Meteorology & Oceanography Final Week 2: Metc Met-O 222

METC MET-O 222
METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY

MODULE 4
FINAL WEEK 2
CAPT REYNALDO F. ALISACA, M.M.

METC MET-O 222
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY
MODULE 4
FINAL
q Calculate the tidal conditions based on nautical
publications on board and electronically
obtained information
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents
§ Learning Outcome:
Ø Determine the use of publications for predicting tides
and currents
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Learning Outcome:
Ø Determine the use of publications for predicting tides and
currents:
a. Tide Tables
b. Tide Predictions for Reference and Subordinate Stations
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables
d. Current Diagrams
e. Reed’s Nautical Almanac
f. McMillan’s Nautical Almanac
g. Computer Predictions
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
a. Tide Tables
§ Tide Table is a list of the times at which the tide in a

particular place is high each day .
§ Government agencies throughout the world measure tides

daily to predict when the two highest and lowest tides in an
area will occur and how high they will be.
§ This compilation of data is called a tide table.
https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/ear
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/tide-table th/oceanography/tide-table.htm
METC MET-O 222 http://www.splashmariti
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY me.com.au/Marops/data
/text/Navtex/Navtide.ht
FINAL WEEK 2 m
a. Tide Tables
§ Basic tide tables
• Many versions of tide
tables are available in
print and on the internet.
• Below are detailed the
extraction of times and
heights of high and low
water for a Standard Port
from a NSW Maritime
(RMS) tide chart for Friday
28th December 2012.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
a. Tide Tables
§ Sample
Annual
Predictions
PDF
https://tidesandcurrents.
noaa.gov/PageHelp.html
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Generating tide predictions for a location:
§ Selecting a station - Tide predictions can only be accurately
predicted at a location where tide data has been collected and
analyzed. There are more than 3000 locations available through the
NOAA Tide Predictions service.
§ If you know that a station is available, you may use the search box
to provide the station name or 7-digit ID number to retrieve
predictions for the station. Otherwise you may search for a station
from the map interface or the station listing.
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/PageHelp.html
METC MET-O 222
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY https://tidesandcurrents.
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Map Interface:
§ The Google map interface, Observational Data Interactive
Navigation (ODIN), provides access to all types of data available
from the Tides and Currents website.
§ This GIS interface has the ability to pan and zoom, allowing you to
focus on the area of your interest. By changing the “Require Type”
to “Tide Predictions”, the map will display the stations at which tide
predictions are available.
§ Clicking an icon in the map or the station name on the right-hand
sidebar will access the predictions for the station selected.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Map Interface:
§ The Google map interface,
Observational Data
Interactive Navigation (ODIN),
provides access to all types of
data available from the Tides
and Currents website.
https://tidesandcurrents.n
oaa.gov/PageHelp.html
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2 noaa.gov/PageHelp.html

