Turbomachinery Design and Analysis

Turbomachinery
Design and Analysis
Turbomachinery -1
Copyright © 2014,2015, 2018, 2019 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved. AE4803
Turbomachinery Design
• So let’s say you completed a simple, single-point
design of a turbofan engine for an aircraft flying at
M=0.85 at 30 kft with the outcome
– Prc = 54 Cycle Design
– T4 = 1420 K Black Box
– wt = 632 kJ/kg Analysis
(no help)
• How do you design the turbomachinery:

compressor(s), turbine(s) that can achieve this
performance?
– begin with review of what turbomachinery looks like
Turbomachinery -2
1
Axial (Flow) Compressors and Turbines
• Turbomachinery made up of many parts
– compressor Stator/Stator Vanes Inlet Guide Vanes
Shaft
Rotor/Rotor blades Casing Stage=Rotor/Stator Pair

Nozzle Rotor
– turbine
Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, Mattingly
Turbomachinery -3
Axial Compressors and Turbines

Disk (blades attached to it)
• Blisk if blades integrated into disk
(Turbine) Spool - compressor and turbine

Rotor rotors on common shaft
Blade
braytonenergy.net
Turbomachinery -4
2
Spool
• compressor and turbine rotors on common shaft
GE F404 LP spool
turbine
1 rotor (1 stage)
compressor
3 rotors (3 stages)
Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Hill and Peterson
Turbomachinery -5

– most engines have
at least two spools
– e.g., concentric
shafts
3 stage LP 7 stage HP
compressor compressor
GE F404
Prc~26
Prstage~1.4
Turbomachinery -6
3
Turbomachinery
Aerothermodynamics
Turbomachinery -7
Turbomachinery Conservation Equations

• How to analyze the performance of
turbomachinery to enable design?
Tip
• Start by
Hub or Root
developing Shaft
conservation
equations Rotor
Blades
Turbomachinery -8
4
Coordinate System
• First need to define appropriate control volume
and coordinate
system for rotating
machinery
– axisymmetric

r
z Casing
Turbomachinery -9
Fixed vs. Rotating Frames of Reference

• Since some blades are rotating (rotors) and
some are stationary (stators), we will find it
helpful to use 2
Radial
reference frames c
Velocity r
for defining cz
Axial
velocity c Velocity
1. fixed (“lab” Azimuthal
Velocity
or engine)

ref. frame  c
2. rotating

ref. frame  w
Turbomachinery -10
5
Fixed vs. Rotating Frames of Reference
• How to we convert velocities from one ref.
frame to another?
– Galilean transform
   
v new  v old  v rel
vrel is relative velocity of new
reference frame with
respect to old

• What is the relative velocity u
between our 2 ref. frames?
– the (local) blade velocity!
   u r   r
w  c u
Turbomachinery -11
Euler Turbomachinery Equations

• Mass CV for one
 blade row
0   dV    c  nˆ dA
d
dt CV CS
0  0  m 2  m 1 steady
m 2  m 1  m
• Angular Momentum(engine
frame)
torque
– CM law   d mrc 
dt blade

   rc dV   rc c  nˆ dA
d disk
dt CV CS
rh rm rt
0 for steady…if we time avg. over high freq.
fluctuations that result from blades going by for prelim. design, typically use the
   rc c  nˆ dA  m rc 2  rc 1 
 “mean” radius location (between
CS tip and hub)  pitchline (or meanline)
(rc) represents a spatially reasonable starting point if rm>>rt-rh
averaged (integrated) property
Turbomachinery -12
6
• So   m rc 2  rc 1 
– what about power?
• Power/Energy
– from mechanics
 rc 2  rc 1 
W    m
W m  rc 1, 2 r = blade speed  u W m  uc 1, 2
– from thermodynamics
 rev  min  2 
W m  h?o 2  ho1  h0 1, 2  uc 1, 2   N   
steady, adiabatic,  min  60sec  rev 
for equations as written  N rpm  30
uniform , W  0 for compressor
, W  0 for turbine
Turbomachinery -13

• So having used both
mechanics (mass &
momentum) and
thermodynamics
(energy) across our
control volume
W m  uc   ho
we can relate the TD property changes
across turbomachinery blade rows to the
induced azimuthal velocity changes
• Using a constant pitchline approach (r1  r2)

for axial machines
uc  ho
Turbomachinery -14
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Other Important Definitions
• Reaction (Degree of Reaction)
hrotor energy change across rotor protor
R ~
pstage
hstage  energy change across stage
– balance torque, p gradient between rotor/stator
• Flowfields (axial machines)
– while real machines have 3-d flows, easier to
consider 2-d flows (different “planes”)
• Throughflow Field (r-z plane)
– not including  variations r
z
– disk replaces blades
(actuator disk theory)
Turbomachinery -15
Other Important Definitions

• Cascade Field (-z plane) blade
– not including r variations

– like unwrapping blade to look
at array of airfoil sections
z
– will focus on this for 2-d design
• Secondary Field (r- plane)
– not including z variations r
– low velocity in boundary layers blade 
along blades/walls
– pressure gradients produce
secondary (rotational) flows
– leads to reduced performance
(efficiency loss)
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Turbomachinery
Cascade Analysis
Turbomachinery -17
Cascade Analysis
• Historically, much of turbomachinery
blade design was based on

measurements of cascade data
in wind tunnels
z
• Extrapolating this to real
turbomachinery assumes
quasi-steady, 2-d flow
– not really true, but cascade results still relevant
and characteristics derived from cascade analysis
often satisfactory for preliminary design
• Modern design based on CFD analysis combined with
experimental testing
Turbomachinery -18
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2
Cascade Geometry
• Typical airfoil properties
– camber line shape and angle, 
 camber
– chord, b
b line
– thickness (t) profile and tmax/b
– leading and trailing edge radii chord
line
• Cascade properties 
1
suction
– pitch, s ( 2r / # blades) surface
– solidity,   b / s
– stagger angle, 
pressure
(between chord and axial*) surface
– blade inlet angle,* 1 s

– blade exit angle,* 2
z
  1  2
*some engine companies use
normal ( direction) as reference
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Turbomachinery Design and Analysis

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Turbomachinery

Design and Analysis

• How do you design the turbomachinery:

Rotor/Rotor blades Casing Stage=Rotor/Stator Pair

Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, Mattingly

Axial Compressors and Turbines

(Turbine) Spool - compressor and turbine

Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, Mattingly

Axial Compressors and Turbines

Turbomachinery Conservation Equations

Fixed vs. Rotating Frames of Reference

Euler Turbomachinery Equations

Euler Turbomachinery Equations

• Using a constant pitchline approach (r1  r2)

Other Important Definitions

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