SCIENCE 7

CHAPTER 1: CENTRAL SCIENCE INVESTIGATION

LESSON 1: THE SCIENTIC METHOD
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD- There is a series of process
 STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. MAKE AN OBSERVATION- You makes an observation with the use of your five senses.
2. STATE THE PROBLEM- You identifies a problem after you make observations.
3. FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS- It is a possible solution to your problem or a possible
explanation for the observation you make.
4. PERFORM EXPERIMENTS- To prove whether a hypothesis is valid, experiments are
performed. These are done by creating one or more setups that will match the hypothesis
and prove its validity.
5. STATE A CONCLUSION – After conducting a series of experiments, a conclusion is made
regarding the validity of the hypothesis. There should be no doubt that the results of the
experiments support the hypothesis.
 MODEL- Once many hypothesis agree with the observations and experiments, you may then
assemble these into a theory.
 THEORY- Is a set of tested hypothesis that attempts to explain some part of nature.
 NATURAL LAW- This generally observed behaviour may be formulated into statement.
 LAW- is a summary of observed and measurable behaviour while a theory is an explanation of such a
behavior.

LESSON 2: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND THE FAIR TEST

 VARIABLES- The things that are changing.
 THREE KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- Is the one you change or manipulate.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE- Is the result or consequence after you make changes to the
independent variable.
3. CONTROL VARIABLE- Are elements that are held constant or remain unchanged all
throughout the experiments.

CHAPTER 2: PURE SUBSTANCES: A TEST OF PURITY

LESSON 3: THE PURE SUBSTANCES
 MIXTURE- is a substance with a variable composition formed when two or more substances mix
together.
 PURE SUBSTANCE- Will always has the same composition.
 TWO TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
1. ELEMENTS-a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler format
 2. COMPOUNDS- a mixture of two or more elements, and is created when two hydrogen atoms
bond to an oxygen atom.

LESSON 4: THE ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

 Kuya Cul remembered that the idea of the element was first presented by the Irish scientist ROBERT
BOYLE (1627-1691). His greatest contribution to science is his insistence that science should be
strictly based on experiments.
 The periodic table of elements containing the symbols of the elements and some other information
about them.
 THE ELEMENTS ON THE EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE:
 NITROGEN-78%
 OXYGEN- 21%
 ARGON- 0.9%
 CARBON DIOXIDE- 0.03%
 THE ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF EARTH’S CRUST BY WEIGHT IS:
 OXYGEN- 46.60%
 SILICON- 27.12%
 ALUMINUM- 8.13%
 IRON- 5.00%
 CALCIUM-3.63%
 SODIUM- 2.83%
 POTASSIUM-2.70%
 MAGNESIUM- 2.09%
 OTHER ELEMENTS- 1.30%