Philippine Politics and

Governance
Week 2-4

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Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Political Ideologies

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 What I Need to Know

The module contain lessons, namely:

● Lesson 2 – Political Ideology: Background and Different Political Ideologies

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. define Political ideology

2. identify the different political ideologies and differentiate the political

ideologies (Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Communism, Fascism,
and Feminism)

3. identify the different social phenomena as a product of what political

ideology;

4. critique ideas that have a direct impact on how we try to manage

ourselves as a political community

5. analyse how political ideology affect and impact the society

What I Know

Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. This refers to the collection of idea

a. conclusion c. information
b. ideology d. knowledge

2. What is a form of government which absolute power is concentrated in a

dictator?
a. Democracy c. Federalism
b. Dictatorship d. Laissez-faire

3. Which one is associated with Socialism, Feminism, Communism or

advocate change?
a. Conservative c. Moderate
b. Liberal d. Traditional

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4. Which one is associated with theocracy, fascism, totalitarianism or do
not advocate change?
a. Conservative c. Moderate
b. Liberal d. Traditional

5. “I really worry about the state of the world today. It seems like more and
more kids are growing up in poverty and there’s no one there to help
them. I think we need to do more toward providing healthcare and
education programs for our young people.” This reflects
.

a. Conservative c. Liberalism
b. Feminism d. Totalitarian
6. Who introduces the concept of ideology?
a. Adam Smith
b. Adolf Hitler
c. Antoine Destutt de Tracy
d. Benito Mussolini

7. The following are intellectual components of an ideology, except

a. Political tactics
b. The strategy of vision
c. The vision of the ideal polity
d. Idea that ends in – ism

8. The ideas of socialism mostly came from the mind of .

a. Adam Smith c. Karl Marx

b. John Locke d. Ronald Reagan

9. Who is the Philippine President follows the ideology of US Pres. Reagan?

a. Corazon Aquino
b. Diosdado Macapagal
c. Ferdinand Marcos
d. Manuel Quezon

10. The following are functions of ideology, except .

a. Ideology is essential
b. Ideology addresses a basic human psychological needs such as
safety, freedom, and community
c. Ideology provides its believers with a sense of understanding history
d. Ideology usually ends in – ism

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 Lesso
n Political Ideology
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“To be clear: ideology is a belief system which an inadequate
basis in reality; religion, is a belief system with no basis, in
reality, whatever”

- Martin Amis, The Second Plane: 14 Responses to September 11

In every dealing of humanity, people express their opinions and/or speak their
mind with the use of political ideas and concepts such as freedom, fairness,
justice, equality, and rights that they are able to interpret their individual views
as liberal, conservative, socialist, communist, fascist, feminist, etc..

This lesson delves into the study of political ideologies which involves the
nature, role, and significance of political ideas in understanding the various
political phenomenon.

What’s In
WORD SEARCH HUNT. Through the use of the letters in the box, find out
the words that are related to the previous lesson, regarding politics,
governance, and government. Encircle the words and write it in the graphic
organizer.

P A Y L I B E R A L

A G H L H M U A A A

D E M O C R A T I C

R G R O T A T C I D

E N G I E J O O K T

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 G O V E R N A N C E

V D Z A M O R A L B

G O V E R N M E N T

Write the words in the graphic organizer.

What’s New

Political Ideology

Antoine Destutt de Tracy coined the term

“ideology” during the French Revolution and was used
in public in 1796. According to him, it is a new science of
ideas. Ideology becomes a political weapon to condemn or
criticize opposing arrays of ideas or belief system. Belief
are people’s assessment of reality and what they hold to be
true whereas, values are people’s ideas about right and
wrong. Therefore, when belief and values are put together,
they form an ideology.

Political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines,

myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that
explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural
blueprint for a certain social order. Political ideologies are concerned with
many different aspects of a society, including (for example): the economy,
education, health care, labour law, criminal law, the justice system, the
provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors,
immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism, and established religion.
Some of the meanings of ideology are: a political belief system; an action-
oriented set of political ideas; the ideas of the ruling class; the world view of a
particular social class or social group; political ideas that embody or articulate

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 class or social interests; ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the
exploited or oppressed; ideas that state the individual within a social context
and generate a sense of collective belongings; an officially sanctioned set of
ideas used to legitimate a political system or regime; an all-embracing political
doctrine that claims a monopoly of truth; and an abstract and highly systematic
set of political ideas. Political ideology is seen as commitments in order
tochange the political system.

Characteristics of Ideology
 Ideologies have their levels end in – ism
 Ideologies provide an explanation for problems that confronts modern
societies by providing futuristic vision
 Ideology is action-oriented
 Ideologies mobilized a large number of people

Features of Ideology (Heywood, 2012)

 It offers an account of the existing order, usually in the form of a world view
 It advances a model of the desired future, a vision of the good society.
 It explains how political change can and should be brought about.

Intellectual Components of an Ideology

 Values
 The vision of the Ideal Polity
 The strategy of Action
 Political Tactics

Functions of Ideology
 Ideology addresses a basic human psychological needs such as safety,
freedom, and community
 Ideology provides its believers with a sense of understanding history
 Ideology is Essential
 Ideology is Powerful

Societal Role of Ideologies

 Answer eternal questions and cut off competing beliefs and values
 Explain how the universe works and why it works that way
 Tell us how to behave; they help us predict the future

What is It

Kinds of Political Ideologies

1. Liberalism (The Left)

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 The term derived from the Latin word which means “free men.” Philosopher
John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a distinct tradition,
arguing that each man has a natural right to life, liberty and property, adding
that governments must not violate these rights based on the social contract. It is
a view that base itself from the concepts of freedom and equality and generally
support civil rights, individualism, democracy, secularism, rise of welfare
States, gender and race equality, internationalism and the freedoms of speech,
the press, religion and markets. It regard competition amongst human being as
natural and healthy as it encourages each individual to work hard and develop
whatever skills or abilities they possess and that individuals should be awarded
based on their personal achievements.

