The "Appendix Probi" as a Compendium of Popular Latin: Description and Bibliography

Author(s): Ronald J. Quirk

Source: The Classical World, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Summer, 2005), pp. 397-409
Published by: Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of the Classical Association of the
Atlantic States
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 THE APPENDIXPROBIAS A COMPENDIUMOF
POPULARLATIN:DESCRIPTIONAND BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Appendix Probi' is a Late Latin text that is one of the
most important extant sources for our knowledge of the vernacu-
lar language. This list of 227 "mistakes" furnishes valuable evidence
of the linguistic developments that were in process as Latin evolved.
The French linguist Gaston Paris defined the special prominence
of the Appendix in the historical study of the Latin language:
It is not the only one, from among the Latin
grammatical writings that have come to us, that
presents lists of incorrect words in contrast to the
correct forms, but it offers us both the richest one
of those lists and the one that contains the forms
most divergent from Classical forms, and therefore
[it is] the most interesting.2
A great variety of linguistic features and developments are,
indeed, attested in the condemned forms, which follow the word
"non" in the complete text given below. Five of the most obvious
word alterations, together with one example of each from the Ap-
pendix, are:
1. Case errors in compound words, as in nobiscum non noscum
(# 220)
2. Other problems in compounding, e.g., aquaeductus non
aquiductus (# 22)
3. Change of declension in nouns, e.g., palumbes non palumbus
(# 99), and in adjectives, e.g., tristis non tristus (# 56)
4. Change of noun ending and declension to agree with usual
gender endings, e.g., socrus non socra for "mother-in-law"
(# 170)
5. Use of diminutives, e.g., auris non oricla (# 83)
The list also contains many items that attest to phonological
features of everyday Latin:
1. Syncope, frequently after the stressed syllable, e.g., specu-
lum non speclum (# 3)
2. Assimilation, as in umbilicus non imbilicus (# 58), and dis-
similation, as in terebra non telebra (# 125)
3. Gemination, or doubling, of consonants, e.g., draco non dracco
(# 110)
4. Reduction of -ct- to -t-, as in auctor non autor (# 154), of
-ns- to -s-, as in mensa non mesa (# 152), and of -rs- to
-ss-, as in persica non pessica (# 149)

I I follow the highly

regarded version of W. A. Baehrens, Sprachlicher Kommentar
zur vulgdrlateinischen Appendix Probi (Halle 1922).
2 G. Paris, "L'Appendix Probi," in Melanges Renier (Paris
1887) 301-2.

397

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398 RONALD J. QUIRK

5. Loss of h, e.g., adhuc non aduc (# 225), or of final m,

e.g., numquam non numqua (#219)
I invite the reader to examine these and other features of popular
Latin in the text of the Appendix Probi below:

1. porphireticum marmor non 46. Theophilus non Izophilus

purpureticum marmur 47. monofagia non monofagium
2. tolonium non toloneum 48. Byzacenus non Bizacinus
3. speculum non speclum 49. Capsensis non Capsessis
4. masculus non masclus 50. catulus non catellus
5. vetulus non veclus 51. catulus non catellus
6. vitulus non viclus 52. doleus non dolium
7. vernaculus non vernaclus 53. calida non calda
8. articulus non articlus 54. frigida non fricda
9. baculus non vaclus 55. vinea non vinia
10. angulus non anglus 56. tristis non tristus
11. iugulus non iuglus 57. tersus non tertus
12. calcostegis non calcosteis 58. umbilicus non imbilicus
13. septizonium non septidonium 59. turma non torma
14. vacua non vaqua 60. caelebs non celeps
15. vacui non vaqui 61. ostium non osteum
16. cultellum non cuntellum 62. Flavus non Flaus
17. Marsias non Marsuas 63. cavea non cavia
18. cannelam non canianus 64. senatus non sinatus
19. Hercules non Herculens 65. brattea non brattia
20. columna non colomna 66. cochlea non coclia
21. pecten non pectinis 67. cochleare non cocliarium
22. aquaeductus non aquiductus 68. palearium non paliarium
23. cithara non citera 69. primipilaris non primipilarius
24. crista non crysta 70. alveus non albeus
25. formica non furmica 71. glomus non glovus
26. musivum non museum 72. Iancea non lancia
27. exequiae non execiae 73. favilla non failla
28. gyrus non girus 74. orbis non orbs
29. avus non aus 75. formosus non formunsus
30. miles non milex 76. ansa non asa
31. sobrius non suber 77. flagellum non fragellum
32. figulus non figel 78. calatus non galatus
33. masculus non mascel 79. digitus non dicitus
34. lanius non laneo 80. solea non solia
35. iuvencus non iuvenclus 81. calceus non calcius
36. barbarus non barbar 82. iecur non iocur
37. equs non ecus 83. auris non oricla
38. coqus non cocus 84. camera non cammara
39. coquens non cocens 85. pegma non peuma
40. coqui non coci 86. cloaca non cluaca
41. acre non acrum 87. festuca non fistuca
42. pauper mulier non paupera 88. ales non alis
mulier 89. facies non faces
43. carcer non carcar 90. cautes non cautis
44. bravium non brabium 91. plebes non plevis
45. pancarpus non parcarpus 92. vates non vatis

