Chemical Basis Of Life

MATTER- Anything that occupies spaces and has HYDROGEN BONDING- forms when the
mass (solid, liquid, gas) positive end of one polar molecule is weakly
MASS- amount of matter in an object attracted to the negative end of another polar
WEIGHT- gravitational force acting an object molecule.

ELEMENT Hydrogen bond is a weaker bond than the ionic or

- Simplest form of matter covalent bonds.
ATOM
- Smallest particle of an element Polar covalent bonded molecules, like water, have
- Contains protons, electrons, and neutrons a positive end and a negative end.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES: MOLECULE- 2 or more atoms chemically

combine
PROTON- positive charged particle located inside COMPOUND- chemical combination of 2 or
the nucleus more different types of atoms.
NEUTRON- neutral charged particle located
inside the nucleus CHEMICAL REACTIONS- occur when there is
ELECTRON- negative charged particle located a formation or breaking of chemical bonds between
inside the nucleus atoms, ions, molecules, or compounds.
REACTANTS- substances that enter into the
ATOMIC NUMBER- the number of protons in reactions.
each atom PRODUCTS- substances that result from reaction.
MASS NUMBER- the number of protons and
neutrons in each atom TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
➢ SYNTHESIS REACTIONS
CHEMICAL BONDS- occur when outermost - Build a new molecule
electrons (valence shell electrons) are transferred - Energy-requiring
or shared between atoms
➢ DECOMPOSITION REACTION
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS: - Break down molecule
• IONIC - Energy-releasing
• COVALENT
• HYDROGEN ➢ EXCHANGE REACTION
- Combination of synthesis and
ION- a charged atom formed because of a donation decomposition reactions.
or gain of an electron
IONIC BONDING- occurs when there is an ➢ REVERSIBLE REACTIONS
attraction - Occur when the reaction can run in the
opposite direction, so that the products are
COVALENT BONDING- occurs when atoms converted back to the original reactants.
share one or more pairs of electrons
POLAR COVALENT BONDS- form when there EQUILIBRIUM- when the rate of the product
is an unequal sharing of electrons formation equals the rate of each reactant
POLAR MOLECULES- have an asymmetrical formation.
electrical charge ENERGY- capacity to do work
NONPOLAR MOLECULES- have a WORK- is the moving of matter
symmetrical electrical charge KINETIC ENERGY- is energy in motion
POTENTIAL ENERGY- stored energy
Polar molecules, like water, have positive end and CHEMICAL ENERGY- a form of potential
a negative end energy stored in chemical bonds
 Chemical Basis Of Life
Food molecules such as glucose contains potential CHARACTERISTICSOF
energe CARBOHYDRATES:
• Contain C, H, O
The breakdown of ATP to ADP and a phosphate • H:O is a 2:1 ratio
group is an example of a reaction that release
energy. MONOSACCHARIDES is the building blocks of
CARBOHYDRATES
RATE- is at which a chemical reaction proceeds is
influenced by several factors: MONOSACCHARIDES- simple sugar (1 sugar)
• Concentration of the reactants Examples: glucose and fructose
• Temperature
• Catalyst DISACCHARIDES- 2 sugars
Examples:Glucose+ Fructose = SUCROSE
CONCENTRATION of the reactants: within the Example: glucose+galactose= LACTOSE
limits the higher the concentration of reactants the
faster the rate POLYSACCHARIDES- many sugar
Examples: starch, grain, vegetabless, glycogen
TEMPERATURE: within the limits, the higher
the temperature the faster the rate FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
- Short-term energy storage
CATALYST increase the rate of a reaction without - Converted to glucose quickly
itself being permanently changed or depleted. - Glucose is used to make ATP
- Brain cells require glucose
ACID- a proton H+ donor
- pH below 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIPIDS:
BASE- a proton H+ acceptor • Contain C, H, O
- pH above 7 • Contan lower proportion of oxygen to
carbon than do carbohydrates
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY- deals with those • Insoluble in water
substances that do not contain carbon Examples: fats, oils, cholesterol, triglycerides,
phospholipids
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY- study of carbon-
containing substances FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
- Long term energy storage
Exception: some carbon containing compounds are - Insulates against heat loss
inorganic that they do not also contain hydrogen, - Protective cushion for organs
such as CO2 9carbon dioxide) - Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane
structure
Carbon’s ability to form covalent bonds with other
atoms makes it possible the formation of large, TYPES OF LIPIDS:
diverse, complicated molecules for life. ➢ SATURATED
➢ UNSATURATED
The four major groups of organic molecules
essential to living organisms are SATURATED- single covalent bonds between
1. carbohydrates, carbon atoms
2. lipids, Examples: beef, pork, whole milk, cheese, eggs
3. Proteins,
4. nucleic acids. UNSATURATED- one or more double covalent
bnd between carbons
Examples: olive oil, fish oil, sunflower oil
 Chemical Basis Of Life
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEINS
• Contains C, H, O, N
• AMINO ACIDS are the building blocks
• 20 different naturallly occuring amino acids
• Amino acids ae not stored, so daily supply
is required.

FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
- Used to make skin, hair, nails, muscles
- Part of hemoglobin molecule
- Acts as enzymes
- Immune system functions
- Muscle contractions (actin and myosin)
- part of cell membrane

PROTEIN DENATURATION- occurs when the

hydrogen bonds that maintainshape of a protein are
broken and the protein becomes nonfunctional

Factors that can cause denaturation are: high

temperatures and/or improper pH

ENZYMES -are organic catalysts that increase the

rate at which biochemical reactions proceed
without the enzyme being permanently changed.

Enzymes work by lowering the energy of

activation.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
• Composed of C, H, O, N, P
• NUCLEOTIDES are the building blocks

NUCLEOTIDES are composed of a nitrogen base,

phosphate, and 5-carbon sugar.

ATP/ ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

- Important organic molecule found in all
livign organism
- Consist of adenosine (the sugar ribose with
the organic base adenine) and three
phosphate groups
It id often calles the energy currency of cells
because it is capable of both storing and providing
energy.