§ Station Listing:
§ Stations are organized into the states or regions in which the station is
located. Within each state, the stations are listed in geographical order,
following the contours of the coastline, allowing stations physically
near each other to be listed together.
§ In areas where the states are separated by a river, stations on both
sides of the river are provided in a single listing, progressing up the
river from the coast.
§ For example: the Potomac River separates Maryland and Virginia - all
stations along the river will be listed under “Washington DC”. Clicking
on the station name in the listings will access the tide predictions for
the station.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
Station
Listing:
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Types of stations:
§ Tide predictions are provided for two “classifications” of stations -
§ Harmonic and Subordinate.
§ Harmonic stations
§ Harmonic stations are stations with tidal harmonic constants and tidal
datums. Tide predictions for harmonic stations are generated directly
from the harmonic constants. Harmonic stations have the greatest
capabilities within the NOAA Tide Predictions service for providing
predictions with different data intervals and relative to different tidal
datums. These capabilities are controlled within the interface.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Types of stations:
§ Subordinate stations
§ Subordinate stations are historic stations which do not have tidal
harmonic constants available. Tide predictions for subordinate stations
are generated by first generating high/low tide predictions for a
designated harmonic station, called the “reference station”; then time
and height adjustments are applied to correct the high/low predictions
to the tidal conditions at the subordinate station.
§ Subordinate stations only allow for the generation of high/low tide
predictions, and heights will be relative to Mean Lower Low Water
(MLLW), the standard chart datum for the U.S. coastline.
https://www.eoas.u
METC MET-O 222 bc.ca/courses/atsc11
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY 3/sailing/met_conce
pts/11-met-marine-
FINAL WEEK 2 weather/11e-tide-
and-current-
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents tables/#:~:text=Tide
%20tables%20or%20
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables charts%20list,high%
20and%20low%20sla
§ Tide and Current Tables ck%20current.
§ Tide stations measure the rise and fall of the oceans at specific
locations and can help those on the water predict the timing of
high and low tides.
§ Tide tables or charts list the daily high and low tides for all the
tide stations in a given area for an entire year.
https://www.eoas.u
METC MET-O 222 bc.ca/courses/atsc11
pts/11-met-marine-
FINAL WEEK 2 weather/11e-tide-
and-current-
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents tables/#:~:text=Tide
%20tables%20or%20
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables charts%20list,high%
20and%20low%20sla
§ Tide and Current Tables ck%20current.
§ Current tables list the maximum flood and ebb and the times of
high and low slack current.
§ When out on the water, it is important to have access to the
tide tables in your area so you can plan your trip accordingly.
METC MET-O 222 https://www.eoas.u
bc.ca/courses/atsc11
FINAL WEEK 2 pts/11-met-marine-
weather/11e-tide-
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents and-current-
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables tables/#:~:text=Tide
%20tables%20or%20
§ Tide and Current Tables charts%20list,high%
§ Using Tide Tables 20and%20low%20sla
ck%20current.
§ Tide tables are produced by Fisheries and Oceans Canada and
are available online or in print form.
§ They are split into seven different volumes for the different
regions of Canadian waters.
§ Find the volume that applies to the area you will be sailing in.
Tides for the Strait of Georgia are in Volume 5.
§ Within this volume, you will find the annual tides for each tide
station.
METC MET-O 222 https://www.eoas.ubc.ca/
courses/atsc113/sailing/m
ME M METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY et_concepts/11-met-
marine-weather/11e-tide-
FINAL WEEK 2 and-current-
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents tables/#:~:text=Tide%20ta
bles%20or%20charts%20li
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables st,high%20and%20low%20
§ Tide and Current Tables slack%20current.
§ Using Tide Tables: Let’s look at an example tide table for Gibsons on the Sunshine Coast.
METC MET-O 222 https://www.eoas.ubc.
ca/courses/atsc113/sai
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY ling/met_concepts/11-
met-marine-
FINAL WEEK 2 weather/11e-tide-and-
current-
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents tables/#:~:text=Tide%
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables 20tables%20or%20cha
rts%20list,high%20and
§ Tide and Current Tables %20low%20slack%20c
urrent.
§ Using Tide Tables
§ The table provides the date, the day of the week, the time (24 hour
clock) of high and low tides, and the height of the tide in feet and
meters. If you are an English reader, then interpret "jour" as "day",
interpret "heure" as "hour or time", and interpret "pieds" as "feet".
§ The heights refer to the height of the water above chart datum. Chart
datum is typically the lowest average tide, below which the tide will
rarely fall. It is not the seafloor. If you look at a nautical chart, the
depths indicated in small numbers along the contours are the depth of
the water above chart datum. When it reads 11 ft, for example, this
means that the depth at that location is still 11 ft at the lowest possible
tide. You then add the height listed in your tide table to this value to
get your actual depth at a given time on a given day.
ling/met_concepts/11-
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY met-marine-
weather/11e-tide-and-
FINAL WEEK 2 current-
tables/#:~:text=Tide%
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents 20tables%20or%20cha
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables %20low%20slack%20c
urrent.
§ Tide and Current Tables
§ Let’s say you’re sailing to Gibsons on Saturday, March 19 and
want to know what the tide will be doing Saturday evening and
Sunday morning so you can decide where to anchor and how
much anchor chain to put out (use the Gibsons Tide Table
above). You will need to know the biggest tide difference to
make sure you are anchored in deep enough water and to
make sure you put out enough anchor chain to ensure the
safety of the boat overnight.
met-marine-
current-
20tables%20or%20cha
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables rts%20list,high%20and
%20low%20slack%20c
§ Tide and Current Tables urrent.

