Computer Organization & Architecture

Interim Assessment 1

Group members:

Joseph, Venise Moises C.

Torres, Kyle E.

Section:

BSIT201A

Submitted to:

Mr. Great Allan M. Ong

Computer Generations
 Computer generations are principally isolated by the advancement of PC innovation. Every age
characterizes the major mechanical improvements on which PC frameworks were/are based. In the
beginning of advancement, the 'age of computer' was expected exclusively to outline the contrasts
between equipment innovations. [ CITATION Tut21 \l 1033 ]

Be that as it may, these days the term is the end of both equipment and programming changes
engaged with the way of computer improvement. In specific, the term 'age' alludes to advancement that
changes the way computer work. Besides, successive upgrades were made to make computer gadgets
more minimized in size, less expensive in cost, more impressive and more astute, and so forth.

First Generation (1946 – 1959)

This is the earliest generation of PCs, known as the original of PCs. The first age period is
considered from 1946 to 1959. During the first generation of computers, computers were created
utilizing vacuum tubes as the center innovation. Original computer utilized the machine language, the
most minimal level programming language so it very well may be handily handled also, comprehended
by computer. ENIAC, which stands for Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator, is the most
popular example of the first-generation computer. Other examples include UNIVAC, EDVAC,
EDSAC, IBM-650, IBM701, Manchester Mark 1, Mark 2, Mark 3, etc.

Second Generation (1959 – 1965)

The second generation of computer started with the boundless utilization of semiconductors. In
this
generation, vacuum tubes were presently not the fundamental piece of innovation. They were
supplanted by semiconductors. The second-age period is considered from 1959 to 1965. Attractive
centers (as essential memory gadgets) and attractive tapes (as auxiliary stockpiling gadgets) were
likewise utilized for memory prerequisites in computers.

During the subsequent age, computer utilized low level computing constructs rather than
twofold machine dialects. Plus, early forms of undeniable level dialects, like COBOL and FORTRAN,
were additionally presented in this age.

Third Generation (1965 – 1971)

Third-

generation computers used integrated circuits (ICs) instead of transistors, which made them more
efficient. In this case, the third generation spans the years 1965 through 1971.As a technology,
integrated circuits dominated this generation. Assembled The computer was smaller than its
predecessor because the circuits were so small. On top of that, this generation included improved input-
output devices such as a mouse, keyboard, and computer display. Computers utilized punch cards and
printouts before they had these devices. ALGOL-68 and PASCAL PL / 1 were among of the higher-
level languages utilized by computers of the third generation.
Certain computers are invented in this generation, and those are IBM-360 family series. Other
examples include PDP-8, PDP-11, TDC-316, Honeywell-6000 series, ICL 2900etc. Besides, integrated
circuits are still in use in today's generation of computers.

Fourth Generation (1971 – 1980)

In the case of the fourth generation, it is defined as the time between 1971 and 1980. These
were the years when microprocessors were used to create computers. There were also large-scale
integrated circuits and very large-scale integrated circuits used in microprocessors. Multiple integrated
circuits were assembled on a silicon chip to create them. Smaller computers become more powerful and
dependable thanks to microprocessors.Because of their small size and ease of use, personal computers
were accessible in the fourth generation. In addition, computers of this generation employed high-level
programming languages such as C, C++, DBASE, etc. Also, computers of this generation were
equipped with time-sharing and network-based operating systems.

Among the most popular computers of the fourth generation are the IBM-5100, Altair-8800,
and Micral Another example would be a PDP-11 or DEC-10. Other examples would be the IBM-4341
or

Star-1000. Apart from that, microprocessors are still being used in today's generation of computers, the
fifth generation. But they are not regarded as key technologies in the current generation of smartphones
and tablets.

Fifth Generation (1980 – Present)

For the fifth generation of computers, it started in year 1980 up to present. It's built on ULSI
technology, AI software, and parallel processing hardware. ULSI has changed the way microprocessors
are designed. On a single microprocessor chip, tens of millions of electrical devices may now be
manufactured. Artificial intelligence (AI) on the other hand helps computers to reply efficiently with
natural languages.

Since 1980, the fifth generation is thought to have been in existence. As a result, the present
generation of computers is the fifth generation. Integrated circuits are still used in fifth-generation
computers to satisfy a variety of purposes. AI, on the other hand, is the most important technology, and
there is still space for progress in this area.

Logic programming and massively parallel computing are at the heart of the fifth generation of
computers. In this generation, all high-level languages may be used. C, C++, Java, .NET, etc., are
examples of such languages. There are further operating systems that are multi-threaded and
distributed, which are used in the industry. There are several types of fifth-generation computers, such
as the desktop computer, laptop, notebook, Chromebook, Ultrabook, tablet, and so on.

References

[1] TutorialsMate, "Five Generations of Computer: 1st to 5th," February 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://www.tutorialsmate.com/2021/02/generations-of-computer.html. [Accessed 4 September
2021].