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 399

93. tabes non tavis 142. stabulum non stablum

94. suppellex non superlex 143. triclinium non triclinu
95. apes non apis 144. dimidius non demidius
96. nubes non nubs 145. turma non torma
97. suboles non subolis 146. pusillus non pisinnus
98. vulpes non vulpis 147. meretrix non menetris
99. palumbes non palumbus 148. aries non ariex
100. lues non luis 149. persica non pessica
101. deses non desis 150. dysentericus non disintericus
102. reses non resis 151. opobalsamum non
103. vepres non vepris ababalsamum
104. fames non famis 152. mensa non mesa
105. clades non cladis 153. raucus non ra[u]cus
106. Syrtes non Syrtis 154. auctor non autor
107. aedes non aedis 155. auctoritas non autoritas
108. sedes non sedis 156. ipse non ipsus
109. proles non prolis 157. linteum non lintium
110. draco non dracco 158. a . . . non . . . a
111. oculus non oclus 159. terraemotus non terrimotium
112. aqua non acqua 160. noxius non noxeus
113. alium non aleum 161. coruscus non scoriscus
114. lilium non lileum 162. tonitru non tonotru
115. glis non gliris 163. passer non passar
116. delirus non delerus 164. anser non ansar
117. tinea non tinia 165. hirundo non herundo
118. exter non extraneus 166. obstetrix non opsetris
119. clamis non clamus 167. capitulum non capiclum
120. vir non vyr 168. noverca non novarca
121. virgo non vyrgo 169. nurus non nura
122. virga non vyrga 170. socrus non socra
123. occasio non occansio 171. neptis non nepticla
124. caligo non calligo 172. anus non anucla
125. terebra non telebra 173. tondeo non detundo
126. effeminatus non 174. rivus non rius
imfimenatus 175. imago non . . .
127. botruus non butro 176. pavor non paor
128. grus non gruis 177. coluber non colober
129. anser non ansar 178. adipes non alipes
130. tabula non tabla 179. sibilus non sifilus
131. puella non poella 180. frustum non frustrum
132. balteus non baltius 181. plebs non pleps
133. fax non facla 182. garrulus non garulus
134. vico capitis Africae non 183. parentalia non parantalia
vico caput Africae 184. caelebs non celeps
135. vico tabuli proconsolis non 185. poples non poplex
vico tabulu proconsulis 186. locuples non locuplex
136. vico castrorum non vico 187. robigo non rubigo
castrae 188. plasta non blasta
137. vico strobili non vico trobili 189. bipennis non bipinnis
138. teter non tetrus 190. hermeneumata non
139. aper non aprus erminomata
140. amycdala non amiddula 191. tymum non tumum
141. faseolus non fassiolus 192. strofa non stropa

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400 RONALD J. QUIRK

193. bitumen non butumen 210. allec non allex

194. mergus non mergulus 211. rabidus non rabiosus
195. myrta non murta 212. tintinaculum non
196. zizipus non zizupus tintinabulum
197. iunipirus non iuniperus 213. Adon non Adonius
198. tolerabilis non toleravilis 214. grundio non grunnio
199. basilica non bassilica 215. vapulo non baplo
200. tribula non tribla 216. necne non necnec
201. viridis non virdis 217. passim non passi
202. constabilitus non 218. numquit non nimquit
constab[i]litus 219. numquam non numqua
203. Sirena non Serena 220. nobiscum non noscum
204. musium vel musivum non 221. vobiscum non voscum
museum 222. nescioubi non nesciocube
205. labsus non lapsus 223. pridem non pride
206. orilegium non orolegium 224. olim non oli
207. hostiae non ostiae 225. adhuc non aduc
208. Februarius non Febrarius 226. idem non ide
209. clatri non cracli 227. amfora non ampora
This Appendix Probi is so called because the extant text is
one of the several supplements, or appendices, attached to the Instituta
Artium (sometimes referred to as the Ars Minor) attributed to Marcus
Valerius Probus. But the authorship of the appendix, as well as
that of the Instituta Artium, has been subject to considerable and
extended scholarly debate.
Moreover, the disputed authorship of the Appendix Probi and
of the work to which it was attached is only one of the many as-
pects of the text that have come under scrutiny. Many researchers
have attempted to establish the text definitively and to decipher the
evidence it affords, as well as to fix more accurately its date of
composition between the third and eighth centuries and its place of
origin between Rome and Carthage. Considerable controversy has arisen
in all of these areas and has not yet been completely resolved.
It is unfortunate that some of the most important basic schol-
arly publications on the Appendix Probi are difficult to identify
and to locate, and bibliographic citations in other works are often
imprecise or unhelpful. The wealth of critical insight contained in
the extensive studies published on the Appendix Probi, and the problems
attendant on locating many of those studies, call for a clarified
annotated bibliography of the subject. The present contribution is
an effort to assist researchers of that important document in the
history of the Latin language.'

3 The Appendix Probi is mentioned and treated briefly in virtually every study
of the origin and development of the modern Romance languages; except for the fre-
quently cited works listed in my part B, such references are not included in my bibliography,
which concentrates on editions of the text, major contributions to the critical analysis
of it, and investigations into its date, provenance, and author.
I acknowledge with gratitude the gracious assistance of research librarians Norma
Keegan of the Arnold Bernhard Library at Quinnipiac University and Carla Lukas of
the Library of the Department of Classics at Yale University.

