GARBAGE BINS CREATED USING POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Improper waste management have been a great problem for the

Philippines. Due to lack of discipline in management of waste and ignorance

towards the proper way of waste disposal, Philippines have been considered

as the most polluted country in Asia. (Business Mirror ,2018) Philippines

ranked as 28th having 74.13% of pollution index across the world. One of the

prevailing reasons why the country are being classified as polluted country

because of the issue of proper waste management. The Republic Act 9003

also known as The Ecological Solid Waste Management of 2000, approved

during the Administration of the former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

An act declaring the policy of the state to adopt Comprehensive and

Ecological Solid Waste Management Program. This act have been

implemented in the past 18 years, but it is assumed impact towards the

issue have been quite minimal because of the current ranking of the

Philippines as one of the top polluted countries around the world. In

response to this issue, many programs have been conducted such as the No

Plastic Policy in various locations in the Philippines. Also, the

implementations of the Recycling Programs to ease the number of PET or

Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles that is one of the usual components

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

blocking the drainages causing long term flood and other various

environmental problems.

Problem Statement

The production of non-biodegradable waste has been increasing

since the last century. According to Mercola (2018) 200 billion pounds or

100 million tons of plastic are produced every year, whether for industrial or

commercial usage. Plastic were not just the only issue while they are being

used and when disposed of. Fifty percent of plastic wastes goes to landfills,

where it stays for hundreds of years since it cannot be break down by any

bacteria or substance. The remaining forty-five percent were scattered into

the environment especially washed out in the bodies of water, causing

damages to marine ecosystem and even entering the environment.

(Business Mirror, 2016) Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET Bottles

are one of the most reusable and valuable forms of plastic in the Philippines

and it is also frequently the most retrieved because of its high residual value.

PET Bottles are usually used in food and beverages packaging. Philippines

are one of the highest PET Bottle recovery rates having ninety-percent of

residual value “Higher residual value are more likely to be collected from

disposal sites and resold. This means that the product or packaging with low

residual value are less likely to be collected. In connection to this, Metro

Manila is one of the highest plastic densities in the world, yearly six hundred

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

square kilometer capital produces approximately five hundred sixty-

thousand metric tons of plastic waste which converted to about nine

hundred metric tons per square kilometer. In addition, Waste

mismanagement has serious environmental effects, making the passage of

the Republic Act (RA) 2000 a landmark environmental legislation in the

Philippines. Philippines is prone in flood, typhoon, or any disasters that

suffered by the Philippines. The Philippine Government decided to

implement a rule that could help lessen the garbage pollution.

Although various programs have been conducted to lessen the

increasing number PET bottles and other non-biodegradable plastic

materials. Still, the ignorance and lack of discipline of the Filipinos have

been the very big reason behind the catastrophic situation that the country

is facing right now. Furthermore, lack of strict implementations of policies

and rules are really the main issue. People tend to neglect the consequences

of improper garbage disposal since the punishments for not following this

rules are paying cheap fines. Inadequate information of the community is

also one of the prevailing reasons, why proper waste management are not

that very effective in terms of mitigating the effects of excessive number of

non-biodegradable waste in the environment. This statement was supported

by (SEPO, 2017), claiming that the country is still being affected in Waste

Generation. The increase in the population, improvement of living standards,

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

rapid economic growth, and industrialization especially in the urban areas.

The NSWMC has calculated that from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012 it has

escalated to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per capita

waste generation of 0.40 kilograms per day for both urban and rural. The

NCR or the National Capital Region has generated the biggest volume of

wastes for the past five years due to its population, highest number of

establishments and modernized lifestyle. The estimated population is 12

million people, Metropolitan Manila generated 9,212.92 tons per day of

wastes in 2015, It is followed by Region 4A with waste generation of 4,440.15

tons per day (11.08%) and Region 3 with 3,890.12 tons per day (9.70%)

(NSWC).

The World Bank (2012) on the other hand, estimates that solid waste

being produced by Philippine cities will go up by 165 percent to 77,776 tons

per day from 29,315 tons as a consequence of a projected 47.3 percent hike

in urban areas.

