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Transformer Protection 1
Transformer Protection 1
Transformer Protection 1
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Presenter Contact Info
Wayne Hartmann
Senior VP, Customer Excellence
Beckwith Electric Company
whartmann@beckwithelectric.com
904‐238‐3844
Before joining Beckwith Electric, performed in Application, Sales and Marketing Management
capacities at PowerSecure, General Electric, Siemens Power T&D and Alstom T&D.
Provides training and mentoring to Beckwith Electric personnel in Sales, Marketing, Creative
Technical Solutions and Engineering.
Key contributor to product ideation and holds a leadership role in the development of course
structure and presentation materials for annual and regional Protection & Control Seminars.
Senior Member of IEEE, serving as a Main Committee Member of the Power System Relaying
and Control Committee for over 25 years.
Chair Emeritus of the IEEE PSRCC Rotating Machinery Subcommittee (’07‐’10).
Contributed to numerous IEEE Standards, Guides, Reports, Tutorials and Transactions, delivered Tutorials IEEE
Conferences, and authored and presented numerous technical papers at key industry conferences.
Contributed to McGraw‐Hill's “Standard Handbook of Power Plant Engineering.”
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Exploration
Why transformers fail
Quick review of protection principles and modern technology
differences/advantages
IEEE C37.91, Guide for Power Transformer Protection
Discuss non-electrical protections
Discuss electrical protections
Overcurrent based
Through fault protection
Overexcitation
Differential
• CT performance issue
• Transformer protection challenges
• Percentage differential characteristic
• Restraints for inrush and overexcitation
Realization of settings
Analysis tools to view relay operation 3
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Transformers: T & D
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Transformers: T & D
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Key
Components
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FAILURE!
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FAILURE!
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FAILURE!
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LTCs
- Malfunction of mechanical switching
mechanism
- High resistance contacts
- Overheating
- Contamination of insulating oil
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Core Problems
- Core insulation failure
- Open ground strap
- Shorted laminations
- Core overheating
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Core Construction
- CT Issues
- Oil leakage
- Oil contamination
• Metal particles
Moisture
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IEEE 37.91
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Failure
Statistics of
Transformers:
110kV-149kV
IEEE 37.91 18
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Failure
Statistics of
Transformers:
150kV-199kV
IEEE 37.91 19
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Failure
Statistics of
Transformers:
200kV-299kV
IEEE 37.91 20
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
*Data taken from “Analysis of Transformer Failures” by William H Bartley, Presented at the
International Association of Engineering Insurers 36th Annual Conference – Stockholm, 2003 21
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
87 = Phase Diff
51G = Ground Overcurrent
50/51 = Phase Overcurrent
64G = Transformer Tank Ground Overcurrent
26 = Thermal Device
49 = Thermal Overload
24 = Overexcitation
63 = Gas Relay (SPR, Buccholtz)
Abnormal Conditions
- Open Circuits
- Overexcitation
- Abnormal Frequency
- Abnormal Voltage
- Breaker Failure
- Overload
- Geo-magnetically induced current (GIC)
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Types of Protection
Mechanical
Accumulated Gases
- Arcing by-products (Buchholz Relay)
Pressure Relays
- Arcing causing pressure waves in oil or gas space
(Sudden Pressure Relay)
Thermal
- Caused by overload, overexcitation, harmonics and
Geo-magnetically induced currents (GIC)
Hot spot temperature
Top Oil
LTC Overheating
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• This method limits the sudden-pressure relay to low-current incipient fault detection.
Place sudden-pressure relays on opposite corners of the transformer tank.
• Any pressure wave due to through-faults will not be detected by both sudden-pressure
relays.
• The contacts of the sudden-pressure relay are connected in series so both must
operate before tripping.
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Transformer Overheating
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T
CO
Electrical Quantities
3 Phase Currents
1 Neutral Current
3 Phase Voltages
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Ground
Overexcitation
Overexcitation Fault
Underfrequency
Undervoltage Ground
Fault
Open Conductor
Complex Applications
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Complex Applications
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M-3311A Typical Connection
Diagram
Two Winding Model CT 2 Winding
This function is available as a
standard protective function.
