Guidelines for Units 10-13 of syllabus

Nomenclature : 2 marks
Reasoning : 6 marks

Name reactions : 2 marks

Reaction Mechanism : 2 marks
Word problems (conversions) covering
Properties and reactions of functional groups
: 5 marks
• The monohalogen derivatives of alkanes are
called alkyl halides. Their names are
derived by naming the attached alkyl group
to halogen and adding the name of the
halide. For example
 IUPAC Naming :

• Here, the monohalogen derivatives of

alkanes are named as haloalkanes.
The position of the halogen atom and
other substituents (alkyl groups) are
indicated by suitable numbers i.e.,
1,2,3.....etc.
Common naming : Alkyl halide
 Haloarenes
Haloarenes or aryl halides are named
by adding the prefix 'halo' (fluoro,
chloro, bromo, iodo) before the name
of the aromatic hydrocarbon. In case of
di-substituted compounds, the relative
positions of the substituents 1,2; 1,3
and 1,4 are indicated by the prefixes
ortho (o-), meta (m-) and para (p-)
respectively
 Nature of C-X Bond
Most of the reactions of halides involve the
cleavage of C-X bond. Larger the bond
dissociation energy of the C-X bond, smaller is
the reactivity. The bond dissociation energy
decreases with the increase in the size of
halogen atom, i.e.,
C-Cl > C-Br > C-I.
Methods of preparation of haloalkanes
From hydrocarbons:
When pure components are
needed, they can be obtained by
fractional distillation.
From alkenes
 2.By the action of phosphorus
halides

Bromoalkanes and iodoalkanes are prepared by the

action of PBr3 and PI3respectively on alcohols. As
PBr3 and PI3, are not very stable compounds, they
are prepared in situ by the action of red
phosphorus on Br2, or I2.
 3.with thionyl chloride:

This method is preferred than other

methods because both the products of
the reaction (SO2 and HCl) are gases
and can easily escape leaving behind
pure alkyl halide.
By halide exchange
Finkelstein reaction.
 From silver salts of acids
Borodine Hundsdiecker reaction

Chloroalkanes can also be obtained

by this method by using Cl2 instead
of Br2, but, the yield of hloroalkanes
is very poor.
 Preparative methods of
haloarenes
1)Direct halogenation of aromatic ring
4.Balz-Schiemann reaction

fluoroboric acid