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 401

General treatments of Vulgar Latin or classical antiquity that

do not contain a specific section on the Appendix Probi but which
are frequently referred to in critical works on the Appendix are
listed at the end of this bibliography in part B. My source for
many of the abbreviations given in this section is C. H. Grandgent's
An Introduction to Vulgar Latin (New York: D. C. Heath, 1907).

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part A: Editions and Critical Studies
Aistermann, Josef, De M. Valerii Probi Berytii Vita et Scriptis, Bonn:
doctoral dissertation, 1909 (this date is sometimes cited as 1910). The
work concerns one of the Roman writers named Probus, M. Valerius Probus
of Beirut of the first century A.D.
Audollent, Auguste, Carthage romaine, Paris: Ancienne Librairie Thorin
et Fils, ed. Fontemoing, 1901. Audollent treats the Appendix on pp. 316-
21; he supports the thesis of Gaston Paris that the Appendix was composed
in Africa.
Baehrens, Willem Adolf, Sprachlicher Kommentar zur vulgdrlateinischen
Appendix Probi, Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1922. This is a very important
analytical examination of the Appendix; Baehrens dates the document be-
tween 200 and 320 A.D. and says that it is of Italian origin. His text of
the Appendix follows that of Foerster.
Barwick, Karl, "Die sogenannte Appendix Probi," Hermes: Zeitschrift
fur classische Philologie 54 (1919) 409-22. The study painstakingly ex-
amines elements of connection between and among the Instituta Artium
and the several appendices (including the Appendix Probi) that are at-
tached to the Instituta. Barwick arrives at the early fourth century and
Rome as the date and place of origin for the Appendix.
Beer, Rudolf, "Zum Appendix Probi," Wiener Studien 12 (1890) 327-
28. Beer remarks on Keil's edition of the Appendix, with several suggested
corrections to Keil's text but not to his version of the Appendix.
Beeson, Charles H., "The Palimpsests of Bobbio," in Miscellanea Giovanni
Mercati 6, Vatican City: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1946, 162-84.
Pages 174 and 176 relate to the Appendix Probi manuscript.
Birt, Theodor, "Beitrage zur lateinischen Grammatik,"Rheinisches Museum
fur Philologie 51 (1896) 70-108. Pages 102 and 108 deal with several
items in the Appendix, particularly # 18 cannelam non canianus.
Boissonnet, C., "Le Septizonium," Revue Archeologique, 3rd ser., 31
(Jan.-June 1893) 368-70. This is a study that describes the form of buildings
designated by # 13 septizonium non septidonium of the Appendix.
Bolelli, Tristano, "Appendix Probi o Appendix Bobbiensis?" in Scritti
linguistici in onore di Giovanni Battista Pellegrini, Pisa: Pacini, 1983,
1415-20. Bolelli rejects Robson's theory that the Appendix was originally
written, not copied, at Bobbio in the seventh century.
Bucheler, Franz, "Altes Latein," Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie
42 (1887) 582-89. Page 584 discusses the flb issue, which appears in
# 179 sibilus non sifilus of the Appendix.
Bucheler, Franz, "Altes Latein," Rheinisches Museum fuir Philologie
45 (1890) 159-60. Page 159 touches on # 57 tersus non tertus of the
Appendix.
Bucheler, Franz, "Altes Latein," Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie
46 (1891) 233-43. Pages 235-36 relate to # 89 facies non faces, and p.