Literature Review

Since the rapid growth of the Non-Biodegradable plastic waste has

been a long and dwelling problem not only by the Philippines but also other

country in Asia. Building Industries are one of the major consumer of

plastics, including other types plastic such as Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC and

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

High-density polyethylene. Senoro, Delia B. (2006) Waste Utilization as

Potential Construction Materials.

This study have decided to use the Polyethylene Terephhalate or PET

bottles as the material in making the garbage since amongst the other

plastic material it has the highest recovery rate and residual value, and also

it is the most abundant plastic that is present in the environment according

to Businessmirror(2016) and Mercola(2018). The utilization of PET bottles

have been done for the past researches for example like the research entitled

“Trickling wastewater filter system using recyclable plastic (PET) bottles and

indigenous filtering materials”. The said research utilized the PET bottles

specifically recyclable mineral water together with other indigenous materials

as filter system using common wastewater.(Villanueva & Tilla-in,2009)

Another product that uses the PET as the main material for their

research is the Carpet made of PET polyester. This fiber polyester are made

from Recyclable PET chips that has been obtained from used PET bottles.

Although the material is said to be recycled, the quality of the fibers have not

been affected. This PET polyester can be used and recycled over and over.

(Carpet Classics,2018).

Moreover, PET bottles have been used to make clothes,

(Fairharbor,2016) plastic bottles were collected from various sources and

then sort according to the color since the mostly needed bottles are those

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

clear bottles because it makes a crisp polyester fiber suited to make white

fiber that is later dyed to other colors. After the sorting bottles were cleaned

and bath on a mixture of water and other chemicals for 10 hours. It will

leave the bottles as clear ones after ten hours. Next, the mixtures were sent

through hot pipes to melt down the plastics. To make thread, the molten

plastic flows through tiny holes to make filaments - threads that are 5 times

finer than human hair!  After the that, the plastic filaments are torn into fluff

that eventually gets strengthened into the polyester thread, in a process

much similar to the production of cotton. 

Purpose Statement

This paper aims to reduce the number of non-biodegradable plastic

waste in the country by introducing an innovation and a new strategy in a

waste management. To create an efficient garbage bins that would help

mitigate the increasing number of non-biodegradable plastic waste.

Specifically, this study seek to:

1. To produce a new set of effective and environmental friendly innovation

that everybody could benefit.

2. To formulate a project that would help mitigate the increasing number of

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

non-biodegradable plastic waste.

3. To create an efficient garbage bins made from   Polyethylene Terephthalate

(PET) bottles that possess efficient and durable qualities.

4. To test the possibilities of producing garbage bins from non-biodegradable

plastic waste specifically PET bottles.

5. To test the usability of this garbage bins.

Definition of Terms

Landfills

-carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground in

which trash is isolated from the surrounding environment. (HowstuffWork,

20018)

-According to the study these are designated areas where garbage’s are

disposed and stayed for a long time.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET/PETE) bottles

-Polyethylene terephthalate is best known as the clear plastic used for

water and soda bottle containers (Eco star, 2015). This is the most commonly

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

recycled type of plastic. Plastic #1 is usually clear and used to make common

household items such as water bottle, medicine jar, bean bags, and

mouthwash bottle. This type is considered safe but known to accumulate

bacteria and sometimes absorb odor and taste from food and drink that is

stored in it. (nonanoplastic.2016)

- is an abbreviation for the term polyethylene terephthalate; a plastic

industrially used as containers for mineral water and other beverages.

(Villanueva & Tilla-in,2009) Trickling wastewater filter system using recyclable

plastic (PET) bottles and indigenous filtering materials.

-According to the study Polyethylene terephthalate or PET/PETE

bottles are the most abundant and used plastic in the Philippines, also this

is classified as having the highest residual value and recovery rate among

other classification of plastic.

Polyethylene Terephthalate PET polyester

- According to Carpet Classics (2018) This is a new type of polyester

fiber that has this long chemical name: Polyethylene Terephthalate, but still

falls in the class of fibers known commonly as polyesters. This fiber has

natural and permanent stain resistance. PET fiber is stronger than the old

polyester and has better abrasion resistance.