Liberalism became a distinct movement in

Question:
the Age of Enlightenment. It sought to
replace the norms of hereditary privilege, What do you think is the
state religion, absolute monarchy and the main problem with
divine right of kings with representative liberalism?
democracy and the rule of law. Leaders in
England’s Glorious Revolution of 1688, the
American Revolution of 1776 and the French
Revolution of 1789 used liberal philosophy to
justify the armed overthrow of royal tyranny.
Liberalism started to spread rapidly
especially after the French Revolution.

Set of values of Liberalism (Heywood, 2012)

 Individualism
 Freedom
 Reason
 Toleration
 Justice

Classical Liberalism
- a belief in negative freedom; the state is regarded at best as necessary evil.
- egotistical individualism
Neoliberalism
- revival of economic liberalism
- a belief in market fundamentalism

“Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.”

John Stuart Mill

On individual freedom, the heart of liberalism

1. Conservatism (The Right)

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 This is a political and philosophical term that supports the status quo and
advocates only moderate changes and seeks to preserve all that is good about
the past. The term was first used as a reaction to the growing pace of political
and economic change that occurred during the French Revolution.
Conservatives seek to preserve a range of institutions such as monarchy,
religion, parliamentary government and property rights with the aim of
emphasizing social stability and continuity.

Conservatism Key Concepts:

 Conservation
 Political philosophy that tends to support the status quo
 Advocates change only in moderation upon holding the value of
tradition and seeks to preserve all that is good about the past

Did you know that …

✔ Ronald Wilson Reagan, the 40th President of the

United States opposed the new measures put
forward by the Democratic US Presidents before
him. And,
✔ Corazon C. Aquino who succeeded Ferdinand
Marcos reversed many of her predecessor’s
policies and adapted policies of US Pres. Ronald
Reagan.
Ronald Reagan Cory Aquino

2. Socialism

It is the broadest of all political ideologies which encompass a range of theories

and traditions. It is an economic and political doctrine characterized by social
or collective ownership and democratic control of the means of production. The
birth of socialism started as a reaction against the social and economic
conditions generated in 19th century Europe by the growth of industrial
capitalism. It is linked to the development of a new and growing class of
industrial workers who suffered poverty and degradation.

It opposes capitalism and advocate cooperation over competition and it adheres to social equality which
is believed to be the main way to attain social stability. It is the transitional state from overthrowing
capitalism and realization of communism. A democratic state controls the mean of production and not
private companies. Workers shares what they can to contribute to the greater good and all equally
shares in that good ex. Universal heart care and social services like public schools funded by taxes

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Distinctive ways of understanding socialism:

 Socialism is seen as an economic model

 Socialism as an instrument of the labor movement
 Socialism as a political creed encompasses community,
cooperation, equality, collective ownership
“From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.”

Karl Marx

On dedicating one’s labour to the betterment of society

2. Communism

An economic, social and political ideology that seeks total government/state

ownership of the means of production and all aspect of society and economy
and the abolition of private property with an intention of creating a classless,
moneyless and stateless society where everyone are working in a collective goal
of living healthy and happy and free.

Communism key ideas:

 Economic, social, and political system seeking government ownership of

the means of production and services directed by a process of scientific
administration
 Based on the revolutionary socialist teaching of Karl Marx
 Each should work to their capability and will receive according to their
needs.
 Rejecting democracy
 Rejecting equality and replaces the principle of hierarchy to a supreme
leader whose will is law
 Has a strong anti-rational. Anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-
capitalism, anti-bourgeoisie, anti-communist, etc.

3. Fascism

It is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism, characterized by dictatorial

power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and
commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first
fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I before it spread to
other European countries. Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete

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and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-
party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond
effectively to economic difficulties. Such a state is led by a strong leader to forge
national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society.

Salient features
of fascism:

Totalitarianism

 Nationalism

 Anti-liberalism

 Militarism

 Violence

 Leadership

4. Feminism

It is concerned with the attainment of gender equality in the political, economic

and social spheres of life. Its primary focus is the position and status of women
in society. The basic idea is that women experience a poor status in society as a
consequence of the patriarchy, male domination of women which has
historically characterized all social relationships and that this disadvantage can
and should be overthrown.

“Feminism is the struggle to end sexist oppression”

--beel books, Femenist Theery: From Margin to Center

5. Religious Fundamentalism
Religious fundamentalism is an unusual political ideology. The word
fundamentalism is taken from the Latin word fundamental, meaning base. It is
associated with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism, or worst violence. It
is characterized by a rejection of the distinction between politics and religion.

The following are the themes of religious fundamentalism:

 Religion as politics
 The fundamentalist impulse
 Anti-modernism
 Militancy
“You can safely assume you’ve created in your own image when it turns out that God
hates all the same people you do”

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6. Social Democracy
It is a moderate reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the
market and the state rather than abolition of capitalism. It is an ideological
stance that supports a full balance between market capitalism, on one hand,
and the state intervention, on the other side.

7. Environmentalism is an ideology on the idea that environment is endangered

and must be preserved through regulation and lifestyle changes (Roskins
etal., 2012). Its concern is about the natural environment and particularly
about reducing environmental degradation that is more than an ideological
stance (Heywood, 2012). The regulation was only part of the environmental
credo

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Understanding Political Ideology

Compare and contrast the different ideologies by supplying characteristics and

pinpoint its significance to one’s life:

Characteri Libera Conserv Socialis Commu Fascis Feminis

st ics lis ati m ni m m
m sm sm

Values

Principles

Significance
to one’s life

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Activity 1.2 Understanding Political Ideology
You are going to construct your own kind of political ideology based on what
you believe and social concern that you are most interested at. Your work will
be graded based on the clarity of the ideas presented (5), aesthetic status of the
output (3) and timeliness (2).

