ARC 512/512L DESIGN 09

AR. MARIROSE V. VOCAL, UAP, MAIT

CEIT-01-901P
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ABSTRACT

Some colleges and universities require an abstract, while others require a summary, and
the current trend is in favor of an abstract. Since the abstract of a research report is often
the only part read, it should describe the most important aspects of the study that include
the following:
A. Research problem (the statement of the problem and hypotheses),
B. The research methodology:
B1. Research Method and Design used
B2. Population Frame
B3. Sampling Scheme
B4. Instruments used
B5. Data Gathering Procedure
B6. Statistical Treatment of Data (formula, techniques used to treat data)
B7. Major Results, Findings or Conclusions

SAMPLE OF AN ABSTRACT: NOTICE THE DOUBLE SPACE, THE

INDENTED PARAGRAPH AND THE COMPONENTS LISTED ABOVE. STRIVE
TO PUT YOUR ABSTRACT IN ONE (1) PAGE ONLY.
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 ABSTRACT

The role of a teacher in a technology-mediated learning environment cannot be

ignored. With the teacher at the helm of the learning process, the researcher’s purpose for

this study was to answer the need to promote Self-Regulated Learning (SRL). The research

questions that guided the conduct of this study were focused on 1) the demographic profile

of the faculty members, 2) the extent of use and practice of Learning and Motivational

strategies by the faculty members, 3) the differences between the use and practice of

Learning and Motivational strategies according to demographic profile, and 4) the Proposed

Self-Regulated Learning Habits Plan.

A descriptive survey method was used while the data gathered were treated with

frequency distribution, percentage, weighted mean and ANOVA. The instrument used was

the researcher-made questionnaire composed of sixty (60) questions duly validated by

experts in the industry.

It was concluded that 1) among the male-dominated faculty members, majority are

civil engineers, the age range was found to be at 46-55, and most of the faculty members

were found to be in the 9 years below length of service; 2) the faculty members practice

both Learning and Motivational strategies to a GREAT EXTENT; and 3) there is a significant

difference in the practice of Learning strategies by the faculty members according to Age,

Gender, and Field of Specialization.

INTRODUCTION (3-4 PARAGRAPHS)
In this section, it is important to carefully consider the opening sentences. The
opening sentences affect whether readers will continue to examine the study; generate
interest in the study; and provide an initial frame of reference for understanding the entire
research topic. It makes sense to start with a broad topic that readers can easily
understand. After starting the topic, the researcher then narrows it to a research problem
that needs to be examined.

The Inverted Pyramid: A Model for Effective Introductions

A good introduction not only gives your thesis statement and the appropriate
background information on your topic, but also grabs your readers’ attention and draws
them into the rest of your paper. Here is one way to organize an introduction.

1. GENERAL STATEMENT
This statement should be relevant to the main idea of your paper and not so broad
that it becomes a cliché. For example, instead of writing, Throughout history, the media
has been saturated with a variety of apocalyptic images, you could write, As the twentieth
century and second millennium draw to a close, popular culture is saturated with a wide
variety of apocalyptic visions mass-marketed through film and literature. The second
statement tells the reader what kind of media will be discussed and grounds the topic in
a specific historical context, the end of the second millennium.

2. MORE SPECIFIC STATEMENTS

These statements often include background information on your topic and should
direct the audience toward your thesis. After reading these statements, your reader
should know generally what to expect from your thesis statement.

3. THESIS STATEMENT
Things to avoid in an introduction:
• Including too much detail. If you tell your audience everything that you have to
say in your paper in the introduction, then why should they bother to read the rest of it?
Present the thesis that you will discuss further in the paper, but do not try to prove it in
the introduction.
• Straying too far off topic. It is important for your reader to have some background
on your topic, but this information must be appropriate to your thesis. Get to the point as
soon as possible, without rambling about irrelevant issues. Present only the most relevant
background information in the introduction.
• Quoting dictionaries. We all have read papers that begin “According to Webster’s
Dictionary….” While it is important for you as a writer to formulate your own definitions
within your paper, this trite opening is a sure way to put your reader to sleep

It can also be done as the WORLD/GLOBAL SETTING, ASIAN SETTING,

PHILIPPINE SETTING AND THEN YOUR SITE/LOCATION, THE THESIS ITSELF.

The next thing to do is to justify the research problem by presenting reasons for
the importance of studying the issue or concern. This justification is based on suggestions
from other researchers and on personal experiences (something witnessed on the
workplace or experienced personally). Besides suggestions found in published studies or
articles, justification for a research problem can be found in unpublished theses and
dissertations, conference papers, research syntheses, or encyclopedias that report the
latest the latest research. Justification may also be based on comments by authorities or
experts who have researched some issues and concerns. After justifying the research
problem, the researcher proceeds to identifying deficiencies in the evidence. This means
that the past literature or practical experiences of the researchers as discussed do not
adequately address the research problem.

