GOVERNMENT OF MAHARASHTRA P. W. D. HANDBOOK CHAPTER 23 PART I —SPILLWAYS D. L. GARUDP. W, D. HANDBOOK Finsr Eptrion—1876 Seconp Eptrion—1877 THIRD Eprrion—1883 0 * Fourtn Eprion—1887 Furtis Epirtox—1896 Sixta Eprriox—1916 SeventH Eorrion—1922, Figura Epirion—1931 NINTH EprTion—1949 Text Epinion—1984 (Cuaprer 23—Parr I This Chapter of the Tenth Edition is edited by the Director, Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik 422 004, on behalf of Government of Maharashtra, Editorial Staff : Shri P, K. Nogarkar, Chief Engineer and Director. Shri C, G, Patankar, Superintending Engineer and Joint Director. Shri M. K. Dagade, Assistant Research Officer Printed at the Government Central Press, Charni Road, ‘Bombay 400 004, Published by the Director, Government Printing and Stationery, Bombay 400 004PREFACE "THE P.W.D. Handbook was last revised in 1949 as 9th edition which has been in vogue so far. As most of the material in this ‘handbook has become outmoded and considerable technical develop- ments have taken place since then, it was decided to bring the matter up-to-date and publish in the form of a new Handbook. The work which was originally being dealt with by a separate Unit headed by a special officer was subsequently entrusted to M.E.R.I., Nashik for co-ordination and publication. ‘The accompanying list shows chapters of the revised edition assigned for writing to different officers in the Irrigation, P, W. Departments and Water Supply and Sewerage Board. The draft chapters are edited and approved by the Director, M.E.R.I., Nashik before publication. The chapter mainly refers to the solid gravity overflow spillways of Ogee type, which are commonly adopted. This chapter aims at the technical details about design and construction of spillways consistent with the practice being followed in Irrigation Department, Government of Maharashtra spillway structure involving higher falls (say over 30 m) complicated foundations, large discharge (say over 3,000 cumecs) or important flood control aspects needs to be studied as special cases beyond the scope of the chapter, Numerous illustrative sketches are inserted at appropriate places so as to facilitate the field engineers to understand the topic clearly and to help them in executions of spiliways. In preparing this draft chapter substantial assistance was given by the officers of Gates and Outlets Unit as well as Spillway Unit of C.D.O. and the Officers in Hydrodynamics Division No. I, M.E.R.L. Special mention is also to be made of the assistance given by Shri S. S. Udgirkar, the then Executive Engineer in charge of Gates and Outlets Unit of C.D.O. in 1975, Shri D. N. Kulkarni, the then Executive Engineer, Masonry Dam Unit, C.D.O., Shri K. A. Gram- purohit, the then ‘Executive Engineer, Gates and Outlets Unit of C.D.O., and present Research Officer, Hydrodynamics Division No. I, M.E.R.I. and Shri S. B. Sane and Shri Chebbi, the then Deputy Engineers, C.D.O. Tam grateful to all these officers, D, L. GARUD P. K. NAGARKAR Chief Engineer and Joint Secretary (P) Chief Engineer and Director Irrigation Department, Mantralaya, — Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Bombay. ‘Nashik 422 004. Tb 4655-14P.W.D. HANDBOOK (TENTH EDITION) List of Chapters Materials Masonry Reinforced Concrete Construction Prostressed Concrete Plastering and Pointing Preparation of Projects and Engineering Geology Surveying Excavation Foundations Boildings Town Planning Roads C.D. Works and Bridges Ports and Harbours Runways and Airstrips Electrical Works connected with Buildings. Soil Mechanics Hydraulics Hydrology and Water Planning Masonry and Conerete Dams Earth and Composite Dams Instramentation Spillways, Outlets, Gates and Hoists Canals Irrigation and Irrigation Management Soil Survey of Irrigation Command, Land Drainage and Reclamation Hydro Power Schemes Construction of Tunnels Urban Water Supply Rural Water Supply Sanitary Engineering Construction Machinery Quality Control Labour Laws Rate Analysis Construction Planning Part [Land Acquisition ’ Part I1—Valuation Mathematical Data and Miscellaneous Information,v CHAPTER 23 PART I_SPILLWAYS INDEX INTRODUCTION oo es SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER ‘i ‘TYPES OF SPILLWAYS— 3.1, Flow of water 3.2. Functional classification 3.3. Classification based on features MAIN COMPONENTS OF SPILLWAYS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS 4.1, Approach channel 4.2, Control structure 4.3, Discharge channel 44, Energy dissipator 4.5. Tail channel BASIC DATA TO BE COLLECTED FOR DESIGN OF SPILLWAYS— SL. Basic data needed st the reconnaisance stage : Basic data needed ut the preliminary stage 53. Basic data needed a the design stage FLOOD ROUTING STUDIES LAyour— 7.4. Goneral 5 7 Choice of spillways for high discharge Possible locations for ogee type spillways Spillways for masonry and concrete dams Spillway for earth and rock fill dams 7.6. Final locations SELECTION OF SIZE, TYPE AND LENGTH OF SPILLWAY— 8.1. General considerations cx 8.2. Economics of spillway design 8.3. Data for cost estimates 6 Page a 2 2 3 13 13 4 4 15 15vi INDEX—contd, 9. PRINCIPLES OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF OGEE TYPE SPILLWAYS— 9.1. Shape of crest a 9.2, Discharge over the erest 9.3, Factores affecting coefcient of discharge. co 9.4. The depth of approach : : 9,5. Effect ofthe heads difering from design head 9.6. Effect of upstream face slope. I 9.7. Effect of the downstream apron interference and sub- smergence 9.8. Coefficient of discharge for shapes of weir other than the standard ones. 9.9, Coefficient of discharge over broad crested weir 9.10. Cosffcient for weirs of other shapes : 9.11. Effect of side contractions due to piers and abutments 9.12. Uncontrolled ogee crests designed for less than maximum head 9.13, Gate controlled ogee crests 9.14. Hydraulics of other types of spillways 10, ENERGY DISSIPATION ARRANGEMENTS— 10.1. Types for energy dissipation 10.2. Factors affecting the design of energy dissipators 10.3. Tail water rating curve ro co 10.4, Jump rating curve « 10.5, Froude numbers and flow characteristics 10.6. Stage discharge relationship Il. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF OVERFLOW SECTION— 11.1, Loading combination .. 12, DESIGN OF OTHER COMPONENTS— 12.1, Spillway pier fo 12.2. Spillway bridge. 123, Guide wall "12.4. Spray wall 12.5, Flow divide-wall 126. End weir = 12.7, Sword hilt Pose 16 0 7 7 19 20 ai a1 25 25 28 26 26 28 29 30 30 32 32 34 4M 39 40 4 2 2 221. INDEX—contd. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAYS ESTIMATES OF SPILLWAY COSTS FOUNDATION OF TREATMENT. ea INSTRUMENTATION OF SPILLWAYS. 16.1. Object. a : eS 16.2. Types of Instrument Installations CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE SPILLWAY MASONRY— 17.1 General 17.2, Erosion by cavitations 17.3. Erosion by abrasion . a 17.4, Brosion by chemical attack ‘i co 17.8, Finishes and finishing, 17,6. Repairs to eroded areas 17.7, Periodical inspection of spillway structure .. 17.8, Accuracy of overflow profile RESERVOIR OPERATION BY USE OF SPILLWAY GATES— 18.1, Regulations for control - co 18.2. Flood control co 18.3. Flashy floods 18.4. Specific considerations for gate operation 18.5. General considerations for gate operations. TEMPORARY SPILLWAY DURING CONSTRUCTION— 19.1. General es I 19.2, Diversion through tunnels 19.3. Openings through dams MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS CONNECTED WITH SPILLWAY— 20.1. Fish ladders co 20.2. Outlets in spillways oo ey ea LIST OF REFERENCES Page 42 43 48 44 ge 45 45 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 48 48 48 48 49 49 50Fig. No. Description I 2 viii LIST OF FIGURES Over-fal spillway Ogec-crest spillway Side channel spillway Side channel spillway flow ckaracteri Tunne! spillway Drop inlet (shaft) spillway Syphon spillway Inflow and outflow hydrosraph Shape of spillway exest Discharge coefficients for vertical-faced ogee crest Coefticient of discharge other than the designed head Coefficient of discharge for ogee shaped crest with sloping u/s face Effect of d/s influences on flow over weir crests Ratio of discharge coefficient due to apron head Ratio of discharge coeficient due to tail water effect Weirs of other shapes Overiiow spillway—Kp-coelicient of pier contraction Abutment contraction coeffcient—overflow spillway crest with adjacent concrete and embankment sections. Coefficient of discharge for flow under gates Different types of energy dissipators Flow characteristics for different Froude numbers Effect of stage discharge relationship on the design of enerey dissipator (Curves from A to F) Load distribution from spillway pier to overflow dam Forces acting on overflow dam Overflow dam structural boundary 29 3 3 35, 37 38 38