This function is available in the Optional A
Voltage Protection Package
M-3311A
CT Winding 1
Targets TF 50 51 (W1)
(Optional)
Integral HMI
(Optional) 51N
87T 87H
Metering
87 CT
Sequence Of Events 50G 51G Winding 2
GD
(W2)
Waveform Capture
51N
IRIG-B
50N
BF R
Front RS232 59G
Communication
Rear RS-232/485
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups
VT
Programmable I/O
Programmable Logic
24 81U 27 59
Self Diagnostics
B
50 CT
BF 50 51 46
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3 Winding
A
TF
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M-3311A Typical
4 Winding
This function is available as a
Connection Diagram standard protective function. Winding 4 Winding 1
(W4) (W1)
Four Winding Model This function is available in the 3‐CT 3‐CT
Optional Voltage Protection 52 52
Packages.
M-3311A 1
Targets 50BF 50 51 46 49 *
(Optional)
Integral HMI
(Optional) 51N 50N A
Metering
VG V0
Sequence Of Events VT
2 1‐VT
2
1 * 81
Waveform Capture 50BF 50 51 49 59G 24 27 59
O/U
IRIG-B
51N 50N
Front RS232 Winding 2 Winding 3
Communication (W2) (W3)
Rear RS-232/485 1 1‐CT
87GD 50G 51G
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups 1 1‐CT
50N 87GD 50G 51G
Programmable I/O
Self Diagnostics
50N
BF 51N
Dual Power Supply
(Optional)
RJ45 Ethernet
50N
(Optional) BF
B C
1 *
87H 87T 50BF 50 51 46 49
3‐CT
1 * 3‐CT
50BF 50 51 46 49
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4 Winding
w/Current
Summing
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Types of Protection
Electrical
Fuses
- Small transformers (typ. <10 MVA)
- Short circuit protection only
Overcurrent protection
- High side
• Through fault protection
• Differential back-up protection for high side
faults
- Low side
• System back up protection
• Unbalanced load protection
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Through Faults:
27 Undervoltage
24 Overexcitation (V/Hz)
49 Thermal Overload
81U Underfrequency
50BF Breaker Failure
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51 Function Settings
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50 Function Settings
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Provides protection
against uncleared faults
downstream of the
transformer
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detection
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46 Function Settings
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Through Fault
Provides protection
against cumulative
through fault damage
Typically alarm
function
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WSU
WSUHands-On
Hands-OnRelay
RelaySchool
School2018
Transformer Protection
2018
Through Fault
A transformer is like a motor that does not spin
There are still forces acting in it
That is why we care about limiting through-faults
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Through Fault
Category 1
(15 kVA – 500 kVA)
Through Fault
Category 2
(501 kVA – 5 MVA)
Through Fault
Category 3
5.001 MVA – 30 MVA
Through Fault
Category 4
(>30 MVA)
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Winding 4 Winding 1
4 Winding
(W4) (W1)
3‐CT 3‐CT
52 52
Targets
(Optional) w/Current
Summing &
Integral HMI
(Optional)
Metering A
Sequence Of Events
Waveform Capture
50BF TF 51
Sum
49
Sum 59G
VG
VT 1‐VT
24 27
81
59
Through Fault
Sum O/U
IRIG-B
51N 50N
Sum
Front RS232 Winding 2 Winding 3
Communication (W2) (W3)
1‐CT
Rear RS-232/485 87GD 50G 51G
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups 1‐CT
50N 87GD 50G 51G
Programmable I/O
Self Diagnostics
50N
BF 51N
Dual Power Supply
(Optional)
RJ45 Ethernet
50N
(Optional) BF
B C
3‐CT
50BF 50 51 46 49
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Overexcitation
Responds to overfluxing; excessive V/Hz
• 120V/60Hz = 2 = 1pu
Constant operational limits
o ANSI C37.106 & C57.12
• 1.05 loaded, 1.10 unloaded
o Inverse time curves typically available for values over
the constant allowable level
Overfluxing is a voltage and frequency based issue
Overfluxing protection needs to be voltage and frequency based (V/Hz)
Although 5th harmonic is generated during an overfluxing event, there is
no correlation between levels of 5th harmonic and severity of
overfluxing
Apparatus (transformers and generators) is rated with V/Hz withstand
curves and limits – not 5th harmonic withstand limits 70
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Causes of Overexcitation
Generating Plants
o Excitation system runaway
o Sudden loss of load
o Operational issues (reduced frequency)
Static starts
Pumped hydro starting
Rotor warming
Transmission Systems
o Voltage and Reactive Support Control Failures
Capacitor banks ON when they should be OFF
Shunt reactors OFF when they should be ON
Near-end breaker failures resulting in voltage rise on line
• Ferranti Effect
Runaway LTCs