Activity 1.3 Understanding Political Ideology

Choose a historical figure. Why is this individual a great leader? Then, research the
ideology that he/she believes and used during his time.

Name of Political leader:

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Activity 1.4 Understanding Political Ideology
Through the different social issues, terminologies, events and parts, identify
what type of political ideology had affected or resulted to the given social
issues, events and parts that being stated by the given statements.

Social Political Ideology

Impact
1. The rise of women’s groups that fights for women’s
rights.
2. The passing of the universal health access law that mandate
the government to provide basic health services to all of its
citizens regardless of their economic or social statuses.

3. Government passed a law prohibiting same-

sex marriage upon the lobbying of the Catholic Church.
4. Leftist groups rallied for the total expulsion of foreign and
private companies and for the total state and public control of
all the power plants, factories, business and companies in the
archipelago.
5. A leader of a country overrides individual interest for
national glorification through strong militarization. He uses
violence to rid the society of minorities and opponents to his
rules.
6. The government violently persecutes minority groups and
opponents and suppresses any critics to the government’s
actions.
7. The electricity and fuel are being subsidize by the government
as well as the housing program for the poor
8. The president allowed the group of people to rally and voice
out their criticism during his public appearance during the
Independence Day celebration, saying it is their right to speak
and express their ideas and opinions.
9. A presidential candidate is against divorce for he wanted to
preserve the social structure.
10. The president observed a strong separation of church and
state and he want the country to rise as a true secular nation.

11. Colombian women have insisted on being a part of the

peace process. The accords that bought an end to the war
include a requirement for women to participate in transitional
justice, and promote formal•ised rural property rights for
women.

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 12. A bakery pays all staff the same amount of money based on
the profitability of the business. Workers vote to make
business decisions

What I Have Learned

1. Political ideologies are belief systems that provide people with a perspective
on the proper role of elected officials, which types of public policies should be
prioritized, and how the various elements of society should be arranged. It is a
body of belief systems that provide people with a perspective on the proper role
of elected officials, which types of public policies should be prioritized, and how
the various elements of society should be arranged. (John et al 2009). A
person’s political ideology will frame the way a person views the world. It is the
result of basic beliefs about the economic, political, social as well as cultural
affairs performed by the majority group of people within as a large society.

2. Ideology is the secular equivalent of theology. It is that which is built upon a

set of philosophical premises, and which define in broad stroke the political
template that a politician uses to create their brand, and is the standard they
use to attract people with a similar ideology to support them.

3. Neo-liberalism, monarchism, feudalism, fascism, socialism, communism,

and libertarianism are examples of political ideologies. They are built upon a set
of premises that are particular to each of them, and within each are a set of
governing principles, ideals, and things to be fought for and against. Generally
political ideologies fall along two axis; Left - Right; and Totalitarian -
Anarchistic. If you want to add religion as a third axis, then you have Theocratic
- Secular as well.

What I Can Do

Analyze the kind of governance of the local government of municipality or city you are living right now.
Examine the projects, programs, policies, actions and principles and identify what political ideology does
the local officials in the local government possess and follow.

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 Assessment

A. Rearrange the letters to complete the statements below.

1. LIERALISMB
2. FMEMINIS
3. MMUCONISM
4. CISOALISM
5. ENNTVIROANMELISM
6. LOGYIDEO
7. YCARCOMED LAICOS
8. MSITAVRESNOC

B. Fill in the blanks below using the correct answers above.

9. is the struggle to end sexist oppression.

10. is an extreme left-wing ideology base on
revolutionary socialist teachings of Karl Marx.
11. concern about the natural environment and
particularly about reducing environmental degradation.
12. advocates only moderate changes and seeks to
preserve all that is good about the past
13. favor a balance between the market and the state
rather than abolition of capitalism
14. is a belief that man is generally good and that his
ability to reason allows him to attain economic, political, and social
progress.
15. viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism.

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 Quarter 1 –
Module 3:
Concept of Power
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 What I Need to Know

At the start of the module, you are to take the pre-assessment test to see how much
background information and knowledge you have. This module is self-instructional.
You can read analyze concepts and ideas presented and reflect on them. Questions
will help you assess how you progress as you go through the module.

By the end of this module students will have completed the following objectives:

1. Construct the meaning of power through essay writing.

2. Identify the types of power.
3. Analyze the nature, dimensions, types, and source of power.
4. Determine the vital role of power in politics.

What I Know

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A. Jumbled Letters. Direction: Rearrange the words to find the correct answer to the
questions below.

1. LIEARSIBM
2. EFMNMISI
3. MUMOCMISN
4. CIOSISMAL
5. ENNTVRIOANMELSIM
B. Using the answer above, fill in the blanks below. Write your answer on the answer
sheet.

1. The struggle to end sexist oppression.

2. An extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist

teaching of Marx.

3. Concern about the natural environment and particularly about

reducing environmental degradation

4. Viewed as an ideology which opposed capitalism.

5. A belief that man is generally good and that his ability to reason allows
him to attain economic, political and social progress

What’s In
Review Activity: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: From the given choices below, Write the letter of the correct answer that
best describe the given statements.

_____1. A political philosophy that tends to support the status quo and advocates
changes only in moderation upholding the value of tradition and seeks to preserve all
that is good about the past.

a. Individualism b. conservatism c. liberalism d. socialism

_____2. Movement that stands for outmoded, repressive social and political conditions
rejecting democracy, repudiates constitutionalism and stresses that all values arise
from the state against which individual has no right.

a. Communism b. Religious Fundamentalism c. Fascism d. Feminism

_____3. Moderate or reformist brand of socialism that favor a balance between the
market and the state rather than the abolition of capitalism

a. Social Democracy b. Socialism c. Fascism d. Conservatism

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_____4. An unusual political ideology associated with inflexibility, dogmatism
authoritarianism or worst violence

a. Communism b. Social Democracy c. Environmentalism d. Religious

Fundamentalism
_____5. An ideology and movement that promotes the interest of a particular nation,
especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nations sovereignty over its
homeland

a. Nationalism b. Anarchism c. Totalitarianism d. Socialism

What’s New
A. Concept Mapping
Direction: Make a concept map about POWER. Write a word or phrase
that relates to it.

