The roots of the Hindu caste system were already in place between 1000 and 1500 B.C.

, when
the Aryans settled in the Indus River valley. The Rig Veda, a sacred text from the period,
describes the four main castes (varnas) in traditional Hindu society: brahmins, the class of
priests and teachers; kshatriyas, the warrior class, who were the rulers and soldiers; vaishyas, the
commercial class of artisans, traders, and cultivators; and shudras, the servant and peasant class.
Fifth caste
Beneath these castes is a fifth population group—those without any caste, literally, outcastes.
This includes the people traditionally known as “untouchables.” The Indian constitution of 1950
made “untouchability” illegal. Today these people call themselves dalits (“oppressed”). Also in
this fifth group are the “tribals,” the 50 million Indians who live in tribal communities that
predate the Aryan and Dravidian civilizations. They are members of the “backward” classes.

Caste is a religious and social institution of the Hindu peoples, who comprise about 80 percent of
India’s population. The rest of India is Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, or Jain. Caste is such a
deep-rooted and pervasive concept, however, that it has influenced Muslims, Christians, and
Sikhs. For example, there are separate churches for dalit and non-dalit Christians. Even the
tribals, who are not a part of Hindu society, have started observing “untouchability” toward dalits
—who themselves have a caste hierarchy
Religious and caste
Caste-based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the Indian
subcontinent like Nepalese Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. It has been
challenged by many reformist Hindu movements, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity and also by
present-day Indian Buddhism.