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

- Defined in this research as the polyester made from the

Polyethylene terephthalate bottles and use to function as normal fibers but

more efficient and durable than normal fibers.

Resin identification code

-(American chemistry council, 2018) system that classifies plastic

product according to their component and chemical make-up. And they

indicate the type of plastic that an item is made from. These numbers are

intended to help consumers know whether and how to recycle various plastic

products and packages.

-Defined in the study as codes whose function as classification system

to differentiate non-biodegradable plastic materials.

The Republic Act 9003 of 2000

-an act of providing for an ecological solid waste management

program, creating the necessary institutional mechanism and incentives,

declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating

funds therefore, and for other purposes. (Ecolecx retrieved from FAOLEX)

In this study, it is defined as one of the main prevailing act that implies

proper waste management protocols and principles in the Philippines.

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Chapter 2

METHODS

This chapter represents all the processes and procedures

that have been conducted by the researchers throughout the study by

describing how data presented in the paper are obtained. Also, where this

data does come from, and in this chapter procedures and data analysis are

also elaborated. In more specified terms, it discusses the processes done to

be obtain data, research design to be used, procedures to follow and as well

as the data gathering procedures and data analysis.

Source of data

The data needed by this study will mostly come from the results and

data obtained from various test that the researchers have conducted. These

tests will be conducted to test the efficiency and as well as the quality of the

product the researcher have made. Also to supply the data relating to

compressive strength of the innovation, this study will undergo weight

capacity, researchers will also undergo weight capacity test to measure how

much weight can the garbage bin carry.

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Source of Materials

The materials needed by this study are collected by the

researchers themselves. This study chooses the PET bottles as the main

material for the project. The researchers will collect plastic bottles from

specific areas in Bacolod city; specific areas such as restaurants, local sari-

sari store and convenient stores which is known to be the top source of

plastic waste. Other indigenous materials that are needed to make this

project possible are either bought or collected.

Research Design

This study used  experimental type of research design in its

goal of producing a potential innovation that would help ease the issue

regarding massive waste that have caused numerous problems to the

society. According to Centre for Innovation in Research and Teaching of

Grand Canyon University, (2012) Experimental type of research design were

used to investigate relationship between variables. This type is quantitative

in nature; researchers usually use experimental to compare two or more

groups in one or more measures.  Experimental because it aims to test the

efficiency and durability of materials by achieving legit conclusions among

the relationship of the variables. This study will undergo several test and

observe numerous trial and error processes as it plays a significant part in

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

achieving the maximum durability and full effectively of the product that will

prove this study. (Del Siegle, Ph.D , 2015) Experimental research,

proprietors of the research does not only control the independent variables

but also randomly assigned individuals to various treatment categories. The

experimental type of design used in this paper will give accurate and efficient

results and evidences to support the stand and as well as the conclusion

since this type of research design relies on results provided by various test

conducted along the process of building and testing the product. Also,

researchers will also use the trial and error type of approach since this study

is merely came from scratch. The utilization of the Trial and Error approach

will be a great provider of data because the data that would come from it

serves as the basis of the future revisions and considerations to be applied in

the study’s final product which is the garbage bins made from PET bottles.

Procedure

                  Project making: The researchers collect and consolidate ideas

and as well as visualize possible design of the project in order to

determine what would be the final outcome of the product. Also, to

determine what material and equipment will be used in making the product.

The researchers also ensure that the materials to be used in building the

product are hundred percent recycle and cheap but have a high quality to

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

attain the goal of the study which is to lessen non-biodegradable waste. In

addition, the researchers ensure the product’s conveniences to the public at

any time and to analyze the durability and capacity of the materials used. In

order to surpass the events or phenomena that may cause damage to the

product. As well as to be able to know the target market of the said

innovation.

