Experiment No.

1
(a)Determine focal length of a given concave mirror

Aim
To determine focal length of a given concave mirror.

Materials Required
1.A concave mirror
2.A measuring scale
3.A screen holder
4.A mirror holder
5.A mirror stand

Procedure
1.The distance between the selected distinct object should be
more than 50 ft.
2.The concave mirror placed on the mirror stand and the
distant object should be facing each other.
3.The screen should be placed in front of the reflecting surface of
the mirror. To obtain a clear, sharp image the screen should be
adjusted.
4.Using a metre scale the distance between the concave mirror
and screen can be determined. The distance is the same as the
focal length of the given concave mirror.
5.Repeat the above procedure thrice to calculate the average focal length.
Experimental Setup

Observation Table
Sl.n Position of concave Position of Focal length =
o mirror (M) screen (S) (M S)

cm

1 60 cm 50 cm 10 cm

2 60 cm 50 cm 10 cm

3 60 cm 50 cm 10 cm

Calculation
Following is the mean value of the focal length of
concave mirror: (f1+f2+f3)/3=10cm
Result
The focal length of the concave mirror=10cm

(b)Determine focal length of a given convex lens

Aim

To determine focal length of a convex lens

Materials Required
1.A wooden bench
2.A convex lens
3.A lens holder
4.A screen fixed to a stand
5.A measuring scale

Experimental Setup

Procedure
 1.Without disturbing the lens and screen, arrange both of them on the
wooden bench.
2.Place the lens on the holder facing a distant object.
3.Place the holder with the screen on the bench.
4.The position of the screen should be such that the sharp
image of the distant object is obtained on it.
5.The difference between the position of the lens and the screen
is equal to the focal length of the given convex lens.
6.Now shift the focus towards various other distant object and
calculate the focal length of the convex lens.

Observation Table
Sl.n Position of convex Position of Focal length =
o lens (L) screen (S) (L-S) cm

1 60 cm 50 cm f1= 10cm

2 60 cm 50 cm f2= 10cm

3 60 cm 50 cm f3= 10cm

Calculation
Following is the mean value of the focal length of
convex lens: (f1+f2+f3)/3=10cm

Result
The focal length of the concave mirror=10cm
 Experiment No.2
Aim
To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass
slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence,
angle of refraction, angle of emergence, and interpret the result.

Theory
Laws of refraction:
The incident ray, the normal ray, and the refracted ray, all lie
in the same plane.
Snell’s law: The law states that the ratio of the sine of an angle
of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant.
Sin i/Sin r=constant

Materials Required
1.A drawing board
2.4-6 all pins
3.White sheet of paper
4.Rectangular glass slab
5.A protractor
6.A scale
7.A pencil
8.Thumb pins

Procedure
1.Fix a white sheet on the soft drawing board using
thumb pins.
2.Using a sharp pencil, draw the outline boundary of the
glass slab.

3.Let ABCD be the rectangular figure obtained by

drawing.
4.Mark point E on AB and draw a perpendicular EN and label it as
a normal ray.
5.Draw one angle of 30° with the help of a protractor with EN.
Fix pins at P and Q at 4-5 cm on the ray that is obtained by the
angle.
6.Place the glass slab on the rectangular figure ABCD.
7.To fix R and S, see through the glass slab of the side CD, such
that when seen through the glass slab, all the pins P, Q, R, and S
should lie in a straight line.
8.Draw a small circle around the pins P, Q, R, and S and remove
the pins.

9.Remove the glass slab.

10.Join points R and S such that it meets CD at point F.

Draw a perpendicular N’M’ to CD at point F.
11.Using a pencil, join the points E and F.
12.Measure the angles formed at AB and CD, i.e, the
incident angle, refracted angle, and emergent angle.
13.The lateral displacement is obtained by extending the ray PQ
in a dotted line which is parallel ray to FRS.
14.Measure the lateral displacement.
Ray Diagram

Observation Table
Sl. Angle of Angle of Angle of
no incidence refraction emergence
∠i ∠r ∠e

1 30° 28° 30°

∠i =∠e

Conclusion
1.The angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are equal.
2.As the light is traveling from rarer to denser optical medium,
the angle of refraction will be lesser than the angle of incidence.
3.For different angles of incidence, the lateral displacement will
remain the same.
4.The light will bend towards the normal when it travels from
an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium.

Experiment No.3
Aim
To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.

Materials Required
Following are the list of materials required for this experiment:
A white sheet
Soft board
Thumb pins
4-6 all pins
Prism
Pencil
Scale
Protractor
Drawing board
Experimental Setup

Procedure
1.Fix a white sheet on a drawing board using drawing pins.
2.Placethe triangular prism resting on its triangular base.
Using a pencil, draw the outline of the prism.
3.DrawNEN normal to the face of the prism AB. make an angle
between 30° and 60°.
4.Onthe line PE, fix two pins at a distance of 5cm from each other
and mark these as P and Q.
5.Look for the images of the pins at P and Q through the other
face of the prism AC.
6.Fixtwo pins at R and S such that they appear as a straight line
as that of the P and Q when it is viewed from AC face of the
prism.
7.Remove the pins and the prism.
8.At point F, make the points R and S meet by extending them.
9.PQE is the incident ray which is extended till it meets face AC.
 SRF is the emergent ray which is extended backward to meet at
point G.
10.Now mark the angle of incidence i, angle of refraction r and the
angle ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the angle ∠i, angle of
refraction ∠r and the angle of emergence e and D as shown in
the experimental setup. ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the angle
∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and the angle
11.Repeat the experiment for more angles between 30° and 60°.

Observations
1.At surface AB, the light ray enters and bends towards the
normal on refraction.
2.At surface AC, the light ray bends away from the normal as it
travels from one medium (glass) to the other (air).
3.The angle of deviation is observed. Here, the emergent ray
bends at an angle towards the direction of the incident ray.
Conclusion
1.The incident ray bends towards the normal when it enters the
prism and while leaving the prism it bends away from the
normal.
2.With the increase in the angle of incidence, the angle of
deviation decreases. After attaining the minimum value, it
increases with an increase in the angle of incidence.

************************