ISO9001:2015

ISO 9001:2015
TÜV-R 01 100 1934918
TÜV-R 01 100
1934918

ERRORS AND MISTAKES

ESCI 104 (SURVEYING)
Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE
Part-Time Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
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-difference between true value and a measured value of a quantity.

-deviation of an observation or calculation from the true value

Error = True Value – Measured Value

Beyond control
Can never be determined by measurements
Inherent in all measurement
Accepted but with limits
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-inaccuracies in measurements because of carelessness,

inattention, poor judgment, and improper execution
-Sometimes called gross errors
Not errors because they are large in magnitude
Can be avoided
Can be corrected if discovered
Not accepted
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Reading wrong graduation on the tape

Omitting a whole length of tape
Transposition of figures
Misplacing a decimal point
Incorrect recording of field notes
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1. Systematic errors
- will always have the same sign and magnitude as
long as field conditions remain constant and
unchanged.
- also called cumulative error; will repeat itself in
other measurements

Ex. Making measurement with a 30 m tape which

is 5 cm too short
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1. Systematic errors
- Conform to mathematical and physical laws of nature,
hence, it can be computed and their effects can be
eliminated by:
1. Applying corrections
2. Employing proper techniques n the use of instrument
3. Adopting a field procedure which will automatically
eliminated it.
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2. Accidental errors
- occurrence is a matter of chance and are likely to be
both positive and negative and may tend to compensate
for each other.
- caused by factors beyond the control of the surveyor and
are present in all surveying measurements
Ex. Failure to exert correct amount of pull on the
tape
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1. Instrumental Errors
– due to imperfections of the instruments, either from
fault in their construction or improper adjustment.
2. Natural Errors
– caused by nature and beyond the control of man.
However, it can be corrected.
3. Personal Errors
– caused by human limitations.
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1. Instrumental Errors
• Measuring with a steel tape of
incorrect length.
• Using a rod with painted
graduation not perfectly
spaced.
• Sighting on a rod which is
warped.
• Improper adjustment of the
plate bubbles of a transit or
level.
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2. Accidental Errors
• Effects of temperature
variation on the length of a
steel tape.
• Deflection of the line of sight
due to the effect of the earth’s
curvature and atmospheric
refraction.
• Error’s in the measurement of
a line with a tape being blown
sideways by a strong wind.
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3. Personal Errors
• Error in the reading on a rod
which is out of plumb during
sighting.
• Marking an erroneous
estimate of the required pull
to be applied on a steel tape
during measurement.
• Erroneous recording of
observation.
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ACCURACY – indicates how close a given

measurement to the absolute or the true value.
Accuracy = True value − Most probable value

PRECISION – refers to the degree of refinement and

consistency of measurement. And indicates how close
measurements to each other.
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PROBABILITY
- Number of times something will probably occur over
the range of possible occurrences
- Refers only to accidental errors and that all mistakes
and systematic errors have been eliminated
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Based on the following assumptions:

1. Small errors occur more often than large ones and
are more probable;
2. Large errors happen infrequently and are less
probable; for normally distributed errors, unusually
large ones may be mistakes rather than accidental
errors;
3. (+) and (-) errors of the same size happen with equal
frequency; they are equally probable;
4. The mean of an infinite number of observations is the
most probable value.
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Since the true value of a measurement can never be

determined, the true value is approximated using
probability.
mpv - average of a series of measurements
made under similar conditions.
ഥ
𝒎𝒑𝒗 = 𝑿
σ𝒙
𝒎𝒑𝒗 =
𝒏
(𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏 )
𝒎𝒑𝒗 =
𝒏
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The instructor sent out 6 group of students to measure a distance

between 2 points. The students came up with the following values:
250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50 and 251.22 m. Determine the most
probable value.
Solve:
𝑿𝟏 + 𝑿𝟐 + 𝑿𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝑿𝒏
𝒎𝒑𝒗 =
𝐧

(250.25 + 250.15 + 249.90 + 251.04 + 250.50 + 251.22)

𝒎𝒑𝒗 =
𝟔

Ans. 250.51 m
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The angles about a point

Q have the following
observed values:
Q
130°15’20”, 142°37’30”, and
87°07’40”. Determine the
most probable value of
each angle.
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Solution:
Sum of angles = (130°15’20” + 142°37’30” + 87°07’40”) =
360°00’30”
360°00’00” - 360°00’30” = - 0°00’30”
Mpv = - 0°00’30”/3 = - 0°00’10”
Θ1 = 130°15’20” - 0°00’10” = 130 15’10”
Θ2 = 142°37’30” - 0°00’10” = 142 37’20”,
Θ3 = 87°07’40” - 0°00’10” = 87 07’30”
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The observed interior angles of

a triangle are A = 35°14’37”, B =
96°30’09”, and C = 48°15’05”.
Determine the discrepancy for
the given observation and the
most probable value for each
angle.
B
A
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Solution:
Sum of angles = (35°14’37”, + 96°30’09” + 48°15’05”) =
179°59’51”
180°00’00” - 179°59’51”= 0°00’09”
Mpv = 0°00’09” / 3 = 0°00’03”
Θ1 = 35°14’37”+ 0°00’03”= 35°14’40”
Θ2 = 96°30’09” + 0°00’03” = 96°30’12”
Θ3 = 48°15’05” + 0°00’03” = 48°15’08”
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Measurement of three horizontal angles about a point