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402 RONALD J. QUIRK

236 treats the confusion between single and double consonants, which
appears in several entries in the Appendix.
Bucheler, Franz, "Coniectanea critica," Rheinisches Museumfur Philologie
13 (1858) 573-604. Pages 596-97 furnish data for # 147 meretrix non
menetris of the Appendix.
Bucheler, Franz, "R R im Anlaut benachbarter Silben im Latein," Neue
Jahrbucher fur Philologie und Paedagogik 105 (1872) 109-19. This jour-
nal and volume are also called Jahrbicher fur classische Philologie 18
(1872). Pages 112-13 contain material on # 125 terebra non telebra, # 147
meretrix non menetris, and # 187 robigo non rubigo of the Appendix.
Casamassa, A., "Documenti inediti per la rivendicazione dei Codici
napoletani di Vienna," Bollettino del bibliofilo 1 (1919) 365-97. These
documents are correspondence related to the removal of manuscripts and
books from San Giovanni a Carbonara to Vienna in 1718. Included among
the materials was the manuscript of Probus containing the Appendix (p.
397).
Chatelain, Emile, Paleographie des Classiques latins, 2 vols., Paris:
Librairie Hachette et Cie., 1884-1892. Jarecki (see below) makes refer-
ence to Chatelain's "Les Palimpsestes latins," p. 29, in his discussion of
the date of the Bobbio text of the Appendix Probi. Actually, p. 29 of
vol. I of Paleographie des Classiques latins discusses the date of the
script in letters of Cicero preserved in a text originating in Bobbio, and
"palimpsestes" are presented in pl. 29.
De Rossi, Giovanni Battista, and Giuseppe Gatti, "I pretesi vici di
Roma ricordati nell'Appendix Probi," Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica
Comunale di Roma (occasionally cited as Bullettino comunale di Roma)
17 (1889) 360-62. This is part of "Miscellanea di notizie bibliografiche
e critiche per la topografia e la storia dei monumenti di Roma." The
date 1890, given by Huelsen, is erroneous. This article summarizes and
subscribes to the African origin theory of Gaston Paris.
Diaz y Diaz, Manuel C., Antologia del latin vulgar, Madrid: Gredos,
1950. Pages 55-63 are a good source for the text and some notes on the
Appendix Probi.
Eichenfeld, Josephus von, and Stephanus Endlicher, Analecta Grammatica,
Vienna: F. Beck, 1837. Pages 443-46 of this collection include an edi-
tion of the Appendix Probi. This work was the initial catalyst for subsequent
editions and studies of the Appendix.
Elcock, W[illiam] D., The Romance Languages, London: Faber and
Faber, 1960. An extensive discussion on the Appendix Probi is on pp.
28-34.
Endlicher, Stephanus, and Josephus von Eichenfeld. See Josephus von
Eichenfeld and Stephanus Endlicher.
Ferrari, Mirella, "Le Scoperte a Bobbio nel 1493: Vicende di Codici
e Fortuna di Testi," Italia medioevale e umanistica 13 (1970) 139-80.
This article is an extensive investigation into the trail and various hold-
ers of the manuscripts, including works attributed to Probus, found at
Bobbio in 1493.
Flobert, Pierre, "La Date de L'Appendix Probi," in Filologia e Forme
Letterarie: Studi offerti a Francesco della Corte, vol. 4, Urbino: Universita
degli Studi de Urbino, 1987, 299-320. Flobert concludes that the Appen-
dix Probi was written towards the middle of the fifth century by an African
who taught grammar in Rome.
Foerster, Wendelin, "Beitrag zur Textkritik der Appendix Probi,"
Romanische Forschungen 7 (1893) 227-30. A description of the condition

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 403

of the extant text of the Appendix and comments on individual items are
based on Foerster's photographic copy of the text.
Foerster, Wendelin, "Die Appendix Probi," Wiener Studien 14 (1892)
278-322. The text of the Appendix Probi is based on a photographic copy
with Foerster's analysis. This is a seminal publication for all subsequent
studies. It was also published separately in Vienna in 1893.
Foerster, Wendelin, "Nachtrag zu Zeitschr. XXXVI, S. 615 Z. 14,"
Zeitschrift fir Romanische Philologie 36 (1912) 752. Foerster recounts
the conditions under which he made his edition of the Appendix and urges
others to return to the manuscript to make an improved edition.
Foerster, Wendelin, and Eduard Koschwitz, Altfranz6sisches Ubungsbuch,
4th ed., Leipzig: 0. R. Reisland, 1911. Pages 225-32 give Foerster's text
of the Appendix and some commentary. This coincides in many places
with Foerster's earlier version in Wiener Studien 14 (1892), but it also
shows some changes and developments in his analysis (e.g., on # 152 mensa
non mesa). Bibliography is on pp. 225 and 322.
GLK. This abbreviation refers to Keil's work in Grammatici Latini
(see under Heinrich Keil).
Gregoire, Antoine, "Un Probleme Phonetique du Latin Vulgaire," in
Melanges Paul Thomas, Bruges: Impr. Sainte Catherine, 1930, 369-77.
Gregoire analyses # 79 digitus non dicitus of the Appendix and also # 54
frigida non frieda and # 12 calcostegis non calcosteis.
Gsell, Stephane, Romische Mittheilungen no. 108 (1892) 100, and no.
140 (1893) 184-86. (The full title of this journal is Mittheilungen des
kaiserlich deutschen archaeologischen Instituts: Roemische Abteilung.) Jarecki
(see below) refers on his p. 6 to this article and says that Gsell supports
the African origin for the Appendix proposed by Gaston Paris, but a search
of the journal does not reveal the article.
Gundermann, Gotthold, Zeitschrift far franz&sische Sprache und Literatur,
15 (1893) 184-87. This review of W. Foerster's study in Wiener Studien
14 (1892) includes comments and conclusions regarding an accurate reading
of many items in the manuscript of the Appendix.
Gutierrez, D., "La biblioteca di San Giovanni a Carbonara di Napoli,"
Analecta Augustiniana 29 (1966) 59-212. This is the history and acquisi-
tions of a library that held the Bobbio manuscript of the Appendix Probi
for many years.
Hanslik, Rudolf, "M. Valerius Probus," in Paulys Realencyclopadie
der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 2nd ser., vol. 15, Stuttgart: Alfred
Druckenmiiller Verlag, 1955, 195-211. Hanslik offers a biographical de-
scription and discussion of the accuracy of attribution of works to Probus.
Hanslik supports the position that the Instituta Artium and the Appendix
Probi are by the same author.
Haupt, Moritz, Opuscula, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1875. Reprinted: Hildesheim:
Georg Olms, 1967. In vol. 2, p. 323, and vol. 3, pp. 534-35 and 566,
Haupt comments on individual items in the Appendix.
Helm, Rudolf, "Probus," in Paulys Realencyclopddie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft, vol. 23, 55-63. Stuttgart: Alfred Druckenmiiller Verlag,
1957. Helm provides a succinct but informative summary of the twenty-
seven men named Probus mentioned in classical writings, with a detailed
description of the works of the putative author of the Appendix Probi.
Heraeus, Wilhelm, "Die Appendix Probi," Archiv fur lateinische
Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des dlteren Mittellateins
11 (1900) 301-31, 451-52. This was published separately in 1899 by
Teubner in Leipzig. The edition includes some comments, extensive data