Load Loss on Long Lines (Capacitive Charging Voltage Rise)
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10-20 MVAR
Ferranti Effect
10-20 MVAR
30-40 MVAR
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10-20 MVAR
Run-Away LTC
10-20 MVAR
30-40 MVAR
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Generation
Load
10-20 MVAR
Overexcitation Event
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Overexcitation
Curves
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Overexcitation Curves
This is typically how the apparatus manufacturer specifies the V/Hz curves
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This is how protection engineers enter the v/Hz curve into a protective device81
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Overexcitation (24)
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Advantages
TRANSFORMER
RELAY
Operate
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TRANSFORMER
RELAY
Operate= 0
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TRANSFORMER
RELAY
Operate
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Differential Protection
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I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
I1 I2
UNIT
I3
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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http://www.pes-psrc.org/Reports/CT_SAT%2010-01-03.zip
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4 pu
2 Node Bus
10
ID = I1 + I2
87 8
(0,0) (4,‐4) TRIP
+4 6
4
RESTRAIN
0
2
A B
‐4 0 2 4 6 8 10
A B IR = |I1| + |I2|
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4 pu
2 Node Bus 10 ID = I1 + I2
87 8
B (2, -2)
+4 (1, -3) 6
C TRIP
4
0 RESTRAIN
2 C
A B
‐4 0 2 4 6 8 10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
A (0,0)
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2 pu 2 pu
10 ID = I1 + I2
2 Node Bus
87 8
(0, 0) (2, 2)
TRIP
+2 6
4 B
RESTRAIN
0
2
A
2 0 2 4 6 8 10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
A B
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2 pu 2 pu
10 ID = I1 + I2
2 Node Bus
87 8
TRIP
(0, 0) (2, 0.5)
+2 6
4
RESTRAIN
0 B
2
A
‐2 0 2 4 6 8 10
IR = |I1| + |I2|
A B
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Bushing Nomenclature
H1 X1
H2 Transformer X2
H3 X3
Angular Displacement
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Winding Types
Wye-Wye
Winding Types
Delta-Delta
Winding Types
Delta-Wye
Winding Types
Wye-Delta
Transformer ratio
CT ratio
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Transformer Connection
Bushing Nomenclature
Y-Y ANSI
- ANSI
Y- ANSI
-Y ANSI
M-3311A
NOTE:
For protection upgrade applications where one wants to keep the existing
wiring, the relay must:
• Accept either delta or wye CTs
• For delta CTs, recalculate the phase currents for overcurrent functions
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Application Adaptation
Challenge: To be able to handle ANY combination of transformer
winding arrangements and CT connection arrangements
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1:1, 3Y 1:1, 3Y
IA, IB, IC Ia, Ib, Ic
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3I0 = [Ia + Ib + Ic ]
I0 = 1/3 *[Ia + Ib + Ic]
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Standard Application
• Set winding types
• 6 choices of configuration for windings and CTs
CT
Winding
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Custom Application:
Accommodates any CTs and Windings
Winding
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Custom Application:
Accommodates any CTs and Windings
CT
x1 (Y)
x1/3 ()
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Legacy Application
Need to keep
Delta CTs on WYE
side of transformer
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B B’
C C’
M‐3311A
IA-IB IA’-IB’
A A
IB-IC IB’-IC’
B B
Legacy
Application
IC-IA
C C
IC’-IA’ Need to keep
Delta CTs on
WYE side of
transformer 135
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Delta
I0 = 0 I0
I0
Ground Fault
M-3311
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Winding Types
Zig-Zag
Winding Types
Wye-Delta Ground Bank
Provides Ground
Source for Ungrounded
Systems
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Inrush Oscillograph
Inrush Oscillograph
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Overexcitation Restraint
Overexcitation occurs when volts per hertz level rises (V/Hz)
above the rated value
This may occur from:
- Load rejection (generator transformers)
- Malfunctioning of voltage and reactive support elements
- Malfunctioning of breakers and line protection (including transfer
trip communication equipment schemes)
- Malfunctioning of generator AVRs
The voltage rise at nominal frequency causes the V/Hz to rise
This causes the transformer core to saturate and thereby
increase the magnetizing current.