POWER
B. KWL Chart
Direction: Based on the concept map of power, you will fill the KWL Chart initially.

WHAT I KNOW WHAT I WANT TO KNOW WHAT I LEARNED

1. Is power always positive? Negative? Both?

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 2. What is the purpose of power?

3. Define power according to your understanding through essay writing.

What is It

Politics always involves the exercises of power by one person or persons to

another person or persons (Shively, 2012). Power is ability to get someone to do
something he/she wants to accomplish, thus making things happen in the way
he/she wants. In having such ability, along with the exercise of power is an influence.
Thus, influence is the process by which a person affects the behavior and feeling of
another person. In order to influence a person there must an authority which is the
right to change another person. However, there are instances that power becomes
cynical, brutal, and self – destructive that affirmed Lord Acton’s dictum. “Power tends
to corrupt: absolute power corrupts absolutely.”

Dimensions of Power

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 The channels of power are the way in which power is enacted. They can
perhaps more readily be remembered as “head, hands and hearts”.

Physical Power- possessed by a living being, exerted upon an object

Information Power- the ability to influence others based on your control of

dissemination of information and your control of dissemination of
information that is important to subordinates and others yet not
otherwise easily obtained

Emotional Power- A strong feeling. A feeling such as joy, sadness, fear, or anger that
moves us. The experience makes you live not just exist. It
transforms our life from a series of plain tasteless events and facts
into a living, breathing experience.

Types and Sources of Power

Every person is born a bundle of potentialities. Power is foremost an existence

concept basic to understanding a reality of potentialities and actualities.

1. Organizational Power is a power derived from a person’s position in an

organization and from control over valuable resources afforded by that position.
⮚ This power is held by those who can motivate people to respond in order
to win raises promotions and awards. Example of reward power, “Both
Diane and Bob hold a certain amount of reward power if they administer
performance reviews that determine raises and bonuses for their people.”
⮚ Coercive power is the opposite of reward power, a leader who can punish
an employee or team member. Because the threat of punishment can
persuade an employee to act a certain way.
⮚ This power happens when someone is in a high position, giving them
control over others. For example, “If Jecel rises to the position of Chief
Executive Officer (CEO) and her employees believe she deserves this
position, they will respond favorably when she exercises her legitimate
power.”
⮚ Information power. This is a short –term power that doesn’t necessarily
influence or build credibility. For example, a project manager may have
all the information for a specific project, and that will give her
“informational power.”
⮚ Process power. The leader has full control over the methods of
production and analysis.
⮚ Representative power. The legal right conferred to speak by the firm as a
representative of a potentially significant group
composed of individuals from departments or outside the firm.

2. Individual power or personal power is a power derived from personal

characteristics that are of value to the organization
⮚ Your power in the workplace doesn’t just exist because of the job title
you hold. Power can be present without a formal title, and can exist

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 outside of any formal chain of command that is in place. One particular
type of power is called Expert Power

⮚ Rational persuasion
● The ability to control another person’s behavior by convincing the
other person of the desirability of a goal and a reasonable way of
achieving it.

⮚ From the entertainment world, Lady Gaga is an example of someone with

referent power, having 67 million Twitter followers. These people respect
her and want to know what she is up to. Some even aspire to be like her,
in this respect, she has referent power over her followers.
⮚ Influence Tactics
a. Consultation, getting others to participate in
planning, making decisions and changes.
b. Rational Persuasion, trying to convene someone with
logic and fact.
c. Inspirational Appeal, trying to build enthusiasm by
appealing to other emotions, ideals or values.
d. Ingratiation, getting someone in a good mood prior to
making a request.
e. Coalition Tactics, getting others to support your
effort to persuade someone.
Two Faces of Power

McClelland takes a stand for the use of authority in a right or wrong fashion.

1. Personal power is used for personal gain, and results in a win-lose approach.
2. Social control involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish
group goals.

Power is the ability to influence or control the behavior of people. It can be seen
as evil or unjust. The ability of a person to influence another person or group to
perform an act.

NATURE

⮚ Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what
you want, or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said, power is “the ability to change
the future.” Some scholars make a distinction between three kinds of power-
“power over”, “power to”, and “power with”
⮚ “Power over” is the ability to dominate another person or group- as in “I have a
power over him. This means, I have the ability to make him do what I want him
to do.” Power-over usually comes from force and threat. If the subordinate fails
to do what he or she is asked to do, the dominant person will use force to make
the subordinate person comply.
⮚ “Power to” is the ability to do something on one’s own. It refers to one’s abilities.
Sources of this kind of power are intellect, resources, knowledge, stamina, etc.

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 These resources give some to people the power to accomplish things that others
cannot.
⮚ “Power with” is similar to “power to” in that reflects ability, but “power with” is
the ability to work with others to get something done by cooperation. This is the
power of consensus- the power of people working together to solve a common
problem.
DIMENSIONS

Dimension of power fits in with the pluralist view and states that there is an
open, transparent system, while recognizing that political resources are not
distributed evenly, they are also not completely centralized with a small group of the
elite. The real decision-making power, the power to vote legislation, introduce new bills
rests with political actors. However, they are influenced by a number of other factors
such as their constituents, lobbyists and pressure groups. Power is often exercised in
a much subtler way that the one dimensional view suggests.

CONSEQUENCES

The consequences of using coercive power.

No one likes to be threatened. Department members may do what the head

wants if they are threatened with political, social, financial- or even physical (!)-
retribution if they do not but coercion is also likely to cause anger and alienation. As a
consequence, even if department members appear to agree to a head’s demand, they
may follow the letter but not the spirit of a new policy, refuse to enact it when no one
is watching them, sabotage it, and be less willing to accept the head’s influence in the
future.

