Teacher's Resource: Investigating Science and Technology 7

Investigating Science and Technology 7
Teacher’s Resource
Unit B Line Masters
Line Master B-1 Unit B Summary ...................................................................................... 93

Line Master B-2 Unit B Key Terms. .................................................................................. 94
Line Master B-3 Vocabulary Cards .................................................................................... 95
Line Master B-4 Considering Form and Function .............................................................. 96
Line Master B-5 5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 Summary Organizer ...................................................... 97
Line Master B-6 K-W-L Strategy ....................................................................................... 98
Line Master B-7 Using the Question & Answer Pattern .................................................... 99
Line Master B-8 Lifespan of a Product.............................................................................. 100
Line Master B-9 Chapter 4.0 Quiz .................................................................................... 101
Line Master B-10 Chapter 5.0 Quiz .................................................................................. 104
Line Master B-11 Chapter 6.0 Quiz................................................................................... 107
Line Master B-12 Unit B Task Assessment Rubric........................................................... 110
Line Master B-13 Unit B Test ........................................................................................... 111
Answers to Unit B Line Masters......................................................................................... 116
Investigating Science and Technology 7 91 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Unit B — Structures: Form and Function Unit Support
L in e M ast e r B-1
Name: _____________________________________
Unit B Summary
Chapter 4.0 Designers consider the form and function of a structure and the forces that
act on it.
Key Concepts Chapter Summary
• Every structure can be described • Structures can be classified by their function. (4.1)
and classified. • Structures can be classified by their form as solid, frame, and shell
• Forces act on structures. structures. (4.1)
• Structures need to be designed • Internal and external forces act on structures. (4.2)
with safety in mind. • Designing a structure requires an understanding of the forces and loads that
act on it. (4.3)
Chapter 5.0 Good design, materials, and construction make structures stable and strong.
• Structural strength is affected by • Structural shapes, structural components, and structural materials are the
many factors. main things to consider for structural strength. (5.1)
• Good design involves many • The centre of gravity of a structure affects its stability. (5.1)
elements. • Structural stress, fatigue, and failure affect structures. (5.1)
• Designers must ask themselves questions about the elements of design
throughout the design process. (5.2)
• Some of the questions have definite answers. Others are a matter of
personal taste. (5.2)
Chapter 6.0 The lifespans of structures need to be considered in order to make responsible
decisions.
• Manufacturers and consumers • Manufacturers determine consumer need by using market research, and try
have responsibilities. to influence consumer thinking with advertising. (6.1)
• The lifespan of a product can be • Being a wise consumer involves identifying personal needs and wants.
traced. (6.1)
• Decisions made about structures • The lifespan of a product might include planned obsolescence. (6.2)
can affect the environment. • Product disposal should be a factor in buying decisions. (6.2)
• Conserving energy in each phase of the lifespan of a product, from idea to
disposal, affects Earth positively. (6.3)
• Modifying their personal behaviour to reduce their impact on Earth is the
responsibility of every citizen. (6.3)

Name: _____________________________________
Unit B Key Terms
Exploring
□ tension □ structural fatigue
□ force □ torsion □ structural stress
□ form □ symmetry
Chapter 5.0
□ function
□ arch Chapter 6.0
□ structure
□ beam □ consumer
Chapter 4.0
□ box beam □ lifespan
□ combination structure □ cantilever □ manufacturer
□ compression □ centre of gravity □ market research
□ dynamic load □ column □ planned obsolescence
□ external force □ corrugated cardboard
□ frame structure □ corrugated metal
□ gravity □ ergonomics
□ internal force □ failure
□ load □ fatigue
□ plane of application □ girder
□ point of application □ I-beam
□ sensor □ product recall
□ shear □ prototype
□ shell structure □ stability
□ solid structure □ stress
□ static load □ structural components
□ strength □ structural failure

Name: _____________________________________
Vocabulary Cards

Considering Form and Function
Name: _____________________________________
Structure Description of Form Description of Function

Desk Made from Used to
Its shape is
Chair Four legs, sometimes attached to the Used to

desk. Made from plastic and metal.
Coat Rack Made from Used to hang coats and other

clothing, to hang bags
Its shape is
Pen Made from plastic. Hollow container Used to

holds the ink in a stick-like shape.
Bulletin Board Piece of corkboard attached to the Used to

wall with a metal frame.
Shelves Made from Used to
The shape is
Binder Made from plastic, cardboard, and Used to

metal. Plastic covers the outside of
rectangular cardboard.