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44 RONALD J. QUIRK

from ancient documents and inscriptions that corroborate items in the

Appendix, and an index of words condemned in the Appendix. The text
reproduces that of Foerster.
Heraeus, Wilhelm, "Zur Appendix Probi," Archiv fur lateinische
Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des alteren Mittellateins 11
(1898) 61-70. Heraeus discusses many individual entries in the Appendix
and their relation to the same or analogous items in other ancient texts
and inscriptions.
Huelsen (Hiilsen), Christian, "Jahresbericht fiber Topographie der Stadt
Rom," Romische Mittheilungen 6 (1891) 75 and 105, and 7 (1892) 272.
These are reviews of works on the Appendix by De Rossi and Schmitz
and Ullmann's dissertation. The journal's full title is Mittheilungen des
kaiserlich deutschen archaeologischen Instituts: Roemische Abteilung. Huelsen
adheres to the African origin theory of Gaston Paris.
Huelsen (Hiilsen), Christian, Das Septizonium des Septimius Severus,
Berlin: G. Reimer, 1886. This is a thirty-six-page archaeological mono-
graph on the building named in # 13 septizonium non septidonium of the
Appendix. Huelsen says that the word septizonium is derived from septem,
not saeptum, as a popular term based on the appearance of the building.
leep, Ludouicus. See Jeep, Ludwig.
Jarecki, Casimir, "Sur l'Appendix Probi, son lieu d'origine et son
auteur," Eos (Lwfaow, Poland) 30 (1927) 1-25. In this penetrating investi-
gation into the authorship and place of composition of the Appendix, Jarecki
concludes the text was written in Rome after 305 A.D.
Jeep, Ludwig, Zur Geschichte der Lehre von den Redetheilen bei den
lateinischen Grammatikern, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1893. This work is
often cited as simply Redeteile or Redetheilen, and the author is at times
referred to under his Latin name, Ludouicus (or Ludovicus) leep. Jeep
(77-81) deals with the Instituta Artium and the Appendix, for which he
sees an African origin and an undeterminable but not too early date.
Jordan, Henri, "Ausdriicke des Bauerlateins," Hermes: Zeitschrift fur
classische Philologie 7 (1873) 193-212, 367-68. Jordan deals with # 180
frustum non frustrum on pp. 199-200 and both # 22 aquaeductus non aquiductus
and # 159 terraemotus non terrimotium on pp. 367-68.
Jordan, Henri, Topographie der Stadt Rom im Alterthum, 2 vols. (vol.
I has three parts), Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1871-1907. Re-
printed in Rome: "L'Erma" de Bretschneider, 1970. This is a source of
information for linguists on the districts, streets, and buildings of an-
cient Rome. Vol. 2, pp. 588-89 and 595, lists items pertinent to # 134
vico capitis Africae non vico caput Africae and # 135 vico tabuli proconsolis
non vico tabulu proconsulis of the Appendix.
Jud, Jakob, Vox Romanica 11 (1950) 234-39. In this review of Serafim
da Silva Neto, Fontes do latim vulgar, Jud discusses Silva Neto's book
and adds his own analysis of three items in the Appendix Probi, # 16
cultellum non cuntellum, # 73 favilla non failla, and # 169 nurus non nura,
to locate the text in Rome at an early date.
Keil, Heinrich, Grammatici Latini, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1864. Vol.
4 includes discussion of the Appendix in Latin on pp. vii-xx. Pages 197-
99 give a reproduction of the text of the Appendix Probi following that
in Eichenfeld and Endlicher, Analecta Grammatica (see above) 413-16.
Pages 193-97 and 199-204 contain the other lists appended to the Instituta
Artium of Probus.
Kuibler, Bernhard, "Die Appendix Probi," Archiv fur lateinische
Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des ilteren Mittellateins 7

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 405

(1895; sometimes misnoted as 1892) 593-95. Kubler supports Gaston Paris'