The consequences of using reward power.

Reward power is simply the power to give some type of reward as a means
to the employee to act. It is the extent to which a leader can use intrinsic and
extrinsic reward to control and influence other people.
The President is the head of state and head of government, and function as the
Commander- in- chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. As a chief executive, the
President exercises control over all the executive departments, bureaus, and offices.

According to Article VII section 18, the President shall authorize whenever it
becomes necessary to call out such armed forces to prevent or suppress lawless
violence, invasion, or rebellion. The president has the control of the military
organization and personnel whether in peace time or in war time. A writ of habeas
corpus, also known as the great writ, is a summons with the force of a court order

Independent Assessment 1

FILL IN THE BLANKS

Directions: Fill each blank with the correct answer. Write your answer in the
space provided for. Choose your answer in the box.

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Social Control Traditional Authority Collective Power
Distributional Power

Expert Power Rational Legal Authority Knowledge Power

Coercive Authority Military Power Ideological Power

1. intimately linked with knowledge. Power and knowledge produce

one another.
2. involves the use of physical coercion. Warfare has always played a
major role in Politics.
3. involves power over ideas and beliefs, for example are
communism, fascism and some varieties of nationalism.
4. is a power over others. It is the ability of individuals to get others
to help them pursue their own goals.
5. is exercised by social groups. It may be exercised by one social
group over another.
6. is a leadership based on established law. People obey the leader
or executive because they accept his or her power under law.
7. is the leadership is based from the culture that is people often
give allegiance to the one who occupy the institutional positions.
8. is the power to use force such as police or military force to
demand obedience from the subordinate.
9. involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish
group goals.
10. is the ability control another person’s behavior through the
possession of knowledge, experience, or judgement that the other person needs
but does not have.

Independent Assessment 2
FACT OR BLUFF

Direction: Read each statement carefully. Write FACT if you think the statement
is true and BLUFF if you think the statement is false.

1. Rational persuasion trying to convince someone with logic or facts.

2. Getting others to participate in planning, making decisions and

change is a personal power.

3. Getting someone in a good mood prior to making a request is

ingratiation in influence tactics.

4. Coalition tactics means getting others to support your effort to

persuade someone.

5. Trying to build enthusiasm by appealing to other’s emotions, ideals or

values is charismatic appeal.

6. Expand power by giving authority to people who get things done.

7. Bring up awkward issues with pessimism.

25
 8. Clearly define roles and responsibilities is a way to expand power.

9. Provide opportunities for creative problem solving coupled with

discretion to act.

10. Develop and release talent, yours and theirs. Leaders who fear
talented people are losers.

Independent Activity 3

AFTER THE IMAGE NAME THE PHOTO

Direction: Name and recognize the dimension and type of power from the
picture.

26
Independent Assessment 3

ESSAY TEST

Direction: Explain each questions before you begin writing, read the passage
carefully and plan what you will write. Your essay should be as well organized and as
carefully written as you can make it.

1. How would you explain the power/role of the president based on the constitution?

2. What do you think are the consequences of overuse and misuse of power?

3. Considering the present situation here in our country, how will you describe the
power of our leaders?

27
 What I Have Learned

Power is one of the important concepts and plays a huge role in politics, from governing how
decisions are made to how political actors interact with one another

What are the types/ sources of power?

Sources and types of power consists of organizational and individual power. Organizational power
is derived from a person’s position in an organization and from control over valuable resources
afforded by that position and these are Reward power, Coercive power, Legitimate power, Information
power, Process power and Representative power. Individual power is derived from personal
characteristics that are value to the organization, these are Expert power, Rational persuasion and
Referent power. Influence tactics are the way that individuals attempt to influence one another in
organizations. Rational persuasion is the most frequently used influence tactics.

What is the vital role of power in politics?

Power and politics are opposite faces of the same coin. Exercise of power is itself a political
activity and politics is nothing but study of power and politics is study of the state’s power, its
possession and distribution.

How leaders influence people?

To be truly effective, leaders must master the ability to influence others… don’t just command;
they inspire, persuade and encourage. Leaders tap the knowledge and skills of a group, point
individuals toward a common goal, and draw out a commitment to achieve results. Lead self
purposefully by living a meaningful life guided by the image of who you intend to become.

What I Can Do

Let’s apply what you have learned.

Brainwriting: Answer the following question in the paragraph style

1. How does the power of the president affect your life as a student? Cite an
example._____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. If you were the president, which among the given powers will you patronize?

28
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Assessment

MATCHING TYPE TEST

Direction: Match column A with the correct answer in column B. Write only the
letter of your answer on the blank.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. Involves the use of power to a. Expert Power

create motivation or to accomplish group
goals. b. Referent Power

2. The ability to control another c. Personal Power

person’s behavior through the possession
d. Collective Power
of knowledge, experience or judgement
that the other person needs but does not e. Process Power
have.
f. Social Control
3. It is exercised by social groups.
It may be exercised by one social group g. Power
over another.
h. Emotional Power
4. It is the extent to which a leader
can use extrinsic and intrinsic rewards to i. Reward Power
control and influence other people.
j. Inspirational Appeal
5. The leader has full control over
the methods of production and analysis.

6. Used for potential gain and

results in a win-lose approach.

7. Trying to build enthusiasm by

appealing to other emotions, ideals or
values.

8. A strong feeling such as joy,

sadness or anger that moves us.

9. Ability to get someone to do

something he/she wants to accomplish
thus making things happen in the way

29
he/she wants.

10. The ability to control another’s

behavior because the person wants to
identify with the power source.

C. 3-2-1 Chart

Direction: Fill the 3-2-1 chart

a. 3 things learned
b. 2 most important facts still in mind
c. 1 question remains in mind.

a. 1.

2.

3.

b. 1.

2.

c. 1.