Name: _____________________________________
5 – 4 – 3 – 2 – 1 Summary Organizer
Chapter title
5 Key Ideas You Learned in this Chapter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4 Internal Forces Acting on Structures

1.
2.
3.
4.
3 Ways to Classify Structures

1.
2.
3.
2 Ways to Prevent Failure of a Structure

1.
2.
1 Question You Still Have

1.

Name: _____________________________________
K-W-L Strategy
Topic:
Before Reading Before Reading After Reading
K W L
What I already know. What I want to know. What I learned or still need to
learn.

Name: _____________________________________
Using the Question & Answer Pattern
Purpose: Signal Words:
Graphic Organizer:
Question Answer
Other writing decisions to make: What topic will you write about?
Who is your audience?
What format will your writing take?

Name: _____________________________________
Lifespan of a Product
Process Step Description of Process Example

Idea The inventor has an idea for a new
product or a modification to an
existing product.
A model The inventor creates experimental

designs to decide which one is best.
Choosing materials Materials are chosen for the components

of the product.
Research The inventor may need to learn more

about materials or how to improve the
design of the product.
Improving the design After research, the inventor might want

to change the design so that it lasts
longer, is easier or cheaper to make, or
uses different materials.
The prototype Designers may make a working model

called a prototype, to ensure that
everything works as planned and that the
final product will be easy to manufacture.
Market Research Information is gathered to find out how

many of the items to produce and how
much people would be willing to pay for
the item.
Production The manufacturer decides where and

how the product will be made and starts
making it.
Advertising The public is told about a new or

improved product.
Distribution The product is sent to retailers or directly

to the consumer.
Consumers’ choice For each product they buy, consumers

often have to choose among several
different brands.
Disposal Eventually, the product is discarded. It

may be composted, re-used, recycled, or
sent to a landfill.
Unit B — Structures: Form and Function Unit Assessment
Name: _____________________________________
Chapter 4.0 Quiz
A. Vocabulary Questions (5 marks)

Match the vocabulary words in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
Vocabulary Words Choices
1. compression A. a type of internal force that pushes a structure in
opposite directions
2. shell B. an external force acting on a structure
3. load C. a structure that is made of parts, such as structural

components, and fastened together
4. shear D. a type of internal force that squeezes or presses a
structure together
5. frame E. a structure that is strong, hollow, and light for its size
B. Multiple Choice Question (10 marks)

Place the letter of the correct answer in the space provided.
6. Which of the following is a shell structure?

(a) a mountain
(b) an egg
(c) a bridge
(d) a sandcastle Answer: _____
7. Which of the following is an example of an external force acting on a structure?
(a) compression
(b) torsion
(c) shear
(d) gravity Answer: _____
8. Which of the following is considered the static load of the bookcase?
(a) books
(b) the weight of the material the bookcase is made from
(c) a picture frame
(d) none of the above
Unit B — Chapter 4.0 Quiz Unit Assessment
LM B-9 cont’d
9. A truck driving over a bridge is considered

(a) the dynamic load
(b) the static load
(c) the total load
(d) none of the above Answer: _____
10. A spider web is considered a

(a) shell structure
(b) solid structure
(c) frame structure
(d) combination structure Answer: _____
11. A figure skater doing a spin experiences the following internal force
(a) torsion
(b) shear
(c) compression
(d) tension Answer: _____
12. An example of a sensor is

(a) a smoke detector
(b) a carbon monoxide detector
(c) technology that can detect vibrations
(d) all of the above Answer: _____
13. Two people pulling on an elastic is an example of the following force

(a) torsion
(b) tension
(c) compression
(d) shear Answer: _____
14. A shell container is useful for

(a) supporting a load
(b) making a bridge
(c) acting as a container
15. To ensure that a structure can withstand the forces that may affect it, designers often
(a) use backup systems and warning systems
(b) overcompensate by making the structure stronger than it needs to be
(c) use sensors
continued 
LM B-9 cont’d
C. Matching Questions (6 marks)