As the researcher summarizes evidence deficiencies, a good practice would be to

identify two or more reasons why existing practice and research have been deficient in
addressing the research problem. The last thing to do in this section is for the researcher
to identify audiences or groups that will profit if the deficiencies in existing knowledge and
practice related to the problem are addressed. Audience consists of individuals who will
read and potentially use information provided in a research study. Prepare this section in
3 to 5 pages.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The research should have a theoretical underpinning that provides the legitimate basis
for defining research parameters. This is used to guide and direct research. The
Theoretical framework presents the theory or theories from which the research
problem is anchored.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The researcher discusses in this section the relations among concepts used in the theory
or may just refer to the concepts discussed in the review of related literature. The
framework is presented in a paradigm which shows the relationships among variables or
concepts. The paradigm is a well-developed descriptive analogy used to help visualize
the phenomena that can be observed.
Paradigms can be INPUT – PROCESS – OUTPUT framework which RTU uses for
thesis writing.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This section defines the main and sub-problems (objectives) or research questions of the
study. The main problem begins with the statement of purpose which describes succinctly
the overall direction or purpose of the study. This statement of purpose is narrowed down
to specific sub-problems or research questions that the researcher seeks to answer in his
/ her study.

These are the same questions that the researcher will answer in Chapter IV in the same
sequence as stated. These are not idle questions; they are the backbone of the research
and will be used as guide throughout the study. In Chapter V, you will also present the
Findings and Conclusions in the sequence of the stated problems.

HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis is a proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement

concerned with relationships among variables. The following is a sample script for
declarative or alternative hypothesis:

There is a difference between at-risk and non-at-risk supervisors in terms of their

productivity level in manufacturing companies.

Independent Variable : At risk and non-at-risk (members and non-members)

Dependent Variable : Productivity Level
Participants : Supervisors
Site : Manufacturing Companies
NULL HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified
populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
Example:
1. THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE DESIGN OF A BIOPHILIC AND THE
HYDROPHILIC RESORT HOTEL.
2. THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE PATRONAGE OF USERS FOR
MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENTS AS WITH STAND-ALONE SPECIFIC ESTABLISHMENTS.
ALTHERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
The alternative hypothesis is a position that states something is happening, a new
theory is preferred instead of an old one (null hypothesis).
Example:
1. THERE IS SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE SATISFACTION OF USERS FROM A
BIOPHILIC-DESIGNED AIRPORT THAN A TRADITIONALLY DESIGNED ONE.
2. THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE COMFORT OF USERS IN THE
APPLICATION OF GREEN ROOF THAN THE TRADITIONAL THERMAL MASS
MATERIALS.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS / DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This section answers the questions on what (coverage of the study) when (time or period covered
by the study), when (time or period covered by the study), where (pace covered or where study
is conducted), who (persons involved in the study), and now (procedures used in the conduct of
the study).
What the researcher intends to do is stated in the research problem. What the researcher is not
going to do is stated in the delimitations. Limitation, on the other hand is some aspect of the
study the researcher knows may negatively affect the results or generalizability of the results but
over which the researcher probably has no control such as sample size, lack of time, loss or lack
of participants, inadequate measures of variable errors in measurement, and other factors
typically related to date collection and analysis.
SCOPE
States the coverage of the thesis. For Architectural thesis, it should cover all architectural
drawings including aspects of building utilities.
LIMITATIONS
The things that might alter the results, the things that cannot be controlled by the researcher like
the WEATHER, TIME, DISTANCE, RESOURCES/FUNDS, CONFIDENTIALITY ISSUES.
DELIMITATIONS
The things the researcher can control, or the things the researcher will not do. Example:
- STRUCTURAL COMPUTATIONS
- PROCESSESS AND DAILY ROUTINE / OPERATIONS OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This part lists down the beneficiaries of the study or those who will be given advantage by the
study. Example: STUDENTS, THE LGU, PROFESSIONALS, MEDICAL FIELD, FUTURE RESEARCHERS.
The same group of beneficiaries will be presented in the CHAPTER V for the
RECOMMENDATIONS. The Researcher will recommend to these group of people for the things
that he hopes to be continued or refined or improved.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
This part refers to the OPERATIONAL TERMS of the study. The terms not necessarily defined by
the Dictionary but are defined how they are used in the study, thus – operational. Definition of
Terms is not a dictionary, do not define all the terms you find in the study.