30
 Quarter 1 – Module 4:
States, Nations, and Globalization

31
 What I need to know

Introduction

This module presents the future role of the states, nations, and globalization in
political processes. Moreover, give students profound understanding of the evolution of
globalization and the ever changing structure of nation and state.

This module is divided into three lessons:

Lesson 1 – Concept of State

Lesson 2 – Difference between State and Nation
Lesson 3 – Globalization as a context of relations among nation-state

Objectives

At the end of this module, the learners will be able to:

1. Define Nation, State and Globalization

2. Identify the different elements of the state

3. Enumerate the different forms of government

4.Differentiate nation from state by assessing their characteristics and role in

the growth of globalization.

5. Assess different countries as to state or nation base from its characteristics

6. Discuss the negative and positive effects of Globalization and its effects to

32
 nation-states.

What I know

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What is a state?
a. a powerful, unified body.
b. made up of various institutions working co-operatively in pursuit of a
common goal
c. an independent, self-governing political community whose governing
institutions have the capability to make rules that are binding on the
population residing within a particular territory.
d. both a and b
2. What is the definition of the word “NATION”?
a. A country, considered especially in relation to its people and its social
economic structure
b. The desire by a group of people of the same race, origin, language etc. to
form an independent country.
c. The fact or status of a social group with a common national or cultural
tradition.
d. The beliefs, way of life, art, and customs that are shared and accepted by
people in a particular society.
3. What is the elements of the state that refers to supreme and absolute power
within the territorial Boundaries?
a. People b. Territory c. Sovereignty d. Government
4. Base from the Citizen participation, what form of government is known as “the
government by the few”?
a. Autocracy b. Oligarchy c. Democracy d. Confederation
5. What is the origin of the state that describes state as a result of the conquest of
other families or tribes?
a. Evolution theory b. Force theory c. Divine Right d. Social Contract
6. Which of the following is NOT a NATION-STATE?
a. Philippines b. Japan c. Germany d. France
7. Which of the following is an example of a FAILED state?

33
 a. the Azerbaijan Republic c. the United Kingdom
b. the European Union d. the Soviet Union
8. Inherent power of the state created because the welfare of the people is the
supreme law.
a. Police power b. Eminent Power c. Taxation d. People power
9. What is the term use to describe the increasing interdependence of nations and
peoples across the globe?
a. Infrastructure b. Globalization c. Interdependence d Specialization
10. Which of the following is NOT positive effects of globalization?
a. opening of new markets
b. cheaper consumer goods
c. increased pollution
d. higher standards of living in developing countries

LESSON 1
Concept of State

What’s New

● Activity 1: Brainstorm!
In the graphic organizer provided below, fill in the boxes of the elements
that you think all states in the world have in common. Provide as many
as you can. (Add more square if you need to.)

Elements
of the
State

34
Guide Questions:

1. Why do you think states have these elements?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
______

2. Which among these elements is the most important?

What is It

STATE is taken from the Latin word stare meaning to stand. It is a political
community that has sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly defined territory, and
exercises authority through several institutions, including the government. It is also
defined as a self-governing entity. The term state can be used interchangeably with the
country.

5 Features of a State (Heywood, 2013):

⮚ The state is sovereign. It exercises absolute power. Thomas Hobbes identified

the state as a “leviathan”.
⮚ State institutions are public.
⮚ The state is an exercise in legitimation.
⮚ The state is an instrument of domination. State authority is backed up by
coercion. For Max Weber, the state was defined by its monopoly of the means of
“legitimate violence”.
⮚ The state is a territorial association.

Elements of the State

35
1. People – the organization of human beings living together as a community. Also
known as population or inhabitants.
2. Territory – refers to the land, sea, and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction
on.
3. Sovereignty – refers to supreme and absolute power within its territorial
boundaries.

Types of Sovereignty
1. Internal is the power of the state to rule within its territory.
2. External is the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without
subjection to or control by other states.
Characteristics of Sovereignty

Is absolute from the legal point of view

Is permanent
Sovereignty of the state is universal
Is inalienable
Cannot be divided between or shared
by a plurality
4. Government – refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through
which the state maintains social order, provide public services, and
enforces binding decisions.

Forms of Government

1. According to Distribution of Power

a. Unitary. Government power is held by one central authority.
Ex. Philippines, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda
b. Confederation. It is a voluntary association of independent states that
often only delegate a few powers to the central government. Weak or loose
organization of states agrees to follow a powerful central government.
Ex. The Commonwealth of Independent State (CIS) formerly known as
Soviet Union, Switzerland’s canton system.
c. Federal. Government power is divided between one central and several
regional authorities.
Ex. Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia

2. According to Citizen participation

a. Autocracy. Form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited
power. The citizen has limited, if any, role in the government. The leader is from a
family or from a social class or from a strong party.

Forms of Autocratic Government

36
 1. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship. The ideas of a single leader glorified.
Government tries to control all aspect of social and economic life. The
government is not responsible to the people. Thus, the people lack the
power to limit their rulers.
Ex. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin
2. Absolute Monarchy. The king, queen or emperor exercises the supreme
and unlimited powers of government wherein the position is usually
inherited. Absolute monarch rules by divine right are rare today but from the
1400s to the 1700s they ruled most of Western Europe.
Ex. King of Saudi Arabia
(The counterpart of absolute monarchy is limited monarchy wherein the ruler
has a limited power as mandated by the constitution.)

b. Oligarchy. It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group

exercises control, especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The group gets its power
from military power, wealth, religion, or a combination. In here, the citizen has a very
limited role. Thus, political opposition is usually suppressed-sometimes violently.
Ex. Communist countries such as China. Leaders in the party and armed
forces control government.

c. Democracy. It is a government base on the consent of the governed. The

people are the sovereign, thus, they hold the highest political authority. Citizens have
freedom to criticize their leaders because they are the one who elected them in the
position. People have a high degree of participation in every government processes.