theory of the African origin of the Appendix with evidence from # 33
masculus non mascel.
Lindsay, Wallace M., "The Primary Manuscript of Probus Instituta
Artium," American Journal of Philology 48 (1927) 231-34. Lindsay gives
a palaeographic description of the Vatican manuscript of the Instituta Artium.
Lowe, Elias Avery, ed., Codices Latini Antiquiores, vol. 3., Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1938. Pages 34-35 include a facsimile of part of the
Appendix and an historical description of the extant text.
Martini, Emidio, "Sui codici Napoletani restituiti dall' Austria," Atti
della Reale Accademia di archeologia, lettere e belle arti, Naples, nuova
ser. 9 (1924) 157-82. The title of journal is sometimes Rendiconti della
Accademia (or Reale Accademia) di archeologia, lettere, ed arti (or e
belle arti). This work is an historical review of the removal of texts from
Naples to Vienna, among which was the manuscript of the Appendix Probi,
with a catalogue of the materials returned to Naples.
Meyer, Paul, Recueil d'Anciens Textes bas-latins, provenqaux et franVais,
Paris: Librairie Franck, 1874. Pages 1-4 reproduce 189 items of the Ap-
pendix Probi.
Muller, Henri F., and Pauline Taylor, A Chrestomathy of Vulgar Latin,
New York: D. C. Heath, 1932. They view the Appendix as a correction
for mispronunciations.
Niedermann, Max, Literaturblatt fur germanische und romanische
Philologie 45 (1924) 307-14. This includes a meticulous review of Willem
Adolf Baehrens' Sprachlicher Kommentar zur vulgarlateinischen Appen-
dix Probi, a review that analyzes many items in the Appendix.
Niedermann, Max, "Zur Appendix Probi," Rheinisches Museum fur
Philologie 60 (1905) 458-59. Niedermann examines # 153 raucus non ra[u]cus
of the Appendix and two proposals for an accurate reading of the text of
this item.
Paris, Gaston, "L'Appendix Probi," M0langes Renier, Paris: F. Viewig,
1887, 301-9. This is Paris' first presentation of his theory that the au-
thor of the Appendix was a grammarian of Carthage in the third century.
Paris, Gaston, "Sur l'Appendix Probi (III)," Melanges Boissier, Paris:
Fontemoing, 1903, 5-7. Paris reiterates his position that the Appendix is
of African origin.
Passalacqua, Marina, Tre testi grammaticali bobbiesi, Rome: Edizioni
di Storia e Letteratura, 1984. In the introduction (xvii-xviii, xxiii-xxiv)
Passalacqua gives information on the vicissitudes of the manuscript col-
lection that includes the Appendix Probi.
Pisani, Vittore, Testi latini arcaici e volgari, 2nd ed., revised and
augmented, Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier, 1960. This work is vol. 3 of Pisani's
Manuale storico della lingua latina, 4 vols., Turin: Rosenberg & Sellier,
1960-1964. Pages 170-81 reproduce the Appendix Probi (Pisani generally
follows the edition of Heraeus) with commentary.
Platz, E., "Une glose de l'Appendix Probi," Archivum Romanicum 3
(1919) 374. This is a short note on # 18 cannelam non canianus of the
Appendix. Platz proposes that canianus is a copyist's error for cinamum.
Robson, C. A., "L'Appendix Probi et la philologie latine," Le Moyen
Age: Revue d'Histoire et de Philologie, ser. 4, vol. 69 (1963) 37-54. This
important but controversial contribution argues that the compiler of the
Appendix was a well-read Irish or British scholar of the seventh century
who, in part, based his corrections on existing Latin lists of animals, plants,
and sea creatures and also on literary and Christian writings.

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406 RONALD J. QUIRK

Rohlfs, Gerhard, Sermo Vulgaris Latinus, Tiibingen: Max Niemeyer

Verlag, 1969. This contains (16-17) a list of forty-nine items from the
Appendix Probi without analysis. It also includes useful bibliography on
the Appendix.
R6nsch, Hermann, "Nachlese auf dem Gebiete romanischer Etymologien,"
Jahrbuch fur romanische und englische Sprache und Literatur (called Jahrbuch
fur rom. und engi. Phil. by Ullmann) n.s., vol. 2 (o.s., vol. 14) (1875)
173-85. There is an analysis of # 161 coruscus non scoriscus of the Ap-
pendix on pp. 177-78.
Rosenstock, Paul E., "Ein Beitrag zur Probus-Frage,"Philologus: Zeitschrift
fur das klassische Altertum (earlier spelled classische Alterthum) 51 (1892)
670-79. Rosenstock rejects M. Valerius Probus (or any later man by the
same name) as the author of the Catholica and the Instituta Artium. He
dates the Instituta Artium, to which the Appendix Probi was attached, at
the beginning of the fourth century A.D.
Rossi, Giovanni Battista de. See De Rossi, Giovanni Battista.
Sabatini, Francesco, "L'Appendix Probi e opera di un irlandese di
Bobbio?" (This is part 1 of the article "Tra latino tardo e origini romanze")
Studi Linguistici Italiani 4 (1963-1964) 140-43. Sabatini examines and
rejects Robson's arguments and supports Baehren's position that the Ap-
pendix Probi is an early text written in Rome.
Santini, Piero, "Osservazioni in Margine all'Appendix Probi," in Munus
amicitiae: Scritti in Memoria di Alessandro Ronconi, vol. 2, Florence: Felice
Le Monnier, 1988, 112-17. This is an analysis of several items of the
Appendix (#s 12, 13, 17, 18, 31) starting from a semantic perspective.
Schanz, Martin, Geschichte der Romischen Literatur (also referred
to as Schanz-Hosius, LG), Munich: C. H. Beck, 1927-1935. Vol. 8, part
2, pp. 734-41, deals with Probus, and pp. 739-40 treat the Appendix specifically
and include bibliography.
Schmeck, Helmut, "Appendix Probi. Appendix Probi nach dem MS.
neu collationierte kritische und kommentierte Ausgabe," listed in PMLA
67.3 (April 1952) 240 as a dissertation in progress at the University of
Munich. Annual bibliographies in PMLA from 1953 to 1956 do not list
this as a completed work, and there is no evidence of its publication.
Schmidt, Peter L., "Probus 3," in Der kleine Pauly, vol. 4, Munich:
Alfred Druckenmiuller, 1972, 1147-48. The study is a brief overview of
the life and works of Marcus Valerius Probus of Beirut with some bibli-
ography.
Schmitz, Wilhelm, "Septizonium," Archiv fir lateinische Lixikographie
und Grammatik mit Einschluss des alteren Mittellateins 7 (1890) 272. This
one-page article supports Huelsen (see Das Septizonium des Septimius Severus
above) in his derivation of the word septizonium (# 13 in the Appendix
Probi).
Schulze, Wilhelm, "Zur Appendix Probi," Zeitschrift fur vergleichende
Sprachforschung 33 (1895) 138-41. This work is a study of the forma-
tion of # 32 figulus non figel and # 33 masculus non mascel of the Appendix;
Schulze rejects the view that these items are evidence of African origin.
Schulze, Wilhelm, Kleine Schriften, Gbttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht,
2nd ed., 1966. Pages 431-34, "Zur Appendix Probi," are a reprinting of
Schulze's article of the same name (see above).
Schurer, Emil, "Die siebentagige Woche im Gebrauche der christlichen
Kirche der ersten Jahrhunderte," Zeitschrift fur die neutestamentliche