Match the words in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
Words Choices
16. a dam A. is a frame structure
17. a tennis racket B. is an internal force
18. a house C. is an external force
19. rain D. is a shell structure
20. tension E. is a solid structure
21. a lunch box F. is a combination structure
D. Question with Written Answers (9 marks)

Answer the following with complete and meaningful sentences
22. Describe the form, the function and the loads that act on a basketball net. (3 marks)
23. What methods do engineers use to ensure structural safety? (3 marks)
24. Tiger Woods, a golfer, played the 2008 U.S. Open with injuries to his knee and stress fractures
on his tibia. Explain what forces might have acted on his leg to cause these injuries. (3 marks)
Name: _____________________________________
Chapter 5.0 Quiz
A. Vocabulary Matching Questions (5 marks)
Column 1 Column 2
1. structural components A. extreme weakness that results in permanent changes
such as cracking
2. symmetry B. ability of a structure to maintain its position
3. fatigue C. balanced arrangement on opposite sides of a structure

(it has equal halves)
4. stability D. an imaginary point in a structure where the force of
gravity acts
5. centre of gravity E. parts of a structure that can add strength to it (e.g.,
arches, beams, columns)
B. Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

6. The stability of a structure depends on its

(a) materials
(b) construction techniques
(c) centre of gravity
7. A truss is a framework of beams joined together. Trusses are usually in the form of
(a) interlocking triangles
(b) interlocking rectangles
(c) interlocking arches
8. A structure with a ____________ centre of gravity is more stable.
(a) medium
(b) high
(c) low
(d) tall Answer: _____
9. The following is a structural component

(a) column
(b) girders
(c) arch
10. The following shape is the strongest of all shapes

(a) a column
(b) a rectangle
(c) a square
(d) a triangle Answer: _____
11. If you ignore structural fatigue and apply even more load on the structure,
the structure will experience
(a) structural fatigue
(b) structural stress
(c) structural failure
(d) structural strength Answer: _____
12. If a design is aesthetically pleasing, it means that the structure is

(a) made to model, use, and test the design
(b) pleasing to look at visually
(c) good, strong, and solid
(d) made so that less stress is put on the body Answer: _____
13. Product recall happens when

(a) companies do not like the product
(b) people are upset about the product
(c) the product has serious flaws
(d) the product is not selling well Answer: _____
14. A large cardboard box bends when another box is put on top of it. This is a sign of
(a) structural stress
(b) structural fatigue
(c) structural materials
(d) structural failure Answer: _____
15. People with arthritis have difficulty with their joints, making it difficult to use certain utensils.
If they were shopping for some kitchen gadgets, they would look for something that is
(a) aesthetically pleasing
(b) a prototype
(c) ergonomically designed
(d) symmetrical Answer: _____
LM B-10 cont’d

Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
Words Choices
16.stability A. spreads the weight along the sides to the supports
17.an arch B. has less weight of its own to support and can therefore support more
weight
18.an I-beam C. can be seen when a bookshelf bends under the weight of the books
19.failure D. depends on the materials, construction, and centre
of gravity
20.good design E. can be seen when a bookshelf collapses under the weight of the books
21.stress F. takes into account the function of the structure
D. Questions with Written Answers (9 marks)

Answer the following with complete and meaningful sentences.
22. Green roofs are becoming more popular. What elements have to be considered when designing
the roof and why? (3 marks)
23. What is ergonomics and why is it important that tools, equipment, and furniture be
ergonomically designed? (3 marks)
24. Identify and describe factors that can cause a structure to fail. (3 marks)
Name: _____________________________________
Chapter 6.0 Quiz

A. Vocabulary Questions (5 marks)
Column 1 Column 2
1. consumer A. the length of time that a product or structure is
expected to function
2. manufacturer B. the science of designing structures that people can
use more efficiently and safely with less stress on
their body
3. lifespan C. a person who buys and uses anything grown or made
by producers
4. market research D. a company or person who produces and sells products
that consumers buy
5. ergonomics E. the process by which manufacturers gather and
evaluate information about consumers’ likes and
dislikes
B. Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

6. Planned obsolescence is when the manufacturer

(a) plans for the product to last as long as possible
(b) plans for the disposal of the product
(c) deliberately designs a product with a limited (short) lifespan.
(d) plans to make a prototype Answer: _____
7. The idea that ramps and doors that open with the push of a button are useful for many people,
such as people in a wheelchair, is called
(a) lifespan
(b) universal design
(c) ergonomic design
(d) aesthetic design Answer: _____
8. When companies want to know what consumers will buy, they do
(a) manufacturing
(b) market research
(c) an advertisment
9. Food, water, oxygen, and a home are

