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Sample AQA AS Chemistry
Sample AQA AS Chemistry
This is free sample of the AQA AS Chemistry revision guide and contains the notes for
3.1.1 through to 3.1.3.
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The ratio of the average mass of one atom of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an
atom of carbon-12.
Past paper questions
SAM AS Paper 1 (set 1) Q2
June 2013 Unit 1 Question 1a, 1b, 1c and 1f (QS13.1.01)
January 2012 Unit 1 Question 7a (QW12107)
June 2010 Unit 1 Question 8a (QS10.1.8A)
Definition
The first ionisation energy is the energy required to remove one mole of the most loosely held
electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce 1 mole of gaseous ions each with a charge of
1+.
Definitions
Mole: The mole is the amount of substance in grams that has the same number of particles as there
are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
Relative atomic mass is the average mass of one atom compared to one twelfth of the mass of one
atom of carbon-12
Molar Mass is the mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance and is given the unit of g mol-1
For solutions
Converting volumes: cm3 dm3 ÷ 1000 cm3 m3 ÷ 1000 000 dm3 m3 ÷ 1000
Examples
e) 20.0 mg of Cu(NO3)2
c) 0.0100 moles of Ag
5) An experiment was carried out to find the Mr of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). It was found that 1.00 g
contains 0.00568 moles of Vitamin C molecules.
Answers:
5. 176
Avogadros constant
Remember:
Avogadro's Constant There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. Therefore explained in
simpler terms 'One mole of any specified entity contains 6.02 x 1023 of that entity'
Example
How many chloride ions are there in a 25.0 cm3 of a solution of magnesium chloride of
concentration 0.400 moldm-3 ?
Number ions of Cl- = amount x 6.02 x 1023 = 0.0200 x 6.02 x 1023 = 1.204 x1022
There are two moles of chloride ions for every one mole of MgCl2
Example:
What is the mass of Cl2 gas that has a pressure of 100kPa, temperature 293K, volume 500cm3 . (R =
8.31 JK–1mol–1 )
a) 200ºC
b) 98 kPa
c) 50 cm3
d) -50ºC
e) 0.1 MPa
f) 3.2 dm3
2) Calculate the volume that 0.400 moles of an ideal gas occupies at 100ºC (3sf) and a pressure of
1000 kPa (4sf).
3) How many moles of gas occupy 19400 cm3 at 27.0ºC and 1.00 atm pressure?
4) Calculate the pressure that 0.0500 moles of gas, which occupies a volume of 200 cm3 (3sf) exerts
at a temperature of 50.0 K.
5) 0.140 moles of a gas has a volume of 2.00 dm3 at a pressure of 90.0 kPa. Calculate the
temperature of the gas.
6) At 273 K and 101000 Pa, 6.319 g of a gas occupies 2.00 dm3 . Calculate the relative molecular
mass of the gas.
7) Find the volume of ethyne (C2H2) that can be prepared from 10.0 g of calcium carbide at 20.0ºC
and 100 kPa (3sf).
CaC2(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + C2H2(g)
8) What mass of potassium chlorate (V) must be heated to give 1.00 dm3 of oxygen at 20.0ºC and
0.100 MPa. 2 KClO3(s) → 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
9) What volume of hydrogen gas, measured at 298 K and 100 kPa, is produced when 1.00 g of
sodium is reacted with excess water?
10) What volume of carbon dioxide gas, measured at 800 K and 100 kPa, is formed when 1.00 kg of
propane is burned in a good supply of oxygen? C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Answers:
1 (a) 473 K (b )98000 Pa (c) 50 x 10-6 m 3 (d) 223 K (e)100000 Pa (f)3.2 x 10-3 m 3
(2) 1.24 x 10-3 m 3 (3) 0.786 (4) 104000 Pa (5) 155 K (6) 71.0 (7) 0.00380 m3
(8) 3.36 g (9) 0.000538 m3 (10) 4.53 m3
Worked example:
Cu(NO3 )2 .6H2O
Cu(NO3 )2
Th amount of water in hydrated salts can be measured by measuring the mass of the salt and
crucible then heating the salt and measuring the end mass (Mass reading that stays constant)
Simple ratio can be used to calculated volumes of gasses. This is based on the ideal gas law
therefore 1 mol of gas at the same pressure and temperature will occupy the same volume.