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 407

Wissenschaft und die Kunde des Urchristentums 6 (1905) 1-66. Pages 29-
31 deal with # 13 septizonium non septidonium of the Appendix.
Scivoletto, Nino, "La 'Filologia' di Valerio Probo di Berito," Giornale
italiano di Filologia 12 (1959) 97-124. This is an examination of the
nature of the philology of Probus of Beirut, who is considered by some
to be the author of the Appendix Probi, but contains no direct treatment
of the Appendix.
Silva Neto, Serafim da, Fontes do latim vulgar: 0 Appendix Probi,
3.ed. revista e melhorada, Biblioteca brasileira de filologia 10, Rio de
Janeiro: Livraria Academica, 1956. This work includes a general treat-
ment of Vulgar Latin and sources of everyday Latin before presenting a
study and the text of the Appendix Probi, together with commentary and
an alphabetical index.
Sitti, Karl, "Die Heimat der Appendix Probi," Archiv fur lateinische
Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des diteren Mittellateins 6
(1894; sometimes misnoted as 1889) 557-62. This article deals with the
place of origin of the Appendix, which Sittl believes is Africa.
Slotty, Friedrich, Vulgarlateinisches Ubungsbuch, Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, 1960. The text of the Appendix Probi, with variants, is given on
pp. 30-34.
Steup, Julius, De Probis grammaticis, Jena: E. Frommann, 1871. In
this 206-page treatise written in Latin, Steup identifies three different
Roman writers named Probus and concludes that the Probus of the fourth
century is the author of the Appendix Probi.
Steup, Julius, "Erwiderung auf W. Teuffel's 'Probus bei Martialis und
Gellius,' " Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie 27 (1872) 62-72 and 192.
A reply to Teuffel (see below), who had criticized Steup's identification
of Probus, the article does not deal directly with the Appendix Probi but
with one or, according to Steup, two Roman writers named Probus.
Stok, Fabio, Appendix Probi IV, Universita degli Studi di Salerno:
Quaderni del Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Antichita 18, Naples: Arte
Tipografica, 1997. This is a thorough treatment of the appendage to the
Ars minor (Instituta Artium) that follows the 227-item list usually de-
nominated "Appendix Probi." Stok also deals more generally with the document
as a whole, its internal relationship, authorship, origin, and date.
Stolz, Franz, "Zum Appendix Probi," Wiener Studien 12 (1890) 327-
28. This is a mistaken attribution; the article was written by Rudolf Beer
(see above).
Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigmund, "Probus bei Martialis und Gellius," Rheinisches
Museum fur Philologie 26 (1871) 488-91. Teuffel disputes Steup's posi-
tion that the Valerius Probus mentioned by Gellius and Martial is different
from, and probably the son or nephew of, the Valerius Probus of Beirut
mentioned by Suetonius. Teuffel holds that the Probus mentioned by all
three Roman writers is the same person.
Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigmund, "M. Valerius Probus," in his Studien und
Charakteristiken zur Griechischen und Romischen sowie zur Deutschen
Literaturgeschichte, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1871, 442-45. A reprint of
Teuffel's "Probus bei Martialis und Gellius" (see above). He adds a note
to indicate his rejection of Steup's identification of a third Probus, this
one from the fourth century, as the recipient of Lactantius' writings.
Tolkien, Johannes, Wochenschrift fur klassische Philologie 28 (1911).
Jarecki (see above) gives this reference on his p. 8, but an examination

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 RONALD J. QUIRK

of the publication reveals only notices on p. 669, n.24 and on p. 882,

n.32 concerning Tolkien's book Cominianus: Beitrcge zur romischen
Literaturgeschichte, a work on the fourth-century grammarian which does
not deal with Probus.
Ullmann, Karl, "Die Appendix Probi," Romanische Forschungen 7 (1893;
sometimes misnoted as 1891-1892) 145-226. This is a detailed study of
the linguistic evidence in the Appendix and the document's place and date
of composition.
Usener, Hermann, "Pasparios," Rheinische Museum fur Philologie 49
(1894) 461-71. Pages 462-63 deal with # 161 coruscus non scoriscus of
the Appendix.
Wheelock, Frederic M., "The Manuscript Tradition of Probus," Harvard
Studies in Classical Philology 46 (1935) 83-153. This is an investigation
into the birthplace of Vergil based on Probus' commentary and life of
Vergil; it does not deal directly with the Appendix Probi.

