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How The Public Misinterprets Data Visualizations - Alberto Cairo
How The Public Misinterprets Data Visualizations - Alberto Cairo
How The Public Misinterprets Data Visualizations - Alberto Cairo
how the
Getting public
Smarter about
and whatAlberto
we canCairo
do about it
New book to be published by W.W. Norton
(October 2019)
To pre-order:
IndieBound: https://www.indiebound.org/book/
9781324001560
Barnes&Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/how-
charts-lie-alberto-cairo/1130420282?ean=9781324001560
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/How-Charts-Lie-Getting-
Information/dp/1324001569/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=how
+charts+lie&qid=1551105523&s=gateway&sr=8-1
Cathy O’Neil
This book will open your eyes to how
author of Weapons of Math Destruction
everyone uses visuals to push agendas. A
master visual designer, Cairo shows you
Getting Smarter about how to read charts and decode design.
After this book, you can’t look at charts
Visual Information with a straight face!
Kaiser Fung
Data maps
QGIS, Tilegrams
(NOTE: I use the R programming language
more every day for these tasks, For the Web
but if you’re a beginner it’s better to have
fun with the tools above first)
http://www.thefunctionalart.com/p/instructors-guide.html
Alberto Cairo • University of Miami • www.thefunctionalart.com • Twitter: @albertocairo
To fulfill visualization’s potential to become a universal language…
Challenge 1
—Literacy
—Articulacy
—Numeracy
—Graphicacy
Thousands of
The Affordable Care Act
(”Obamacare”) fails to
?
people in the pass on March 2010
workforce
Thousands of
The Affordable Care Act
(”Obamacare”) fails to
?
people in the pass on March 2010
workforce
?
CONFIRMATION
We constantly see patterns. Once we identify patterns that look meaningful —even if they
are just the product of randomness— our brains try to connect them with causal links and
shape them as stories. Then, we strive to confirm them, never to challenge them
DISTORTIONS
Sometimes charts are simply badly design —in purpose or unintentionally
+1.4°F (+0.8°C)
+1.4°F (+0.8°C)
+1.4°F (+0.8°C)
+1.4°F (+0.8°C)
FEAR OF COMPLEXITY
We dislike ambiguity, nuance, and complexity, and prefer simplistic stories with a closure
to proper arguments, which often can’t be clear, linear, or have a definite ending.
UNCERTAINTY
We believe that numbers are accurate, precise, and objective. We must abandon this view.
Data is always biased, incomplete, and uncertain —and that’s fine!
On the other hand, journalists and designers need to show confidence and uncertainty in
their charts when uncertainty is critical.
https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/powerfromstatistics/OR/PfS-OutlookReport-Cairo.pdf https://graphics.cs.wisc.edu/Papers/2014/CG14/Preprint.pdf
DESCRIPTIONS
The way we describe the content of a chart to
ourselves may bias our understanding of that chart
70
Smoking
Life expectancy
(in years)
65
cigarettes
can help you
60
Example provided by
50 Heather Krause
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 https://idatassist.com
Annual cigarette consumption
per person above age 14
70
Smoking
cigarettes
Life expectancy
(in years)
65
can help you
60
Life expectancy
70 70
60 60
50 50
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 0 1,000 2,000 3,000
0%
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Age
Alberto Cairo
Alberto Cairo • University of Miami • www.thefunctionalart.com • Twitter: @albertocairo
New book to be published by W.W. Norton
(October 2019)
To pre-order:
IndieBound: https://www.indiebound.org/book/
9781324001560
Barnes&Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/how-
charts-lie-alberto-cairo/1130420282?ean=9781324001560
Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/How-Charts-Lie-Getting-
Information/dp/1324001569/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=how
+charts+lie&qid=1551105523&s=gateway&sr=8-1