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Wall System 2019 - Oct - 23
Wall System 2019 - Oct - 23
BM+CIII
Building Material & Construction III
Building Systems:
1. Foundation Systems
2. Structural System
3. Exterior Envelope
4. Interior Partitions
5. Mechanical Systems
6. Furnishings 7
7. Floor System
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WALL SYSTEM
DEFINITION :
Walls are vertical/inclined elements of a building that enclose, separate and
protect its interior spaces.
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PURPOSE
• To provide shelter,
• Provide required level of enclosure and define space,
• To support other parts of the structure – upper structural system,
• To give privacy to the occupants from the outside building and between
compartments in the building,
• To modify the indoor climate and space quality,
• To define aesthetic character of a building.
REQUIREMENT
• Resistance to overturning,
• Resistance to crushing,
• Resistance to buckling.
B. Environmental control
• Resistance to weather,
• Resistance to air movement,
• Thermal resistance,
• Insulation capacity,
• Sound insulation.
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….. REQUIREMENT
C. Dimensional stability
• Against thermal induced movement,
• Against movement due to changes in moisture content,
• Against structural movement due to bending, buckling, compression and deflection
of elements,
• Against chemical reaction.
D. Fire resistance
• Combustibility – how easily a material will ignite and sustain ignition,
• Surface spread of flame – the rate at which flame will spread across one material
to ignite another surface.
WALL TYPES:
Wall types can be categorized on the bases of:
A. Location
• External /Perimeter wall,
• Internal /Partition wall.
B. Usage:
Structural Usage
• Load Bearing wall,
• Non Load Bearing wall.
o Wall that supports the live and dead loads of floor and roof systems is said to
be loadbearing.
o Wall which supports only its own weight and resists only lateral (wind, soil, or
seismic) loads is said to be non-loadbearing.
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Load bearing walls at sub structure levels can also be identified based on their
function:
Foundation wall – a wall below ground level that transmits the super structure
loads to the earth below or the foundation.
Retaining wall – a wall built to hold back and restrain the earth, fill or water without
cracking or falling out.
WALL TYPES…..
C. Construction Technique
• Masonry wall
• Monolithic wall
• Frame wall
• Membrane
Masonry walls – walls built of individual units that are bonded together with
some form of mortar.
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WALL TYPES…..
D. Material Used
– Wood
– Brick
– Stone
– Concrete Blocks
– Concrete
– Glass
– Metal …etc.
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a. Overturning
b. Sliding
c. Bearing capacity failure
d. Deep seated shear failure
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MASONRY WALLS
Masonry is the term used to refer to construction using
pieces of construction materials made into blocks and
stacked together using different binding mechanisms.
The properties and strength of such wall depend on:
• Quality of masonry material,
• Quality of mortar,
• Method of bonding used.
MORTAR
Used to bind masonry units together. In the early days
masonry was just piled up one on top of the other to
create rubble wall. Later binding materials such as
mud, lime and recently cement mortar started to be
used.
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MASONRY WALLS
• single or multi-wythe,
• solid or hollow, grouted or un-
grouted
• reinforced or unreinforced,
depending on the structural
requirements of the design.
• Cavity
• Veneer walls
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MASONRY WALLS
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MASONRY WALLS
• strong in compression,
• Weak in tensile and flexural stresses, thus,
• require the incorporation of reinforcing material to encounter their weakness
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(1) appearance,
(2) durability,
(3) strength,
(4) economy, and
(5) ease of maintenance.
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Masonry units should be hard and strong, Masonry units block should be soaked
free from crack ,fissures, vents or any in water before use so that it does not
other defects, absorb much water from the mortar,
Masonry units should be laid in its natural Mortar should be strong and proportion
bed with proper bond and formation of of its ingredients should be good,
vertical joints should be avoided, (Compo mortar can be used for work
above ground),
No tensile stress should be developed,
Facing and backing Masonry units
Masonry work should be raised uniformly
should be well bonded by stronger
whenever possible so that uniform loading
Masonry unit pieces.
on the foundation occurs,
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MASONRY WALLS
Stone wall
Block wall
Glass block wall
Brick wall …
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STONE WALL
The most common stone constructions are the one that can most easily be quarried and cut in
to different shape and designs.
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CLASSIFICATION
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STONE WALL
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Hammer dressed
Quarry stones Irratic blocks
Ashlar Masonry
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GLASS BLOCKS
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GLASS BLOCKS
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LOAD
Bond
The word bond has three different meanings on masonry
construction:
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Bond …
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MASONRY WALLS
TERMINOLOGIES
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Brick masonry is sometimes preferred over other types of masonry for the
following reasons:
• Bricks are of uniform size and shape, and hence they can be laid in any
definite pattern.
• Bricks are light in weight and small in size. Hence they can be easily
handled.
• Brick do not need any dressing.
• The art of brick laying can be understood easily.
• Ornamental works can be easily done with bricks.
• Light partition walls can be easily constructed in brick masonry.
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It is the weakest part of a masonry construction and it requires special care in laying and
finishing.
Pointing
is the term used to describe existing or new joints which have been racked out, 20 mm depth,
and filled with a specially selected mortar for the sake of appearance or as a weather
protection.
The pointing mortar mix must be slightly weaker than jointing mortar and has purposes:
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• Running bond
The simplest of all brick structures, this
pattern consists of all stretchers. Metal ties
are used when this type of wall is used in
cavity-wall or veneer-wall construction.
• Flemish bond
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• English bond
This pattern consists of alternate courses of
headers and stretchers. The headers are
centered on the stretchers and joints between
stretchers in all courses are aligned vertically.
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Brick Bonds ….
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Construction process
Masonry construction
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Construction process ……
B. Laying the masonry units
4. Lay the first course of masonry units in the mortar.
Beginning with the second unit, apply mortar to the head joint
end of each unit, then shove the masonry units in to place firmly
so that the mortar is squeezed out of all sides of joints. And
check the course for correct height.
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Cavity wall
Cavity
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Reinforced Blocks
MASONRY WALLS -
Concrete Blocks
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Monolithic Walls
Monolithic walls – a wall built of material placed in forms
during construction.
traditional earth wall (rammed earth) and
modern concrete walls are examples.
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Monolithic Walls
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Monolithic Walls
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CONCRETE WALLS
Surface Treatments
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CONCRETE WALLS
Precast Concrete
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Frame Walls
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FRAMED WALLS
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Slab type
Stem Wall
Footing
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• Balloon construction
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
1. Construction of footing
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2. Construction of foundation
(foundation wall)
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7. construction of studs
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9. construction of bracing
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st
Basics in building construction-walls
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
1. Arches
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OPENINGS IN WALLS
2. Lintels
A lintel is a horizontal member, which is placed
across the opening.
Lintels are easy to build and the supporting
walls need not be very strong.
At least 10cm length of bearing is a minimum
requirement.
For very long spans, the bearing for the lintel
end should be equal at least to its depth.
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WALL FINISH
A material used to cover the exterior or interior walls of a building or structure.
Tile cladding
Vinyl siding
Metal cladding
Wood shingles
Masonry cladding
Wallpaper
plaster
Painting
Gypsum board …
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WALL FINISH
CURTAIN
WALLS
Metal and Glass
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WALL FINISH
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WALL FINISHES
Plaster Over Masonry
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WALL FINISHES
Plaster Partitions
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WALL FINISHES
Gypsum Board
WALL FINISHES
Gypsum Board
Application
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WALL FINISHES
Ceramic Tiles
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WALL FINISHES
Plastic Laminate
CURTAIN WALLS
Precast Concrete
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CURTAIN WALLS
Metal and Glass
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