Items 1-25, page 9

; a parameter, not to be eliminated.

; a parameter not to be eliminated.

, a parameter, to be eliminated.
; and are parameters.
Items 1-14, page 9

2.

or

| or
.
 or

13. Show that the family of circles can be interpreted as two families of
solutions of the differential equation

14. Show that the family of parabolas can be interpreted as two families of solutions of the
differential equation , then find the initial value problem , , when . For what
values of x is this solution valid? Notice also that there is no solution of this differential equation that
satisfies the initial condition , when .

,
Bernoulli’s Equation

If , the variables are separable.

If , the equation is linear equation in order one.

If , Bernoulli’s Equation

Let:

Standard Form:

General Form:

Where:
Example 5.9

Solve the equation

First let us group the terms according to powers of y, writing

Now it can be seen that he equation is a Bernoulli equation, since it involves only
terms containing, respectively, dy, y, and (n=3 here). Therefore we divide throughout
by , obtaining

This equation is linear in , so we put , obtain , and need to

solve the equation

Or

Since

Is an integrating factor . The equation

Is exact. Its solution set

Together with , leads us to the final result,

Example 5.10

Solve the equation

This is a Bernoulli equation with x as the dependent variable, so it can be treated in the
manner used in Example 5.9. The method of attack is left for the exercises.
Equation can equally well be treated as follows. Note that if each
member of is multiplied by , the equation becomes

In , the open variable x appears only in the combination

and its differential Hence a reason choice of a new variable is . The equation in
w and y is

An equation with coefficients homogeneous of degree two in y and w. The further change of
variable w=zy leads to the equation

Therefore, we have

Or

But so the solutions we seek are determined by

Items 1-27, pages 88-89

Let: 3x-2y=u

3dx-2dy=du

Substitute the value of u

Let:
Let:
Substitute the value of u

Let:
Let:

Let:
 Let:

Pythagorean Relation:

Reciprocal Relation:

Quotient Relation:
 Let:

+C

+C

Let:
Let:

Integration of Partial Fraction

Property of Logarithm
Let:
 Let:

But,

+9C

Let:
where and .
 Solve by two methods.

1st Method:

2nd Method:

Let:
 Solve the equation of Example5.10 above by treating it as a Bernoulli
equation in the dependent variable x.
 . Solve by two methods.

1st Method:

2nd Method:
|
21. Solve the equation of Exercise 15 for the value of k and n not included there.
In Exercise 22 through 27, find the particular solution required.

when x = 1, y = 0.
when x = 0, y = 1.
Find the solution that passes through point (1 , 2).
when x = 2, y = 1.
 when x = 1, y = 2. Solve by two methods.

1st Method:

— —

2nd Method:
 when x = 1, y = 1. Solve by three methods.

1st Method
2nd Method:

3rd Method:
Elimination of Arbitrary → equation (1)

Constants
Problem 01
Divide by dx

Solution 01
Substitute c to equation (1)

Divide by 3x Multiply by dx

answer answer

Problem 02 Another Solution

Solution 02

answer

okay

Problem 03

Problem 04

Solution 03
Solution 04

→ equation (1)

Multiply by y3

Substitute c to equation (1)

okay

Separation of Variables | Equations of Order

One

Problem 01

, when ,

Solution 01
answer HideClick here to show or hide the solution

Another Solution

Divide by y2

when ,
 Problem 03
, when , .

then,
Solution 03

answer

Problem 02
, when , .

Solution 2

when ,

when ,

then,

then,

answer
 answer

Problem 04
, when , . answer

Problem 05
Solution 04 , when , .

Solution 05

From Solution 04,

when x = -2, y = 1

Thus,

Therefore,

when x = 2, y = 1 answer

Problem 06
, when , .
Thus,

Solution 06
From Solution 04,

when x = 0, y = 0

when x = 2, y = -1

thus,
Thus,

answer

Problem 07
, when , .

Solution 07

answer

Problem 08
, when
, .

Solution 08
 answer

Problem 09
For , when
Let , .
,

, Solution 09

Then,

when x → ∞, y → ½

Thus,

when θ = 0, r = a
 answer

Problem 11

Thus,
Solution 11

answer

Problem 10
, when , .

Solution 10

answer

Problem 12

when x = xo, v = vo
Solution 12

thus,
 answer

Problem 15

answer Solution 15
Problem 13

Solution 13

answer

Problem 16

Solution 16

answer

Problem 14

Solution 14
 answer

Problem 17
answer

Problem 19

Solution 17

Solution 19

answer

Problem 18

Solution 18

answer

Problem 20

Solution 20
 ans
wer

Problem 22

Solution 22

answer

Problem 21

By long division
Solution 21

Thus,

By long division

Thus,

answer
Problem 23

Solution 23

answer

Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order

One

Problem 01 From

Solution 01

Thus,

Let

answer
Substitute,

Problem 02

Divide by x2,
Solution 02
Let answer

Problem 03

Substitute,

Solution 03

Let

From
From

Thus,

answer

From

Problem 04
Thus,

Solution 04

answer

Let
Exact Equations | Equations of Order One

Problem 01

Solution 01
Test for exactness Step 5: Integrate partially the result in Step 4
with respect to y, holding x as constant
;

Step 6: Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

; thus, exact!