                       In conducting the study, the researchers will determine the

materials needed to build the product. Since the study chooses PET bottles

as the main material, researchers will collect bottles in areas where large

number of plastic bottles are located. Specifically, in some areas in Bacolod

City where plastic bottles are disposed in large numbers. After collecting all

the materials needed, the researchers will now start making the said project.

 Project building: The researcher will start making the project; it will

begin in the formation of mold or the backbone of the garbage which will

serve as the foundation where the PET bottles will later be assembled. It will

have welded and shaped. Before attaching the PET bottles, the tarpaulin

cover will be attached to secure that the garbages will not ooze out of the

bin. After that, PET bottles will be assembled and attached to the

circumference or perimeter of the backbone. Plastic bottles will be attached

by the aid of strings or wires. Wires will serve as the attaching material to

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

keep the bottles in places. The structure of the garbage bins is 15 cm x 15

cm x 35 cm. Another model is a 35 gallon garbage bin with a roller, the

backbone is still metal rods but bigger in perimeter. Roller will be attacged to

it .

Data Collection

This part of research provides information about how researchers

obtain the data needed by the study.

Weight Capacity Test. In order to examine the weight of the data. To

address the weight, the S.C. Department of Health and Environmental

Control’s Office of Solid Waste Reduction and Recycling provide some

information to test the weight capacity of the trash bins. In order to examine

the weight capacity of the garbage bins, the researchers will conduct weight

capacity test .The reason for this test is to measure how much weight does

the garbage bins could carry . Also, the researchers should provide an

examination about the capacity estimate how full it is or how kilograms

could the trash bins occupied more often. (CR-011177)

Drop Test. To assess the durability of the product, the researchers

will proceed to drop test. To know the rigors that might occur when the

product is in use. The researchers will use the test that is commonly used

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

for product testing. First is the free fall drop test based on EN60068-2-31

that involves dropping the product from 5 meter height to test durability of

the product. Lastly, the impact test based on EN60068-2-75/IEC62262 that

involves the use of steel striking element to test the strength of the

product when strike by a hard object.

Data Analysis

Phase 1: Planning and canvassing. The first step in analysis in this

study were focused on general analysis on what type of research design to be

used. Material determination to ensure the quality if the innovation surpass

the expected outcome of the researchers.

Phase 2: Product visualization and design description. To make

sure the appearance of the product would be presentable, researcher

conducted design determination. The researchers have considered many

designs which have ergonomic properties and unique specifications so that

the innovation will stand out.

Phase 4: Material analysis. The material to be used were already

determine, it should be followed by series of material analysis test to

determine the exact type, size and shape of material will be using.

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Phase: 5 Project testing: After making the prototype, the researchers

will now proceed to testing phase where the prototype product will undergo

series of test to measure the efficiency, durability and as well as the quality

of the said project.

Phase 6: Final product revision and building. After conducting the

tests, final revisions will be done, all the errors that have been determine

during the test will be revised. After the revision final product building will

be determined.

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References

Villanueva, M.& Tilla-in, 2009 , Trickling wastewater Filter system using

recyclable plastic (PET) bottles and indigenous filtering materials.

Electronic References

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/www.instructables.com/id/Trash-can-

made-of-plastic-bottles/%famp_page=truea

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/co

mparisontest

https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/06/07/12/trash-generated/ph/cities-

increase-165-2025-wb

https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/m.wikihow.com/Make-a-Trash-Can-

from-Plastic-Bottles%3famp=1

https://www.scdhec.gov/search?keywords=weight+measure+for+trash+bins

https://www.testsources.net/application/testtyoes/compressiontest/

https://www.fairharborclothing.com/blogs/news/science-made-simple-how-

plastic-is-turned-into-polyester

http://www.carpet-guru.com/carpet-fiber/pet-polyester/

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https://www.plasticsmakeitpossible.com/plastics-recycling/how-to-recycle/at-

home/recycle-your-carpeting/

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?

fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=PLASTIC_ZERO_report_test_of_the_use

_of_recycled_plastic_to_make_clinical_waste_packaging_action4.2.pdf

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BOTTLES AS AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATION TOWARDS WASTE MANAGEMENT

PROJECT STRUCTURE

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