P: APB=12°31’50”, BPC=37°29’20”, and CPD = 47°36’30”. If
the measurement of the single angle APD is 97°37’00”,
determine the most probable values of the angle.
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Measurement of three horizontal angles about a point

P: APB=12°31’50”, BPC=37°29’20”, and CPD = 47°36’30”. If
the measurement of the single angle APD is 97°37’00”,
determine the most probable values of the angle.

Ans. APB= 12°31’40”,BPC= 37°29’10”, CPD= 47°36’20”,

APD= 96°37’10”
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– deviation; difference between any measured

quantity and its most probable value.

𝑹 = 𝒙 − 𝒎𝒑𝒗
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– quantity which, when added to and subtracted from mpv, defines

a range within which there is a 50% chance that the true value of
the measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the limits set.
• Single Measurement
σ 𝑅2
𝑃𝐸𝑠 = ±0.6745
𝑛−1
• Mean computation
σ 𝑅2
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
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-expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of

the error in the numerator and the magnitude of a
measured quantity in the denominator

Example:
if for a particular measurement, the PE of the mean is
0.10 m and the mpv is 235.50 m,
RP is expressed as 0.10/ 235.50 or 1/2355 or 1: 2355
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1. Summation of Errors
If several measured quantities are added, each of which is
affected by accidental errors, the probable error of the sum
is given by the squares of the separate probable errors
arising from several sources.

𝑷𝑬𝒔𝒖𝒎 = ± 𝑷𝑬𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑷𝑬𝟐 𝟐 + 𝑷𝑬𝟑 𝟐 + ⋯ + +𝑷𝑬𝒏 𝟐

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2. Product of Errors
For a measured quantity which is determined as
the product of two independently measured
quantities such as Q1 and Q2, the probable error of
the product is given by

𝑷𝑬𝒑 = ± (𝑸𝟏 𝒙𝑷𝑬𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝑸𝟐 𝒙𝑷𝑬𝟏 )𝟐

Where: 𝑸𝟏 and 𝑸𝟐 are measured quantities

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The following were determined in a series of tape

measurements of a line: 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.48,
1000.40, and 1000.46 meters. Determine the following:
a. mpv
b. PE of each measurement and of the mean
c. Final expression for the most probable length
d. RP of the measurement
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The following were determined in a series of tape

measurements of a line: 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.48,
1000.40, and 1000.46 meters. Determine the following:
a. Mpv = 1000.45
b. PE of each measurement and of the mean = 0.05, 0.02
c. Final expression for the most probable length =
1000.45±0.02
d. RP of the measurement = 1/20000 and 1/100000
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-many surveying measurements are made under different

circumstances and conditions and therefore have different
degrees of reliability.

σ𝒏
𝟏 = 𝒙𝒊 × 𝒘𝒊
𝑴𝑷𝑽 = MPV for repeated measurements
𝒏
𝟏
𝐰= Weight is inversely proportional to the
𝐏𝐄 𝟐
square of the probable error of a measurement
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Four measurements of a distance were recorded as

284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and 284.20 meters and given
weights of 1, 3, 2, and 4, respectively. Determine the
weighted mean.
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Four measurements of a distance were recorded as

284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and 284.20 meters and given
weights of 1, 3, 2, and 4, respectively. Determine the
weighted mean.

Ans. 284.199
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It is desired to determine the most probable value of an

angle which has been measured at different times by
different observers. The values observed were as follows:
74°39’45” (measured two times), 74°39’27” (measured four
times), and 74°39’35” (measured six times).
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It is desired to determine the most probable value of an

angle which has been measured at different times by
different observers. The values observed were as follows:
74°39’45” (measured two times), 74°39’27” (measured four
times), and 74°39’35” (measured six times).

Ans. 74°39’34”
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Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a point are run over

four different routes. The observed elevations of the point with
probable values are given below. Determine the most probable
value of the elevation of the point.
219.832±0.006 m
219.930±0.012 m
219.701±0.018 m
220.021±0.024 m
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Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a point are run over

four different routes. The observed elevations of the point with
probable values are given below. Determine the most probable
value of the elevation of the point.
219.832±0.006 m
219.930±0.012 m
219.701±0.018 m
220.021±0.024 m

Ans. 219.847
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THANK YOU!!!