(a) wants
(b) purchases
(c) desires
(d) needs Answer: _____
10. The lifespan of a structure runs from

(a) the idea of the structure to its production
(b) the production of the structure to its disposal
(c) the idea of the structure to its disposal
(d) the research of the structure to its advertising Answer: _____
11. Manufacturers advertise their products so that

(a) consumers are informed about the new product
(b) consumers know how to use the product
(c) there is something on television
(d) other companies can see what they have made Answer: _____
12. Starting to use reusable bags at a supermarket means that you are
(a) a nice person
(b) modifying your behaviour to conserve energy
(c) saving trees
(d) helping producers Answer: _____
13. Designers use and make prototypes to ensure that the product
(a) is cost efficient
(b) works the way it is designed to work
(c) is green
(d) is none of the above Answer: _____
14. The end of a product’s lifespan is when the

(a) product doesn’t work any more
(b) the product is thrown in the garbage
(c) the product is recycled
(d) when the product breaks down Answer: _____
15. Buying locally produced items lessens your impact on the environment because they
(a) take less time to break down
(b) are easier to recycle
(c) use less packaging and water
(d) require less transportation Answer: _____
continued 
LM B-11 cont’d

Match the descriptions in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
Words Choices
16. a game system A. keeps food scraps from the garbage
17. composting B. participates in market research and buys products
18. polyester clothing C. is an example of universal design
19. a consumer D. is designed with planned obsolescence
20. a ramp E. is the attractiveness of a product
21. aesthetics F. is not recyclable
D. Questions with Written Answers (9 marks)

Answer the following with complete and meaningful sentences.
22. How can you, as a consumer, encourage manufacturers to make greener products? (3 marks)
23. What are some ways that you, as a consumer, can lessen your impact on the environment? (3
marks)
24. What is universal design and who might find it useful? (3 marks)
Name: _____________________________________
Unit Task Assessment Rubric
Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Knowledge and Understanding
Understanding of Student demonstrates Student demonstrates Student demonstrates Student demonstrates a
content limited understanding some understanding of considerable thorough understanding
Designing and of the project and of energy conservation understanding of of energy conservation
constructing a energy conservation. and designs and builds energy conservation and designs and builds
prototype of a a flawed prototype. and designs and builds a prototype that works
structure to lessen the a prototype that works. well.
environmental impact
of your home or
school.
Thinking and Investigation
Use of initiating and Student uses initiating Student uses initiating Student uses initiating Student uses initiating
planning skills and and planning skills and and planning skills and and planning skills and and planning skills and
strategies strategies with limited strategies with some strategies with strategies with a high
effectiveness. Plan and effectiveness. Plan and considerable degree of effectiveness.
list of materials are list of materials are effectiveness. Plan and Plan and list of
incomplete. Student moderately complete. list of materials are materials are complete
shows little Student shows some complete. Student and well presented,
understanding of the understanding of the shows understanding of Student shows
chosen project. chosen project. the chosen project. considerable
understanding of the
chosen project.
Communication
Use of conventions, Student used Student used Student used Student used
vocabulary, and conventions, conventions, conventions, conventions,
terminology of the vocabulary, and vocabulary, and vocabulary, and vocabulary, and
discipline in oral, terminology of terminology of terminology of terminology of
visual, and/or structures and structures and structures and structures and
written forms prototypes with limited prototypes with some prototypes with prototypes with a high
effectiveness. effectiveness. considerable degree of effectiveness.
effectiveness.
Application
Transfer of Student transferred Student transferred Student transferred Student transferred
knowledge and skills knowledge and skills to knowledge and skills to knowledge and skills to knowledge and skills to
to unfamiliar unfamiliar contexts with unfamiliar contexts with unfamiliar contexts unfamiliar contexts
contexts limited effectiveness. some effectiveness. with considerable with a high degree of
Fabrication of prototype Fabrication of prototype effectiveness. effectiveness.
incomplete, does not markedly varies from Fabrication of Exemplary rendition of
reflect design plan. design plan. prototype follows the proposed design.
design plan well.
Name: _____________________________________
Unit B Test
A. Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

