REFERENTS

Passage 1

Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-

flytrap, are generally found in humid areas where there is an
inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive,
these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within
their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary
nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a
variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when
an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky
hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of
the Venus-flytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly
and forcefully shut around an insect.
The questions:

1. The pronoun They in line 6 refers to .......

(A) humid areas
(B) these plants
(C) insects
(D) digestive fluids

2. The word its in line 9 refers to .....

A. Nitrogent
B. A variety
C. Sundew
D. Trap

3. What does the word itself in line 11 refer to?

A. Sundew
B. Insect
C. Leave
D. Function

Passage 2

Most oil companies have computer centers on their research

vessels: They carry complete data processing right on board. A
 typical oil exploration ship in the 1970s and eighties was equipped
Line only to record raw data from whatever equipment it had on board to
(5) detect oil deposits under the ocean floor. Usually it had seismic
sounding gear, occasionally magneto meters and gravity meters. The
raw data were sent to onshore computer centers, and by the time they
were analyzed, the ship could be a thousand miles away. Having
computer equipment on today’s vessels permit the crew to make
(10) preliminary analyses immediately, and, if advisable, they can return
to the location for a closer look;
this procedure can save significant exploration time. The challenge is
to find that invisible spot under the seabed that is likely to produce
oil, and vessels with sophisticated onboard computer equipment seem
to provide one of the best ways of finding it.

1. What does the word they in line 2 refer to?

A. Vessels
B. Computer centers
C. Data
D. Companies

2. The word it in line 6 refers to ..........

A. An oil exploration
B. A ship
C. Data
D. Ocean floor

3. The word they in line 13 refers to ......

A. Crew
B. Vessels
C. Analyses
D. computer centers

4. In line 14, the phrase this procedure refers to .......

A. Having computer equipment
B. Having today’s vessels permit
C. making preliminary analyses immediately
D. returning to the location for a closer look
Passage 3

A relatively new feature of radio broadcasts in the United States

is the call-in therapy show, in which callers get the opportunity to air
problems, however intimate, while the host offers them free, and
Line immediate, advice. They started, like so many other self-help
(5) psychology ideas, in California, but now they have spread to many
other parts of the country and enjoy considerable popularity. This
phenomenon certainly does not please all psychologists and the
shows have become a matter of some concern to their professional
association, the APA.
(10) Present APA guidelines merely prohibit psychologists from
diagnosing problems, or from offering psychotherapy on the radio,
while the earlier ones had prohibited all giving of advice outside the
traditional therapist–patient relationship. This prohibition fails to
satisfy many psychologists. Some consider all giving of advice over
(15) the radio totally unacceptable, but there are others who believe there
should be even more of it.

The former are typified by a Hastings Center psychiatrist, who

describes the activity as “disgusting.” On one occasion, he backed up
his view by walking out of the radio program when the host insisted
he answer listeners’ calls. But radio therapy hosts, who are mostly
attractive, youngish, and qualified women, are fully capable of
backing up theirs, and do so charmingly and effectively, as might be
expected from professionals combining psychological expertise with
entertainment know-how.
1. What does the word which in line 2 refer to?
A. A relatively new feature
B. A radio
C. the United States
D. call-in therapy show

2. The word them in line 4 refers to

 (A) problems
(B)call-in therapy shows
(C) callers
(D) hosts

3. The word they in line 5 refers to

(A) problems
(B)call-in therapy shows
(C) callers
(D) hosts

4. In line 8, the phrase this phenomenon refers to

(A) the fact that the shows started in California
(B)the fact that callers air intimate problems
(C) the fact that the shows are on radio
(D) the fact that the shows enjoy considerable popularity

5. The word their in line 10 refers to

(A) therapy shows
(B)self-help psychology ideas
(C) the hosts
(D) psychologists

6. The word ones in line 14 refers to

(A) APA guidelines
(B)psychologists
(C) problems
(D) the shows

7. The word it in line 19 refers to

(A) this prohibition
(B)the traditional therapist-patient relationship
(C) giving of psychological advice over the radio
 (D) psychological advice

8. The word the former in line 20 refers to

(A) psychologists who object to call-in therapy shows
(B)psychologists who advocate more advice-giving over
the radio
(C) the APA’s present prohibition
(D) dispensing psychological advice

9. The word he in line 22 refers to

(A) a Hasting Center psychiatrist
(B)the host
(C) a listener
(D) the former

10.The word theirs in line 26 refers to

(A) activity
(B)radio-therapy programs
(C) listeners
(D) views