The increased magnetizing current contains 5th harmonic
component
This magnetizing current causes the differential element to
pickup
• Current into transformer that does not come out
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Overexcitation Event
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WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Overexcitation Event
Voltage
19.40kV (RMS
11.57kV (RMS)
Current
0.0 kA (RMS)
24 Elements Tripping
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Overexcitation Event
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Overexcitation Event
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Overexcitation Restraint
1.5 TRIP
Slope 2
87T Pick Up
1.0 with 5th Harmonic Restraint
87T Pick Up
RESTRAIN
0.5
Slope 2
Breakpoint
Slope 1
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Switch-onto-Fault
Transformer is faulted on energizing
Harmonic restraint on unfaulted phases may work against
trip decision if cross phase averaging is used
• This may delay tripping until the inrush current is reduced
Phase Differential
87T element is typically set with 30-40% pickup
• This is to accommodate:
• Class “C” CT accuracy (+/- 10%, x20 nominal current)
• Effects of LTCs (+/- 10%)
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3Y 3Y
400:5 1200:5
400A
3ɸ
1
3ɸ 3I0 87 IN
87
GD
3ɸ
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Use 87GD
IA + IB + IC = 3I0
If fault is internal,
opposite polarity .
If fault is external,
same polarity
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90
3IO
180 0
IG
B Paralleled CTs
shown to
illustrate principle
C
90
IG 3I0
3IO
G
180 0
IG
IA
IB
90
IC
180 0
IG 3I0
IG
270
87GD Function
May be used with Current Summing
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NOTE 4
4. System must supply zero sequence current for this scheme to work
49 Thermal Overcurrent
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49 Thermal Overcurrent
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49 Thermal Overcurrent
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Phasor Displays
A very useful commissioning tool
for viewing selected vectors
Differential
Displays uncompensated currents
- You can see the phase shift and relative magnitudes
Displays compensated currents
- If they are equal in magnitude, and W2 and W3 are
180 degrees out from W1, the field wiring and relay
settings are in agreement
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Phasor Diagram
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Phasor Diagram
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Oscillography Uses
Speed transformer’s return to service if event is not an
internal fault
• Identify type of testing needed
• In the transformer or system?
• Provide data to transformer manufacturer if asset health is in
question
Determine if relay and circuit breaker operated properly
• Identify relay, control or breaker problem
Uncovers unexpected problems
Settings
Comtrade Oscillographs (*.cfg)
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Retrieve
Oscillographic
Record
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Opening an
Oscillographic File
(*.cfg or *.ocs)
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Waveform Capture
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Transformer Protection
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Commissioning Tasks
• PAT
– Panel Acceptance Test
– Test from the panel terminal blocks to the relay
• Includes test switches
• SAT
– Site Acceptance Test
– Take successful PAT panel, and test with:
• Secondary injection from CT termination cabinet at
transformer/switchyard
• Load pick up on transformer
180
Commissioning Tools
• Advanced Metering
– Sequence components for all windings
• Positive, negative and zero
• Restraint and differential currents
• Vector Metering
– Uncompensated
• Raw signal
– Compensated
• Post vector and ratio corrections
• Digital Oscillography
• All winding currents
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Commissioning Examples
182
Details
• Used test equipment to simulate 3 winding
transformers of various winding and CT
configurations
• Injected 3A into W1, injected 1.5A into W2
and W3 to simulate load flow
• Assumed 1:1 transformer and 1:1 CTs for
easy viewing of principles
• Created correct “base case”
• Created incorrect case
• Used advanced protection system tools to
“diagnose” the incorrect issue
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Y:Y:Y, yyy, 1:1 Ratio,
1:1 CTs, Normal
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Three Line:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
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Advanced Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
Low levels of negative and zero sequence current
High level of positive sequence
current
0.0
0.0
186
Advanced Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
Very low differential current
187
Vector Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
188
Digital Oscillography:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
W1, Phase A
W2, Phase A
W3, Phase A
Analog Traces
189
Y:Y:Y, yyy, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs,
Roll W2, ØA
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Three Line:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Roll ØA, W2
191
Advanced Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Roll ØA, W2
High level of positive
sequence current
0.0
0.0
192
Advanced Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Roll ØA, W2
High differential current
Restraint current less
than through current
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Vector Metering:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Roll ØA, W2
194
Digital Oscillography:
Y:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Roll ØA, W2
W1, Phase A
W2, Phase A
W2, Phase A
W3, Phase A
Differential Trip
Analog Traces
195
:Y:Y, yyy, 1:1 Ratio,
1:1 CTs, Normal
196
Three Line:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
197
Advanced Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
Low levels of negative and zero sequence current
High level of positive sequence
current
0.0
0.0
198
Advanced Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
Very low differential current
199
Vector Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
200
Digital Oscillography:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, Normal
202
Three Line:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØA
203
Advanced Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØA
Levels of negative and zero sequence current,
Positive sequence current not at phase current level
0.0
0.0
205
Vector Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØA
206
Digital Oscillography:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØA
W1, Phase A
W2, Phase A
W3, Phase A
Differential Trip
Analog Traces
Transformer Protection
208
208
Transformer Protection
Three Line:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØC
209
209
Transformer Protection
Advanced Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØC
Hi Idiff
210
210
Transformer Protection
Vector Metering:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØC
Wdg1 A-Ph @ 0o
Wdg1 C-Ph @ -60o
211
211
Transformer Protection
Digital Oscillography:
:Y:Y, 1:1 Ratio, 1:1 CTs, W1, Roll ØC
Wdg2&3 C-Ph
Wdg1 C-Ph
M-3311A
CT Winding 1
Targets 50 51 (W1)
(Optional)
Integral HMI
(Optional) 51N
87T 87H
Metering
87 CT
Sequence Of Events 50G 51G Winding 2
GD
(W2)
Waveform Capture
51N
IRIG-B
50N
BF R
Front RS232 59G
Communication
Rear RS-232/485
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups
VT
Programmable I/O
Programmable Logic
24 81U 27 59
Self Diagnostics
B
50 CT
BF 50 51 46
214
214
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
3 Winding
215
215
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
M-3311A Typical
4 Winding
This function is available as a
Connection Diagram standard protective function. Winding 4 Winding 1
(W4) (W1)
Four Winding Model This function is available in the 3‐CT 3‐CT
Optional Voltage Protection 52 52
Packages.