1. Your skeleton is what type of structure?

(a) frame structure
(b) solid structure
(c) shell structure
2. Engineers describe forces by

(a) the gravity, load, and direction of the forces
(b) the static and dynamic loads
(c) the magnitude, direction, and point and plane of application of the load
(d) the magnitude, the static load, and the dynamic load Answer: _____
3. An example of external forces acting on a structure is

(a) when a muscle pulls in a skater when turning
(b) wind turning an umbrella inside out
(c) a stretched elastic
4. The magnitude of a force is

(a) where the force is coming from
(b) where the force meets the structure
(c) when the force meets the structure
(d) how big the force is that meets the structure Answer: _____
5. Every structure supports a load, the sum of the static and dynamic loads.
The static load refers to
(a) the forces that move or change while acting on the structure
(b) the effect of weather, such as rain and snow, acting on the structure
(c) the effect of gravity acting on a structure
(d) both the forces that move and change and gravity acting on the structure Answer: _____
6. An arch can support a lot of weight because

(a) it is made from triangles, and the triangle is the strongest shape
(b) corrugated sheets are stronger than flat sheets
(c) it can support beams
(d) it spreads the load along the sides to its support Answer: _____
Unit B Test Unit Assessment
LM B-13 cont’d
7. If a strong wind acts on a bridge that is not designed for this magnitude of force and the bridge
begins to crack, this is a sign of structural
(a) fatigue
(b) failure
(c) destruction
(d) stress Answer: _____
8. Stability depends on the centre of gravity of a structure. A structure is most stable if it has a
(a) high centre of gravity
(b) low centre of gravity
(c) equal centre of gravity
(d) middle centre of gravity Answer: _____
9. Symmetrical structures are important for two reasons
(a) they are aesthetically pleasing and more stable
(b) they are aesthetically pleasing and ergonomic
(c) they are stable and stronger
(d) they spread the load more evenly and are ergonomically designed Answer: _____
10. A beam that sits on columns at both ends is strongest at
(a) only one end
(b) both ends
(c) the middle
(d) one fourth of the way along the beam Answer: _____
B. Matching Questions (10 marks)
Match the description in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.
Column 1 Column 2
Match this… …with this
11.a sandcastle A. is the internal force acting on a golfer when she swings
12.a sensor B. makes a good lunch container
13.torsion C. is a permanent change, such as cracks in a bookcase
14.a sign of structural fatigue D. is a solid structure
15.a prototype E. is when the forces are balanced
16.the lifespan of a structure F. can help identify problems for structures you want to
produce in large quantities
17.a stable structure G. is any device that can detect or measure real-world
conditions
18.planned obsolescence H. is a dynamic load acting on a bridge
19.a truck I. is from the initial idea until the disposal
20.a shell structure J. is when the structure is designed not to last forever
continued 
LM B-13 cont’d
C. Questions with Written Answers (27 marks)

Answer the following questions in complete and meaningful sentences.
21. Describe and explain the structural form of a bridge and the loads that act on and within it.
(3 marks)
22. What is the centre of gravity of a structure and how can it affect a structure’s stability?
(3 marks)
23. Explain either external or internal forces. Give an example of the force you chose. (3 marks)
24. Identify three different ways a consumer can be more conscious of the environment in their
purchasing habits. (3 marks)
continued 
LM B-13 cont’d
25. Identify and describe factors that can cause a structure to fail over time. (3 marks)
26. When designing structures, what do engineers do to prevent the failure of a structure?
(3 marks)
27. Explain how universal design can be useful to someone carrying a heavy load. (3 marks)
28. How can you convince your favourite company to make greener products for you to buy?
(3 marks)
29. How do manufacturers learn about consumers’ preferences and why do they take
them seriously? (3 marks)
continued 
LM B-13 cont’d
D. Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment (3 marks)

30. How does the availability and location of places to dispose of products affect the environment?
Suggest places where improvements of availability and location of places for disposal could
benefit your community.
Unit B — Structures: Form and Function Answers
Unit B Line Master Answers
Answers to Chapter 4.0 Quiz 18. F