Part B: General Works and Authors Frequently Cited

in Research on the Appendix Probi
Archiv. This is Eduard von Wolfflin's Archiv far lateinische Lexikographie
und Grammatik mit Einschluss des dlteren Mittellateins, a periodical in
15 vols. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1884-1908.
Brambach, Wilhelm, Orthogr. (mentioned by Heraeus [see "Die Ap-
pendix Probi" above] on his p. 302 as one of the first scholars to appreciate
the Appendix). Full title is Die Neugestaltung der lateinischen Orthographie
in ihrem Verhaltniss zur Schule, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1868.
CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, Berlin: G. Reimer, 1863. New
edition, 1893-.
CGL: Corpus Glossariorum Latinorum, ed. Georg Goetz, Leipzig: B.
G. Teubner, 1888-1923.
Corssen, Wilhelm, Uber Aussprache, Vokalismus und Betonung der
lateinischen Sprache, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vols., Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1868-
1870.
De Vit, Vincenzo, Totius Latinitatis Onomasticon Opera et Studio, 4
vols., Prati: Typis Aldinianis, 1859-92.
Diez, Friedrich, Etymologisches Worterbuch der romanischen Sprachen,
4th ed., Bonn: A. Marcus, 1878.
Diez, Friedrich, Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, 3 vols., Bonn:
E. Weber, 1836-1844.
Einf. See Meyer-Lubke, Einfuhrung in das Studium der romanischen
Sprachwissenschaft, below.
Georges, Karl Ernst, Lexicon der lateinischen Wortformen (sometimes
referred to as "Wortformen"), 2nd ed., Leipzig: Hahn, 1890.
Grober, Gustav, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, Strassburg: K.
J. Trubner, 1891-1906.
Gr6ber, Gustav, "Vulgarlateinische Substrate romanischer Worter,"Archiv
far lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des dlteren
Mittellateins, vols. 1-7, Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1884-1890.
Grundriss. See Grober, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, above.
Herman, Jozsef, Vulgar Latin, tr. Roger Wright, University Park, Pa.:
Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
Lat. Spr. See Meyer-Lubke, Die lateinische Sprache in den romanischen
Landern, below.

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 THE APPENDIX PROBI 409

Lofstedt, Einar, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der spdteren Latinitat, Stockholm:

0. L. Svanbacks, 1907.
Meyer-Luibke, Wilhelm, Einfu'hrung in das Studium der romanischen
Sprachwissenschaft, Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1901.
Meyer-Lubke, Wilhelm, Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen, 4 vols.,
Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 1890-1902.
Meyer-Lubke, Wilhelm, Die lateinische Sprache in den romanischen
Landern, in Gr6ber, Grundriss (see above), vol. 1, part 2, 451.
Schuchardt, Hugo, Der Vokalismus des Vulgarlateins, Leipzig: B. G.
Teubner, 1866-1868.
Seelmann, Emil, Die Aussprache des Latein nach physiologisch-historischen
Grundsdtzen, Heilbronn: Gebr. Henninger, 1885.
Sittl, Karl, Die lokalen Verschiedenheiten der lateinischen Sprache,
Erlangen: A. Deichert, 1882.
Sommer, Ferdinand, Handbuch der lateinischen Laut- und Formenlehre,
Heidelberg: Winter, 1902.
Stolz, Friedrich, and J. H. Schmalz, Lateinische Grammatik (Laut-
und Formenlehre, Syntax und Stilistik), 2nd rev. ed., Nordlingen: C. H.
Beck'schen Buchhandlung, 1889. The first and second editions of this work
appeared in the series Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft as part of the
volume entitled Griechische und lateinische Sprachwissenschaft, rev. K.
Brugmann, F. Stolz, et al.
Stolz, Friedrich, Historische Grammatikder lateinischen Sprache, Leipzig:
B. G. Teubner, 1894-1919.
Vaananen, Veikko, Introduction au latin vulgaire, Paris: Klincksieck,
1963.
Vok. See Schuchardt above.
Wolfflin, Eduard von: References to "Wolfflin's AflL" are to Archiv
fur lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik mit Einschluss des dlteren
Mittellateins (see Archiv above). References to Wolfflin alone are some-
times to his Lateinische und romanische Comparation, Erlangen: A. Deichert,
1879.
Zangemeister, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, Inscriptiones parietariae
pompeianae, herculanenses, stabianae, consilio et autoritate Academiae
litterarum regiae borussicae edidit Carolus Zangemeister, Berlin: G. Reimer,
1871-.

Quinnipiac University RONALD J. QUIRK

Classical World98.4 (2005) rona1d.quirk@quinnipiac.edu

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