Democracy has two forms: Indirect democracy or representative

democracy is a form of democratic government wherein the people directly elect their
leader who will govern the and perform governmental functions; and Direct
democracy is a form of government wherein the people will convene in a mass
assembly and directly formulate and expressed will of the state.

3. According to Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government wherein it has the people’s support and
possess constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is a legitimate government.
b. De facto. It is a form of government supported by the people but no
constitutional mandate or legal support.

4. According to Executive and Legislative Relationship

a. Presidential. A form of government in which executive branch exists
separately from the legislative. The president is constitutionally independent of the
legislature because they are elected directly by the people.
b. Parliamentary. A form of government in which members of an executive
branch (the cabinet and its leader – a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are
nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly
responsible to it.

Types of States (based on strength)

control and tax entire territory
ensure laws are Characteristics
obeyed
corruption is minor
Effective
tend to be better
37 off
Ex. US, Japan, Western Europe
crime penetrates politics
government unable to fight lawlessness,
 justice is bought
Weak
election often rigged
most revenue disappears into private pockets
Ex. Mexico, Nigeria, Latin America

No real national government with little if

any control of territory
Warlords and criminal cartels free to do
Failed what they want
Threatened with territorial breakup
Ex. Afghanistan, Somalia

An Independent State

✔ Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries

(boundary dispute are okay)
✔ Has people who live there on an ongoing basis.
✔ Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign
trade and domestic trade and issue money.
✔ Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
✔ Has transportation system for moving goods or services.
✔ Has a government which provided public services and police power.
✔ Has sovereignty. No other state should have power over the country’s territory.
✔ Has externa recognition. A country has been “voted into the club” by other
countries.

Origin of the State

1. The theory of Divine Origin - This is the oldest among the origin of the state. It
stated about the right of kings. The formal statement of this theory is the that
the state has been established by and ordinates of God; its rulers divinely
appointed; they are accountable to no authority but God, as described in Bible.

2. Social Contract Theory – The Divine Theory established the “Divine Right” of
kings. In contradiction, the social contract theory emphasized that the state was
not the creation of God but it was the result of agreement entered into by men
who originally had no government organization
In the 16th and 17th century, the Social Contract Theory gained popularity. Social
Contract Theory raised to peak in the hands of Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John
Locke (1632-1704) and Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1978).

Thomas Hobbles John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau

⮚ Men live in a ⮚ Man sought peace ⮚ Good person was
primitive society and preservation corrupted
where there is war of all humanity ⮚ Society is ruled by

38
 “of every man, ⮚ Man produce a greed, lust and
against every standing rule to violence
man.” live by ⮚ Nation-state got
⮚ Man’s life was ⮚ Man entered into worse
solitary, poor, contract to assure ⮚ Called for the
nasty, brutish and safety and peace government of the
short that life, liberty, citizen to meet and
⮚ Out of this and property may discuss difficulties
condition the State be enjoyed to the ⮚ Consensus knew
was born fullest as the General will
⮚ To escape this ⮚ The contract is
cruel reality, men two-way
would give up
some freedom to
the state; in
return, the
government (state)
would offer people
security through
law & order

3. Force Theory – The exponent of the force theory was of the view that the origin of
state and its development was based on force, that is, force used by the strong
over the weak and their consequent control over them. In such a way, wherever
the strong group out did the weak the strong became the master and ruled the
weak. States emerged from the conquest of other families or tribes.

4. Evolution Theory – States evolved from family units. The families grew into a
large extended family that heads of the family served as a government.
eventually evolved into tribal councils with a hierarchy of authority.

Inherent Power of the State

1. Police Power – power of the state to regulate freedoms and property right of
individuals for the protection of public safety, health, and morals or the promotion of
the public convenience and general prosperity. This is because the welfare of the
people is the supreme law.

2. Eminent Domain or Power of Expropriation – power to take private property for

public use upon payment of just compensation. It is exercised through national or
local government and private persons or corporations authorized to exercise functions
of public character.

3. Taxation – power to impose tax on individuals and properties to support the

government.
⮚ Tax – lifeblood of government
⮚ Uniform Taxation – persons or things belonging to the same class shall be
taxed at the same rate.

39
 ⮚ Equitable taxation – tax burden must be imposed according to the taxpayers’
capacity to pay.
⮚ Progressive taxation – as the resources of the taxpayer becomes higher his
rates likewise increase

Independent Activity 2.

How well do you know the Pearl of the Orient Seas? Fill out the table below to show
how well you know our country.

Question Answer

What does our flag looks

like? Draw and color it if
possible.

Name of the Bodies of

water surrounding the
Philippine Archipelago

Estimated no. of
Philippine population as
base from 2020 census

Enumerate the different

ethnic groups comprising
the Philippine population
(write as many as you
can)

What do you call the head

of the Philippine
government?

and give at least 3

40
 persons that became head
of our government

Independent Assessment 2. Reason Me

Out!

Is the Philippines a state based on the mentioned characteristics?

Explain your answer.

____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
What I Can Do

It’s time to Create your Own SOVEREIGN STATE! Use your imagination.

Territory. Draw a map of the boundaries of your new country. Then draw the
geographical features inside. Is it on the ocean? Does it have rivers and lakes?
Mountains? Canyons? Where are the cities and towns?

Flag. Draw your

country’s flag here.

41
Population. Describe the features of your country’s population in terms of: 1)
Language(s) spoken 2) level of wealth 3) where people live (rural/urban) 4)level of
education 5) cultural tradition 6)occupation

Government. Describe the form of

your government:

Difference between State and Nation

What is It

Concept of Nation

Nation is defined as a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that
is sufficiently conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a government peculiarly its
own.

It is a group of people bound together by commonalities in language, history,

traditions, and religions.

Nation is a cultural-political community.

A nation is formed by factors like common race, common language, common culture,
common history, common territory etc. But none of these are absolute essentials. For
example, a nation can survive without a territory, but love for a common territory may

42
unite the nation. The elements that result in a nation are not always constant. Nation
is always the result of evolution.

