acid deamination and
*signicant correlation at P<0.05 (0.468); n=18 some biosynthetic reactions (Lam et al., 1996) may not have
12 Postharvest physiology and glutamine synthetase in broccoli head supplied with exogenous sucrose
exceeded the required amount to repress GS activity. In addition, Durkin, D.J. 1979. Effect of millipore ltration, citric acid, and sucrose
the higher sugar content of broccoli branchlet (Pramanik et al., on peduncle water potential of cut rose ower. J. Amer. Soc. Hort.
Sci., 104(6): 860-863.
2004) favoured the activity of the enzyme.
Ichimura, K., K. Kojima and R. Goto, 1999. Effects of temperature, 8-
The results of this study suggest that sucrose treatment delays hydroxyquinoline sulphate and sucrose on the vase life of cut rose
the onset of ammonia accumulation due to relatively higher owers. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 15: 33-40.
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However, as in the non-treated heads, the GS activity continued to of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) branchlets kept at 22oC. Plant Growth
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rate and ethylene production in the sucrose treated heads have King, G.A. and S.C. Morris, 1994. Early compositional changes during
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Acknowledgement in harvested broccoli: changes in activity and gene expression during
storage. Asian J. Plant Sci., 3(1): 76-81.
We would like to thank the Government of Japan through its
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Ministry of Education, Culture, Science and Technology for the Coruzzi, 1996. The molecular genetics of nitrogen assimilation into
nancial support. We are also grateful to the Kagawa Agricultural amino acids in higher plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol.,
Experiment Station, Miki, Kagawa, Japan for providing the 47: 569-593.
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