Math 311 - Spring 2014

Solutions to Assignment # 7
Completion Date: Wednesday May 28, 2014

Question 1. [p 121, #2]

Evaluate the following integrals:

2  2 π/6 ∞
1
Z Z Z
(a) −i dt; (b) ei2t dt; (c) e−zt dt (Re z > 0).
1 t 0 0

√
1 3 i 1
Ans: (a) − − i ln 4; (b) + ; (c) .
2 4 4 z
Solution:

(a) We have
2  2 2   Z 2  Z 2
1 1 2i 1 dt
Z Z
2
−i dt = 2
− +i dt = 2
− 1 dt − 2i
1 t 1 t t 1 t 1 t
2 2 2  
1   1
= −  − t − 2i ln t = − − 1 − (2 − 1) − 2i(ln 2 − ln 1),
t 1 1 2 1

2 2
1 1 1
Z
and −i dt = − − 2i ln 2 = − − i ln 4.
1 t 2 2
(b) We have
Z π/6 Z π/6 Z π/6 Z π/6
ei2t dt = (cos 2t + i sin 2t) dt = cos 2t dt + i sin 2t dt
0 0 0 0
π/6   π/6 √ !  
1  1  1 3 i 1
= sin 2t
 + i − cos 2t  = −0 − −1
2 0 2 0 2 2 2 2

π/6
√
3 i
Z
i2t
and e dt = + .
0 4 4
Note that
π/6 π/6
1 i2t  1 h iπ/3
Z i
ei2t dt = e  = e −1
0 2i 0 2i
√ √
i 3 1 i 3
=− + − = +
4 4 2i 4 4
is much easier!
(c) If M > 0, we have
Z M Z M Z M Z M Z M
e−zt dt = e−(x+iy)t dt = e−xt · e−iyt dt = e−xt cos yt dt − i e−xt sin yt dt
0 0 0 0 0
 and letting M → ∞,
Z ∞ Z ∞ Z ∞
e−zt dt = e−xt cos yt dt − i e−xt sin yt dt (1)
0 0 0

where both integrals on the right converge since x = Re z > 0.

Now, since
d −zt

e = −ze−zt,
dt
then for M > 0, we have
M M
1 −zt  1
Z
1 − e−M z ,
−zt


e dt = − e  =
0 z 0 z
and since  −M z 
 = e−M x · e−M iy  = e−M x → 0
 
e

as M → ∞ provided x > 0, then

∞ M
1
Z Z
−zt
e dt = lim e−zt dt = (2)
0 M →∞ 0 z

provided x = Re z > 0.
Equating real and imaginary parts of (1) and (2), we get
Z ∞ Z ∞
x y
e−xt cos yt dt = 2 2
and e−xt sin yt dt = − 2 ,
0 x +y 0 x + y2

which should look familiar!

Question 2. [p 121, #3]

Show that if m and n are integers,

(
2π
0 when m 6= n,
Z
imθ −inθ
e e dθ =
0 2π when m = n.

Solution: If m, n are integers, with m 6= n, then

2π 2π 2π
1
Z Z
eimθ · e−inθ dθ = ei(m−n)θ = ei(m−n)θ 

0 0 i(m − n) 0
1 h
i(m−n)2π i(m−n)0
i 1
= e −e = [1 − 1]
i(m − n) i(m − n)

since ei(m−n)2π = ei0 = 1 (the exponential function is periodic with period 2πi).
Therefore, Z 2π
eimθ · e−inθ dθ = 0
0
if m 6= n.

Also, if m = n, then eimθ · e−inθ = 1, so that

Z 2π Z 2π
imθ −inθ
e ·e dθ = 1 dt = 2π
0 0

if m = n.

Question 3. [p 121, #4]

According to definition (2), Sec. 38, of integrals of complex-valued functions of a real variable,
Z π Z π Z π
e(1+i)x dx = ex cos x dx + i ex sin x dx.
0 0 0

Evaluate the two integrals on the right here by evaluating the single integral on the left and then using the
real and imaginary parts of the value found.

Ans: −(1 + eπ )/2, (1 + eπ )/2.

Solution: We have Z π Z π Z π
(1+i)x x
e dx = e cos x dx + i ex sin x dx,
0 0 0
and integrating we have
π π
1 (1+i)x  1  (1+i)π
Z 
e(1+i)x dx = e = e −1 ,
0 1+i 
0 1+i

so that π
1 − i  π iπ 1−i π
Z
e(1+i)x dx =

e ·e −1 =− (e + 1) .
0 2 2
Equating real and imaginary parts, we have
Z π
1
ex cos x dx = − (eπ + 1)
0 2

and π
1
Z
ex sin x dx = + (eπ + 1) .
0 2
Question 4. [p 135, #2]

Use parametric representations for the contour C, or legs of C, to evaluate

Z
f (z) dz
C

when f (z) = z − 1 and C is the arc from z = 0 to z = 2 consisting of

(a) the semicircle z = 1 + eiθ (π ≤ θ ≤ 2π);

(b) the segment 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 of the real axis.