1. D 19. C
2. E 20. B
3. B 21. D
4. A 22. A basketball net is used to play a game. It is

designed to have a ball drop through it to score
5. C points. The net is a frame structure, joined together
to create the basket. The pole holding up the net is
6. (b) either a solid structure or a shell structure (a pipe).
The load acting on the net is the weather (if outside,
7. (d) wind, rain and snow), the ball, the weight of a
person if they try to hang from the ring, and the
8. (b) weight of the material making up the net.
9. (a) 23. Engineers use a variety of different methods to
ensure structural safety. For example, engineers in
10. (c) Ontario must follow the regulations set out in the
Ontario Building Code, which means they must
11. (a) follow set standards for all parts of the building
including load-bearing design and materials.
12. (d)
Engineers often build structures to withstand more
13. (b) force and load than the intended design. Lastly,
engineers use sensors in the buildings to detect
14. (c) vibrations and to tell them if the building is being
damaged.
15. (d)
24. Since Tiger Woods is a professional golfer, he
16. E spends much of his time twisting his body to make
his shots. This twisting action causes the internal
17. A force of torsion within his body. Students could
also argue that since Tiger Woods does not lift up
his heels, there is immense compression acting on
his legs as he switches his weight from one leg to
the other.
continued 
Answers to Chapter 5.0 Quiz 20. F

1. E
21. C
2. C
22. Since green roofs need to hold soil and plants, the
3. A roof needs to be stronger than a regular roof. As
well, there needs to be a way to catch and use the
4. B rainwater that falls on the roof so that it is not
wasted and so that the plants don’t have to be
5. D watered as frequently. This too will require the roof
to be stronger. All of these dynamic loads acting on
6. (d) the roof need to be considered. Stronger materials
and structural components need to be included in
7. (a) the design.
8. (c) 23. Ergonomics is the science of people/structure
relationships. Ergonomically designed tools,
9. (d) equipment, and furniture help minimize the stress
on the user’s body. This is important for people
10. (d) who are using the structure all day long, such as
people who work at computers. As well,
11. (c)
ergonomically designed tools and door handles are
12. (b) easier for people with reduced mobility to use.
13. (c) 24. Many different factors can cause structures to fail.
If a structure is poorly designed or built it may not
14. (a) be able to handle all of the forces it experiences. As
well, weather or loads might exceed what a
15. (c) structure was designed to withstand and the
structure might weaken and then fail. Using
16. D materials that are not strong enough can also cause
a structure to fail. Over time, the stresses on
17. A structures cause them to fail. For example, roads
crack and become potholed over several winters of
18. B freezing and thawing. Accidents, too, can cause
structural failure (e.g., a road sign cannot withstand
19. E
being hit by a car).
continued 
Answers to Chapter 6.0 Quiz 16. D

1. C
17. A
2. D
18. F
3. A
19. B
4. E
20. C
5. B
21. E
6. (c)
22. Consumers can encourage manufacturers to make
7. (b) greener options by writing letters asking for more
green options, modifying their buying behaviour to
8. (b) include only environmentally friendly products,
leaving their packaging at the store, etc.
9. (d)
23. Students answers will vary but might include the
10. (c) following: use reusable bags when shopping, buy
less or buy products that will have a longer lifespan,
11. (a) buy at garage sales and second-hand shops, buy
products that are locally made, buy products that do
12. (b) not use too much packaging, etc.
13. (b) 24. Universal design is the term that refers to structures
and products that can be useful to many different
14. (d) users. For example, a lever door handle is easier to
use for people with things in their hands, older
15. (d) people who have arthritis, and young children who
are just developing their fine motor skills. Ramps
into buildings help people in wheelchairs access the
building, but they also are useful for people with
strollers or carts, and people carrying heavy loads.
continued 
Answers to Unit B Test 21. The form of a bridge is usually a frame structure
1. (a) as it is made of structural components fastened
together. The static load of the bridge acts within
2. (c) the bridge. The dynamic loads on the bridge are the
wind, rain, snow, and weight of the vehicles going
3. (b) over the bridge.
4. (d) 22. The centre of gravity is the point in a structure

where the force of gravity appears to act. The lower
5. (c) the centre of gravity in a structure, the more stable
the structure.
6. (d)
23. Internal forces are forces caused by one part of
7. (a) the structure acting on another part. Depending on
the way these forces act, they can be classified as
8. (b) compression, tension, shear, or torsion forces. An
example of an internal force is a stretched elastic,
9. (a) which experiences the internal force, tension. An
external force is a force that acts from the outside
10. (b)
of a structure. Examples of this are wind and the
11. D weight of the structure.
12. G 24. Consumers can change their buying habits in many

