121 Pea TS Pot} Moe uw FIGURE 3-33 ‘Quality is related to the horizontal distances on P-v and T-v diagrams. Porth FIGURE 3-34 The v value of a saturated liquid~vapor mixture lies between the v,and v, values at the specified TorP. Based on this equation, quality can be related to the horizontal distances on a P-v or T-v diagram (Fig. 3-33). Ata given temperature or pressure, the numerator of Eq. 3-5 is the distance between the actual state and the saturated liquid state, and the denominator is the length of the entire horizontal line that connects the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states. A state of 50 percent quality lies in the middle of this horizontal Line. The analysis given above can be repeated for internal energy and enthalpy with the following results: sig (kIkg) oo Digg = By tty (kg) en All the results are of the same format, and they can be summarized in a single equation as Jos = 44 ie where y is V, u, or h. The subscript “avg” (for “average”) is usually dropped for simplicity. The values of the average properties of the mixtures are always between the values of the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor properties (Fig. 3-34). That is, Yang Me Finally, all the saturated-mixture states are located under the saturation curve, and to analyze saturated mixtures, all we need are saturated liquid and saturated vapor data (Tables A~4 and A-5 in the case of water), EXAMPLE 3-4 Pressure and Volume of a Saturated Mixture A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90°C. If 8 kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in ‘the tank and (6) the volume of the tank. SOLUTION A rigid tank contains saturated mixture, The pressure and the volume of the tank are to be determined ‘Analysis (a) The state of the saturated liquid-vapor mixture is shown in Fig, 3-35. Since the two phases coexist in equilibrium, we have a saturated rix- ture, and the pressure must be the saturation pressure at the given temperature: P= Pyrgwc = T0183 KPa (Table A-4) (2) At 90°C, we have v, = 0.001036 mig and v, = 2.3593 mig (Table A~A). One way of finding the volume of the tank is to determine the volume occupied by each phase and then add them: V= Yt U, = my + mv, (8 kg)(0.001036 m'Vkg) + (2-kg)(2.3593 mg) 473m? Another way is to fitst determine the quality x, then the average specific volume v, and finally the total volume: im, _ Oke m Tow °”