Nation is not a legal entity. It is the strong bond between people and common
elements like ethnicity, language, and descent that keeps the nation together.

There could be a nation composed of different states or a nation with only one state,
but a state can only have one nation.

For example, the States of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, and Lebanon belong to
the Arab Nation.

State vs Nation

STATE vs NATION

Definition An independent political entity A large body of people united

with fixed geographic by common origin, history,
boundaries culture, ethnicity, or language.

Reference Refers to a territory Refers to a group of people

Territory Has a fixed territory Doesn’t have a fixed territory

Type A political and legal entity A socio-cultural entity

Origins Can be created consciously Cannot be created consciously

Stability State is not as stable as a Nation is more stable than a

nation since it is created state
concept

Sovereignty Cannot exist without Can exist without sovereignty

sovereignty

Unity United by laws and regulations United by bonds and shared

histories

Home State can be home to more People belonging to different

than one nation nations can live in different
states

Independent Assessment 3.
Direction: Base from what you have learned about nation, interpret the quotation
below in not more than 15 sentences.

43
 “ A nation of sheep will soon have a government of wolves.”
-Edward R. Murrow

LESSON 3: Globalization as a context

of relations among nation-state.
Activity: A Case Study

Before going to the next part of this lesson, try to answer the following questions below
after reading a short passage about a brief history of the Coca-Cola.

The Coca-Cola Company

The Coca-Cola company was founded in the United States in 1886. The company set up bottling
plants in Canada in 1906. In 1928, it introduced the soft drink Coca-Cola at the Olympic Games
which were held in Amsterdam. In the 1940s, the company began to set up bottling plants in
44
countries around the world.

Coca-Cola is popular because it has been advertised as a brand of soft drink connected with fun,
friends and good times. Its international image was successfully promoted by a 1971 commercial,
1. What is globalization?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the driving forces behind globalization?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

3. In what ways does globalization affect the world?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

What is It
Globalizatio
Definition:
n
⮚ Globalization refers to the growing economic interdependence of countries
worldwide through the increasing volume and variety of cross border
transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also
through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.

-International Monetary Fund

⮚ Globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and

integration among the people, companies, and government of different nations.

45
 -The American Forum for Global Education

⮚ Globalization is the process through which societies have become so intertwined

or interconnected that events and decisions in one part of the worlds have
significant effects the lives of people in the other part of the world.

Characteristics of Globalization

1. Declining relevance of geographical distance

2. Lessening significance of territorial boundaries
3. Deepening and broadening of political processes, such that the
local,
national global events constantly interact

Globalization has various aspects which affects the world in several

different ways. These aspects include:

⮚ Industrial globalization – development of worldwide production markets

and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and
companies involving particularly movement of material and goods
between and within national boundaries.
⮚ Financial globalization – development of worldwide financial markets and
better access to external financing for borrowers.
⮚ Economic globalization – establishment of global common market, based
on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
⮚ Political globalization – creation of international organization to regulate
the relationships among government and to guarantee the rights arising
social and economic globalization.
⮚ Informational globalization – increase in information flows between
geographically remote locations.
⮚ Cultural globalization – sharing of ideas, attitudes and values across
national borders. This sharing generally leads to an interconnectedness
and interaction between peoples of diverse cultures and ways of life.
Mass media and communication technology are the primary instruments
for cultural globalization.

What are the drivers of globalization?

In general, three factors have been identified as the main drivers of this process:

1. Technology - Many believe that technology is the number one driver behind it,
making easier for people, goods, and ideas to move across borders. The development of
transportation technology, for example, has made it possible to move vast amounts of
products and people in a short period of time. Inventions in the area of
microprocessors and telecommunications enabled highly effective computing and
communication at a low-cost level. The rapid growth of the internet, is the latest
technological driver that created global e-business and e-commerce.

46
2. Trade - The effect of trade is mainly based on its ability to strengthen
interdependence between different countries.

3. Investment - The international investment drove globalization by increasing

economic integration. Many countries have experienced the benefits of international
investments, namely foreign direct investments, commercial loans, and foreign
portfolio investments. These have created new companies, jobs, and sources of
income.

Political globalization

The political dimension is a newer feature of the globalization debate, as over

the last 30 years there has been a rise in the influence and power of international and
regional institutions such as the European Union (EU), Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations (UN), the World Trade
Organization (WTO), MERCOSUR in South America, and the Association for Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN). These international and supranational actors increasingly
shape domestic politics.
One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance
of the nation-state and the rise of other actors on the political scene. The creation and
existence of the United Nations is called one of the classic examples of political
globalization. This is one of the reason why there is a heated debate over Political
Globalization and Nation State. The question arises whether or not political
globalization signifies the decline of the nation-state. Hyper globalist argue that
globalization has engulfed today’s world in such a way that state boundaries are
beginning to lose significance. However, skeptics disregard this as naive, believing that
the nation-state remains the supreme actor in international relations.

Pros of political globalization:

✔ Access to international aid and financial support

✔ It contributes to world peace. It reduces risk of invasions, more checks on big
powers and limitation on nationalism
✔ International organizations are often committed to spread values like freedom
and to fight abuses within countries
✔ Smaller countries can work together and gain more influence internationally
✔ Governments can learn from each other

Cons of political globalization:

✔ State sovereignty is reduced

✔ The functioning of international and supranational organizations is often not
“democratic” in terms of representation and accountability
✔ Big countries can shape decisions in supranational organizations

47
 ✔ Sometimes countries can veto decisions and slow down decision making
processes
✔ Coordination is difficult and expensive

What I Can Do

COVID-19 and Globalization

Over the past few decades’ globalization represented the growing interdependence of
economies, cultures and population across the world, along with prosperity and rapid
economic growth. With the Global COVID-19 Pandemic:

1) do you think Globalization also became the

catalyst for this?
2) Do you agree that the root cause of this chaos lies in the laggard, obsolete
international organizations and poor global governance?

48