ways to have positive effects on the environment.
13. A People can try to buy locally whenever possible,
buy products that are organic, and buy products that
14. C use minimal water and energy to produce. People
can also choose products made from renewable
15. F materials that can then be recycled or composted.
People can also purchase fewer products.
16. I
25. A structure can fail if its design did not consider all
17. E the forces that would act on it over time. As well,
the materials it was made from wear or break down
18. J over time. Faulty construction also contributes to
structural failure, as can extraordinary loads such as
19. H
an adult sitting on a child’s chair.
20. B
continued 
26. Engineers design structures to more than withstand the loads that will act on them. They also
follow codes and regulations such as building codes to ensure the safety of the people using the
structure. As well, they incorporate sensors into the design. These sensors can continuously
measure the condition of the structure.
27. Universal design refers to structures originally designed only to help special needs people, but
have proven useful for many other people. A ramp can assist not just a person in a wheelchair,
but also a person carrying a heavy load or someone who has difficulty climbing stairs. Many
people benefit from doors that open automatically by sensors.
28. Students’ answers may vary but might include writing letters to the company, convincing
others to stop purchasing from a company until they change their practices, sending excess
packaging back to the company, sending the product back to the company if it fails
prematurely, etc.
29. Manufacturers find out what consumers want by conducting market research in which they
survey potential customers. Manufacturers listen to consumers because the company is not
viable if they are unable to sell their products. This makes the consumers’ needs very important
to the manufacturer.
30. Students’ answers will vary. In public places, if recycling, composting, and garbage bins are
placed side by side, people are more likely to recycle and compost. If they are in separate
locations, most people will put everything, including recyclables, in the garbage. Malls should
have composting and recycling receptacles at the Food Court.

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Investigating Science and Technology 7

Unit B Line Masters

Line Master B-1 Unit B Summary ...................................................................................... 93

Investigating Science and Technology 7 91 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Investigating Science and Technology 7 93 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Unit B Key Terms

Investigating Science and Technology 7 94 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Investigating Science and Technology 7 95 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Considering Form and Function

Structure Description of Form Description of Function

Chair Four legs, sometimes attached to the Used to

Coat Rack Made from Used to hang coats and other

Pen Made from plastic. Hollow container Used to

Bulletin Board Piece of corkboard attached to the Used to

Shelves Made from Used to

Binder Made from plastic, cardboard, and Used to

Investigating Science and Technology 7 96 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

4 Internal Forces Acting on Structures

3 Ways to Classify Structures

2 Ways to Prevent Failure of a Structure

1 Question You Still Have

Investigating Science and Technology 7 97 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Before Reading Before Reading After Reading

Investigating Science and Technology 7 98 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Using the Question & Answer Pattern

Purpose: Signal Words:

Investigating Science and Technology 7 99 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada

Process Step Description of Process Example

A model The inventor creates experimental

Choosing materials Materials are chosen for the components

Research The inventor may need to learn more

Improving the design After research, the inventor might want

The prototype Designers may make a working model

Market Research Information is gathered to find out how

Production The manufacturer decides where and

Advertising The public is told about a new or

Distribution The product is sent to retailers or directly

Consumers’ choice For each product they buy, consumers

Disposal Eventually, the product is discarded. It

Chapter 4.0 Quiz

A. Vocabulary Questions (5 marks)

3. load C. a structure that is made of parts, such as structural

B. Multiple Choice Question (10 marks)

6. Which of the following is a shell structure?

9. A truck driving over a bridge is considered

10. A spider web is considered a

12. An example of a sensor is

13. Two people pulling on an elastic is an example of the following force

14. A shell container is useful for

C. Matching Questions (6 marks)

D. Question with Written Answers (9 marks)

23. What methods do engineers use to ensure structural safety? (3 marks)

Chapter 5.0 Quiz

A. Vocabulary Matching Questions (5 marks)

Match the vocabulary words in Column 1 with the choices in Column 2.

3. fatigue C. balanced arrangement on opposite sides of a structure

B. Multiple Choice Questions (10 marks)

6. The stability of a structure depends on its