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Blood Transfusion Therapy
Blood Transfusion Therapy
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Advantages
Principles
Blood Components
Objectives
Nursing Interventions
Complications
Assessment findings
Nursing Diagnosis
Planning and Implementation
Nursing Interventions
Evaluation
Advantages
1. Avoids the risk of sensitizing the patients to other blood components.
2. Provides optimal therapeutic benefit while reducing risk of volume
overload.
3. Increases availability of needed blood products to larger population.
Principles
Whole blood transfusion
Generally indicated only for patients who need both increased oxygen-carrying
capacity and restoration of blood volume when there is no time to prepare or
obtain the specific blood components needed.
Packed RBCs
Platelets
Granulocytes
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Plasma
Because plasma carries a risk of hepatitis equal to that of whole blood, if only
volume expansion is required, other colloids (e.g., albumin) or electrolyte
solutions (e.g., Ringer’s lactate) are preferred. Fresh frozen plasma should be
administered as rapidly as tolerated because coagulation factors become
unstable after thawing.
Albumin
Cryoprecipitate
Factor IX concentrate
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Prothrombin complex
Blood Components
Component Additional Info
Packed RBCs 100% of erythrocyte, 100% of leukocytes, and 20% of
plasma originally present in one unit of whole blood
Leukocyte-poor packed RBCs Indicated for patients who have experience previous
febrile no hemolytic reactions
Fresh frozen plasma Contains all coagulation factors, including factors V and
VIII
Single donor plasma Contains all stable coagulation factors but reduced levels
of factors V and VIII; the preferred product for reversal
of Coumadin-induced anticoagulation.
Prothrombin complex Contains prothrombin and factors VII, IX, X, and some
factor XI.
Objectives
1. To increase circulating blood volume after surgery, trauma, or hemorrhage
2. To increase the number of RBCs and to maintain hemoglobin levels in
clients with severe anemia
3. To provide selected cellular components as replacements therapy (e.g.
clotting factors, platelets, albumin)
Nursing Interventions
1. Verify doctor’s order. Inform the client and explain the purpose of the
procedure.
2. Check for cross matching and typing. To ensure compatibility
3. Obtain and record baseline vital signs
4. Practice strict asepsis
5. At least 2 licensed nurse check the label of the blood transfusion. Check
the following:
Serial number
Blood component
Blood type
Rh factor
Expiration date
Screening test (VDRL, HBsAg, malarial smear) – this is to ensure that
the blood is free from blood-carried diseases and therefore, safe from
transfusion.
6. Warm blood at room temperature before transfusion to prevent chills.
7. Identify client properly. Two Nurses check the client’s identification.
8. Use needle gauge 18 to 19 to allow easy flow of blood.
9. Use BT set with special micron mesh filter to prevent administration of
blood clots and particles.
10.Start infusion slowly at 10 gtts/min. Remain at bedside for 15 to 30
minutes. Adverse reaction usually occurs during the first 15 to 20 minutes.
11.Monitor vital signs. Altered vital signs indicate adverse reaction (increase in
temp, increase in respiratory rate)
12.Do not mix medications with blood transfusion to prevent adverse effects.
Do not incorporate medication into the blood transfusion. Do not use
blood transfusion lines for IV push of medication.
13. Administer 0.9% NaCl before; during or after BT. Never administer IV
fluids with dextrose. Dextrose based IV fluids cause hemolysis.
14.Administer BT for 4 hours (whole blood, packed RBC). For plasma, platelets,
cryoprecipitate, transfuse quickly (20 minutes) clotting factor can easily be
destroyed.
15.Observe for potential complications. Notify physician.
Complications
1. Allergic Reaction – it is caused by sensitivity to plasma protein of donor
antibody, which reacts with recipient antigen.
Assess for:
Flushing
Rash, hives
Pruritus
Laryngeal edema, difficulty of breathing
2. Febrile, Non-Hemolytic – it is caused by hypersensitivity to donor white cells,
platelets or plasma proteins. This is the most symptomatic complication of blood
transfusion
Assess for:
Assess for:
Assess for:
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