Step 1: Let
Equate F to ½c

answer

Step 2: Integrate partially with respect to x,

holding y as constant
Problem 02

Solution 02

→ Equation (1)

Step 3: Differentiate Equation (1) partially with

respect to y, holding x as constant

Test for exactness

Step 4: Equate the result of Step 3 to N and

collect similar terms. Let

Exact!

Let
 Solution 03

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1) Test for exactness

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Exact!
Let
Let

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

→ Equation (1)
Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

Equate F to c

answer Let

Problem 03
Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Integrate partially in x, holding y as constant

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1) → Equation

(1)

Equate F to c Differentiate partially in y, holding x as constant

answer

Problem 04 Let

Solution 04

Integrate partially in y, holding x as constant

Test for exactness

Substitute f(y) to Equation (1)

Equate F to c
Exact!

Let answer

Linear Equations of Order One

Problem 01

Solution 01

Multiply by 2x3
answer

Problem 02

Solution 02

→ linear in y

Hence,

Integrating factor:

→ linear in
y

Thus, Hence,
Integrating factor:

Integrating factor:

Thus,

Thus,

Using integration by parts

,

Mulitply by (x + 2)-4
answer
Multiply by 4e-2x
Problem 03 answer

Problem 04

Solution 03

Solution 04

→ linear in y

Hence,
 → linear in x Multiply 20(y + 1)-4

Hence, answer

Integrating Factors Found by Inspection

Problem 01

Integrating factor: Solution 01

Divide by y2

Thus,

Using integration by parts Multiply by y

,

, answer

Problem 02
Solution 02 Divide by x both sides

Divide by y3

answer

Problem 04

Solution 04

answer

Problem 03

Solution 03
 - See more at:

Problem 06

Solution 06

Multiply by s2t2
answer

Problem 05

Problem 05

answer

Problem 07

Solution 07 - Another Solution for Problem 06

Divide by xy(y2 + 1)

answer
Resolve into partial fraction Problem 11

Solution 11

Set y = 0, A = -1

Equate coefficients of y2
1=A+B
1 = -1 + B
B=2

Equate coefficients of y
0=0+C
C=0

Hence,

answer

The Determination of Integrating Factor

Problem 01

Thus,
Solution 01

answer - okay
 answer
→ a function of
x alone Problem 02

Solution 02

Integrating factor

Thus,
 →
a function of x alone

Integrating factor

Thus,

→
neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→ a function of y alone

answer

Problem 03 Integrating factor

Solution 03

Thus,
 →
neither a function of x alone nor y alone

→
a function y alone

answer

Problem 04
Integrating factor

Solution 04

Thus,
 answer

Substitution Suggested by the Equation |

Bernoulli's Equation

Problem 01

Solution 01

Let

ans

Problem 02
Thus,

Solution 02

Let
→ vari
ables separable

Divide by ½(5z + 11)

Hence,
→ homogeneo
us equation

Let
Divide by vx3(3 + v) From

Consider

Set v = 0, A = 2/3
Set v = -3, B = -2/3

But

Thus,

answer

Problem 03
Solution 03 answer

Problem 04

Solution 04
Let

→ Bernoulli's
equation

From which

Integrating factor,

Thus,

But
 answer

Problem 05

answer
Solution 05
Elementary Applications
Newton's Law of Cooling

Problem 01
Let A thermometer which has been at the reading
of 70°F inside a house is placed outside where
the air temperature is 10°F. Three minutes later
it is found that the thermometer reading is
25°F. Find the thermometer reading after 6
minutes.

Solution 01

According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the

time rate of change of temperature is
proportional to the temperature difference.

When t = 0, T = 70°F
 Thus,

Hence,
When x = 0.5xo

When t = 3 min, T = 25°F

answer

Thus, Problem 02
A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of
38 hour. Find how long it takes for 90% of the
radioactivity to be dissipated.
After 6 minutes, t = 6

answer Solution 02

Simple Chemical Conversion

When t = 38 hr, x = 0.5xo
Problem 01
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to
the quantity of radium present. Suppose it is
found that in 25 years approximately 1.1% of
Hence,
certain quantity of radium has decomposed.
Determine how long (in years) it will take for
one-half of the original amount of radium to
When 90% are dissipated, x = 0.1xo
decompose.
Solution 01

answer
When t = 25 yrs., x = (100% - 1.1%)xo = 0.989xo