Ans: (a) 0; (b) 0.

Solution:

(a) If we parametrize the semicircle as z = 1 + eiθ , π ≤ θ ≤ 2π, then we trace out the semicircle in the
counterclockwise direction from the point (0, 0) to the point (2, 0).

0 1 2
x

C
We have 2π
2π 2π
1 2iθ 
Z Z Z
(z − 1) dz = eiθ · ieiθ dθ = i e2iθ dθ = e  = 0.
C π π 2 π

(b) If C is the arc from z = 0 to z = 2 consisting of the segment 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 of the real axis, then we
parametrize C as z = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.

0 1 2

C x

We have 2
2
1 1 2
Z Z
2
1 − 12 = 0.
 
(z − 1) dz = (t − 1) dt = (t − 1)  =
C 0 2 0 2
Question 5. [p 135, #4]

Use parametric representations for the contour C, or legs of C, to evaluate

Z
f (z) dz
C

when f (z) is defined by the equations

(
1 when y < 0,
f (z) =
4y when y > 0,

and C is the arc from z = −1 − i to z = 1 + i along the curve y = x3 .

Ans: 2 + 3i.

Solution: We parametrize the arc from z = −1 − i to z = 1 + i along the curve y = x 3 as

z = t + it3 , −1 ≤ t ≤ 1.

1+ i
y
C
0 x

1 i

Since f is piecewise continuous, we have

Z Z 0 Z 1
2
f (z) dz = 1 · (1 + 3it ) dt + 4t3 (1 + 3it2 ) dt
C −1 0
0 0 1 1
3 4 6
   
= t + it  + t  + 2it 

−1 −1 0 0
= (0 − (−1)) + i (0 − (−1)) + (1 − 0) + 2i(1 − 0)

and Z
f (z) dz = 2 + 3i.
C
Question 6. [p 135, #6]

Use parametric representations for the contour C, or legs of C, to evaluate

Z
f (z) dz
C

when f (z) is the branch

z −1+i = exp [(−1 + i) log z] (|z| > 0, 0 < arg z < 2π)

of the indicated power function, and C is the positively oriented unit circle |z| = 1.


Ans: i 1 − e−2π .

Solution: If we parametrize C as
z = eit , 0 < t < 2π,
it
then dz = ie dt and
Z Z
z −1+i dz = exp [(−1 + i) log z] dz
C C
Z 2π
= e(−1+i)it i eit dt
0
Z 2π
=i e−t dt
0
2π
 −t 
= −ie  ,
0

and Z


z −1+i dz = i 1 − e−2π .
C

Question 7. [p 136, #10(b)]

Let C0 denote the circle of radius R centered at z0 , |z − z0 | = R, taken counterclockwise. Use the parametric
representation z = z0 + Reiθ (−π ≤ θ ≤ π) for C0 to derive the following integration formulas:

dz
Z
(a) = 2πi;
C0 z − z0
Z
(b) (z − z0 )n−1 dz = 0 (n = ±1, ±2, . . . ).
C0

Solution:

(a) We have
π π
dz 1 −iθ
Z Z Z
= e · i Reiθ dθ = i 1 dθ = 2πi.
C0 z − z0 −π R −π
 (b) We have z − z0 = Reiθ , −π ≤ θ ≤ π, and dz = Rieiθ dθ, and
Z Z π Z π
(z − z0 )n−1 dz = Rn−1 ei(n−1)θ · i Reiθ dθ = Rn i einθ dθ
C0 −π −π
π
einθ  Rn  nπi
= Rn i ·

= e − e−nπi = 0,
ni −π n

so that Z
(z − z0 )n−1 dz = 0
C0

for n = ±1, ±2, . . . .

Question 8. [p 141, #5]

Let CR be the circle |z| = R (R > 1), described in the counterclockwise direction. Show that
Z   
 Log z  π + ln R
 dz < 2π ,

CR z2  R

and then use l’Hospital’s rule to show that the value of this integral tends to zero as R tends to infinity.

Solution: On CR , we have z = Reiθ , −π ≤ θ ≤ π, and

Log z = ln R + iθ, −π < θ < π,

so that
Log z ln R + iθ
=
z2 R2 e2iθ
on CR , and  
 Log z  | ln R + iθ| ln R + |θ| ln R + π
 z2  = ≤ < =M
 
R2 R2 R2
on CR .

Therefore, Z 
Log z 
Z

 dz < M · |z 0 (t)| dt = M · L

CR z2 
CR

where L = 2πR is the length of the contour, and

Z   
 Log z  ln R + π
 dz < · 2π.

CR z2  R

Using l’Hospital’s rule, since  

ln R + π
lim = 0,
R→∞ R
then
Log z
Z
lim dz = 0.
R→∞ CR z2