An important reaction which occurs in the catalytic converter of a car is
In this reaction, when 500 cm3 of CO reacts with 500 cm3 of NO at 650 °C and at 1 atm. Calculate
the total volume of gases produced at the same temperature and pressure ?
The volume of a gas depends on pressure and temperature so when recording volume it is important
to note down the temperature and pressure of the room.
Make sure you don’t leave gaps in your appparatus where gas could escape
Gas syringes can be used for a variety of experiments where the volume of a gas is measured,
possibly to work out moles of gas or to follow reaction rates. Moles of gas can be calculated from gas
volume (and temperature and pressure) using ideal gas equation
•syringe sticks
• some gases like carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide are soluble in water so the true amount of gas is
not measured.
Making volumetric solutions
A prior calculation is carried out to estimate the approximate mass of the primary standard
required to make up a known volume of standard solution.
The primary standard is accurately weighed out on an electronic balance using a weighing bottle
or boat.
The solid is transferred to the volumetric flask and the weighing bottle rinsed into the volumetric
flask.
A volume of distilled water is added to the flask and the mixture swirled until all of the solute
has dissolved.
Distilled or deionised water is added to the mark (an engraved line on a volumetric flask).
The volumetric flask is inverted several times to thoroughly mix the contents.
The flask is labelled and set to one side.
Sodium carbonate has the formula Na2CO3. It has a relative formula mass of 106
If we wish to prepare 250 ml of a 0.1 mol dm-3 solution then we need a total of 0.25 x 0.1 = 0.025
moles = 0.025 x 106 g = 2.65 g
The sodium carbonate is transferred into a 250 ml volumetric flask and about 100 ml of deionised
water is added, rinsing out the weighing bottle.
The mixture is shaken in the volumetric flask until the sodium carbonate dissolves.
25 ml of dilute base are pipetted into a conical flask. A few drops of indicator solution are added.
Dilute acid is added from burette a few drops at a time with swirling until the end-point is reached
(colour change).
Calculation
Hence, concentration of acid = moles/volume = 2.45 x 10-3/ 0.01845 = 0.133 mol dm-3
Evaluation
The procedure of titration is very accurate when the apparatus is used correctly, but even so each
step has a corresponding inaccuracy due to the manufactured tolerance of the glassware.
For example:
Two readings per titre gives an inaccuracy of ± 0.1, corresponding to a percentage inaccuracy of
100 x 0.1/18.45 = ± 0.54% (this titration)
All of the percentage inaccuracies may be added in a procedure and converted back to an absolute
inaccuracy of the final 'answer'.
Hence, the calculated molarity of hydrochloric acid = 0.133 ± 0.001 mol dm-3
Note that only the two steps have been taken into account in this example. In a real experiment you
would also have to take into account inaccuracy in any solutions prepared, masses weighed out etc.
Readings: the values found from a single judgement when using a piece of equipment
The uncertainty of a reading (one judgement) is at least ±0.5 of the smallest scale reading. The
uncertainty of a measurement (two judgements) is at least ±1 of the smallest scale reading.
In burette use, two readings are taken to decrease uncertainty e.g if a buretteused in a titration has
an uncertainty of +/-0.05 then the uncertainty would be +/-0.10 after taking two readings.
If the %uncertainty due to the apparatus < percentage difference between the actual value and the
calculated value then there is a discrepancy in the result due to other errors.
If the %uncertainty due to the apparatus > percentage difference between the actual value and the
calculated value then there is no discrepancy and all errors in the results can be explained by the
sensitivity of the equipment.
% yield in a process can be lowered through incomplete reactions, side reactions,
losses during transfers of substances, losses during purification stages
Do take into account balancing numbers when working out % atom economy.
High atom economy minimises waste in chemistry. Alternatively any waste
can sold as bi products to maximise return.
In reactions that produce only one product, the atom economy is 100%
making it ideal economically.
By learning how to write and balance the symbol equation for the reaction between ANY
halogen and a halogen salt or halide ion of lesser reactive halogen, all you have to do is get
the symbol of another group 7 halogen from your periodic table and deduce the equation
i.e. swap Br for an I etc.
When making an insoluble salt, normally the salt would be removed by filtration, washed with
distilled water to remove soluble impurities and then dried on filter paper
Ionic equators excluding spectator ions are normally written for precipitation reactions
Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3 - (aq) + 2Na+ (aq)+ 2Cl- (aq) PbCl2 (s) + 2 Na+ (aq)+ 2NO3 - (aq)