Normal Stress

Force
Stress =
Area
sz y

Normal
tzy
tzx tyz force on = ∆ ∆
face
txz sy
txy
tyx Normal Stress
x
sx

3D 2D

Shear Stress
∆ → 0, ∆ → 0
y
sz
Rotational
Equilibrium
tzy
tzx tyz =
sy Δy
txz
txy
tyx x
sx Δx

3D 2D

1
Equilibrium Equations

⃗= ⃗ ⃗ =0 ∆ ∆ ∆ + ∆ ∆ ∆

+ ∆ ∆ ∆ =0
Force balance in x direction

+∆ + ∆ + . . . + + =

+∆

+ ∆ + . . .

3D Differential Equations of Equilibrium

sz

tzy
+ + + =0 tzx tyz
sy
txz
txy
+ + + =0
tyx

+ + + =0 sx

Governing equations for 3D elasticity

3 equations, 6 unknown functions

2
Hooke’s Law in 1D
∆
L = Normal Strain

p p
= Normal Stress

= : Young’s Modulus
ΔL

Elastic Range

Hooke’s Law: Extension to 2D

y ∆
= −
Δ =
Poisson’s
∆ Ratio
=
Δ

x =
−
=

3
Now Pull in Both x and y Directions

= −

= −

Isotropic material

Shear Strain & Shear Stress

= +λ Engineering shear strain

= : Shear modulus

=
2(1 + )
λ

4
2D Hooke’s Law
+
= − =
(1 − )

+
= − =
(1 − )

2(1 + ) =
= 2(1 + )

2D Hooke’s Law: Matrix Form

+
= 0
(1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − )
=
0
+ (1 − ) (1 − )
= 0 0
(1 − )

=
2(1 + )

5
3D Hooke’s Law: Matrix Form
1− 0 0 0
1− 0 0 0
1− 0 0 0
= 0 1−2 0 0
(1 + )(1 − 2 ) 0 0
0 0 0 0 1−2 0
0 0 0 0 0 1−2
sz

tzy
tzx tyz
txz sy
txy
tyx
sx

Strain-Displacement Relations: Normal Strain

u Δx x ∆
u+Δu +∆ = + ∆ + + . . .
2

Δx Δu Similarly: = =

∆
=
∆

= ∆ →0

6
Strain-Displacement Relations: Shear Strain
∆ →0
v Δx v+Δv
=
1+
Δv
≈ ≪1 ≪1
Δx+ Δu
∆
=
∆ +∆
∆
= ∆
∆
1+∆

Strain-Displacement Relations: Shear Strain

Δu
Δv = +
λ≈
λ
Δy = +

= +