M-3311A 1
Targets 50BF 50 51 46 49 *
(Optional)
Integral HMI
(Optional) 51N 50N A
Metering
VG V0
Sequence Of Events VT
2 1‐VT
2
1 * 81
Waveform Capture 50BF 50 51 49 59G 24 27 59
O/U
IRIG-B
51N 50N
Front RS232 Winding 2 Winding 3
Communication (W2) (W3)
Rear RS-232/485 1 1‐CT
87GD 50G 51G
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups 1 1‐CT
50N 87GD 50G 51G
Programmable I/O
Self Diagnostics
50N
BF 51N
Dual Power Supply
(Optional)
RJ45 Ethernet
50N
(Optional) BF
B C
1 *
87H 87T 50BF 50 51 46 49
3‐CT
1 * 3‐CT
50BF 50 51 46 49
216
216
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
M-3311A Typical This function is available as a
4 Winding
Connection Diagram standard protective function.
Four Winding Model This function is available in the Winding 4 Winding 1
(W4) (W1)
Optional Voltage Protection
w/Current
3‐CT 3‐CT
Package.
52 52
M-3311A
Summing
Targets
(Optional)
Integral HMI
(Optional)
Metering A
Sequence Of Events VG VT
2 1‐VT
2 Vo
50 1 51 49 * 81
50BF 59G 24 27 59
Waveform Capture Sum Sum Sum Sum O/U
IRIG-B
51N 50N
Sum
Front RS232 Winding 2 Winding 3
Communication (W2) (W3)
Rear RS-232/485 1 1‐CT
87GD 50G 51G
Communication
Multiple Setting
Groups 1 1‐CT
50N 87GD 50G 51G
Programmable I/O
Self Diagnostics
50N
BF 51N
Dual Power Supply
(Optional)
RJ45 Ethernet
50N
(Optional) BF
B C
1 *
87H 87T 50BF 50 51 46 49
3‐CT
1 * 3‐CT
50BF 50 51 46 49
References
1. IEEE Guide for Transformer Protection, ANSI/IEEE C37.91-2008.
219
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Beckwith Electric
Protection Seminar
Thank You
Questions? 220
220
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
221
221
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
222
222
WSU Hands-On Relay School 2018 Transformer Protection
Set elements
Review/print summary
223
223
Transformer Protection
224 224
Transformer Protection
225
225
Transformer Protection
226
226
Transformer Protection
227
227
Transformer Protection
Set Up System
228
228
Transformer Protection
Relay Setpoints
229
Transformer Protection
230
Transformer Protection
231
Transformer Protection
232
232
Transformer Protection
Breaker Monitor
233
233
Transformer Protection
Setpoint Summary
234
Transformer Protection
Example:
Programmable
Logic
235
235
Transformer Protection
Example:
Programmable
Logic
236
236
Transformer Protection
237
237
Transformer Protection
Primary Metering
And
Component Metering
238
Transformer Protection
Secondary Metering,
Components Metering,
and Status
239
Transformer Protection
Elements
trigger on
trip, drop out,
pick up
I/O triggers
on pick up,
drop out
Transformer Protection
241
241
Transformer Protection
242
Transformer Protection
Differential Plot
243
Transformer Protection
Retrieve
Target Log
244