§ If you anchor in 30ft of water at 14:30, the height of the water
above chart datum will be about 12.5 ft (as read from the tide
table, outlined in green). The tide is going to drop down to 5.2
ft at 21:07, meaning the water level is changing by the
difference between the two tides, in this case by 7.3 ft. While
you anchored in 30ft of water in the afternoon, by 21:07 you
will be anchored in 22.7 (=30 - 7.3) ft of water. The tide will
then rise by 9.6 ft (going from 5.2 to 14.8 ft) and then will drop
again by 6.3 ft (going from 14.8 to 8.5 ft, see outline in light
blue on the tide table).
met-marine-
current-
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables 20tables%20or%20cha
§ Tide and Current Tables %20low%20slack%20c
urrent.
§ Therefore, when you drop your anchor in 30 ft of water at 14:30, you
know that you will lower to 7.3 ft below your current depth (at around
2100 on Mar 19), then be 2.3 ft above (at around 0400 on Mar 20)
your current depth over the course of the evening. In summary, the
shallowest water you will be anchored in will be 22.7 ft and the
deepest will be 32.3 ft. Knowing this, you will have sufficient depth
beneath your boat and you can put out an appropriate amount of
anchor chain.
§ NOTE: Technically, you would add an hour to these times to account for Daylight
Savings. Tide and current tables are given in Pacific Standard Time yet from spring to
fall, we operate on Pacific Daylight Time.
https://www.eoas.ubc.
METC MET-O 222 ca/courses/atsc113/sai
20tables%20or%20cha
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents rts%20list,high%20and
%20low%20slack%20c
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables urrent.

§ Using Current Tables
§ Current tables appear much the same as tide tables, but the
numbers indicate the speed of water in knots rather than the
height of water. Let’s look at the current tables for Sechelt for
the same time period:
c. Tidal Current Charts and Tables %20low%20slack%20c
urrent.
§ Tide and Current Tables : Using Current Tables

met-marine-
current-
20tables%20or%20cha
%20low%20slack%20c

§ On March 19, there are two maximum flood currents and two
maximum ebb currents (outlined in green) that correspond with
the high and low tides.
§ The flood current is indicated with a + sign and the ebb current
is indicated with a – sign. The biggest maximum flood is at
02:08 in the morning with 13.0 knots of current coming in with
the rising tide. The biggest maximum ebb is at 20:14 in the
evening with 9.5 knots of current flowing out with the outgoing
/ falling tide. Notice that there are two time columns.
met-marine-
current-
20tables%20or%20cha
%20low%20slack%20c

§ The bolded column indicates the time of slack (i.e., zero)
current. For the example outlined in blue on the current table:
"high slack" currents (namely, zero current when the tide
reaches high tide and then reverses and starts to ebb) are at
05:48 and 16:02, and "low slack" currents (namely, zero
current when the tide reaches low tide and then reverses and
starts to flood or rise) at 11:35 and 23:21.
%20low%20slack%20c

§ Current tables — a brief review:
§ In reading the current tables, you can tell if the bolded value is high or low slack
by referring to the +/- information on the current speed (knots). The data are
presented in the table so that you have the time of slack current in bold on the
left, then the time of maximum current, then the speed of that maximum current
in knots on the right. So, you kind of read the line from right to left.. if the max
current speed is -4.5 knots, the '-' tells you that the current is ebbing, or going
out, which means the bolded time on the left would have been the time at which
the tide was high and the current was at high slack before it started to ebb.
20tables%20or%20cha
%20low%20slack%20c

§ Current tables — a brief review:
§ Inversely, if the current speed is +1.3 knots, the '+' tells you
that the water is flooding, or coming in, and the bolded time on
the left will be the time at which the tide was all the way out
and the current was at low slack before the tide started to
flood or come in.
20tables%20or%20cha
%20low%20slack%20c

§ Please watch the video: Interpreting a tide table
§ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tpXUmBMe4w
§ Additional Resource: Canadian Tide and Current Tables

§ http://www.charts.gc.ca/publications/tables-eng.html
METC MET-O 222
noaa.gov/currents_info.h
FINAL WEEK 2 tml
d. Current Diagrams
§ Please watch this video: Observing and Charting Ocean Currents -
Marine Meteorology
§ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJ1I33NfQEI
§ In the area of marine meteorology, this video explains the topic of
observing and charting ocean currents.
§ The use of diagrams aid in understanding.
METC MET-O 222
noaa.gov/currents_info.h
FINAL WEEK 2 tml
§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents: Current Diagrams
d. Current Diagrams
METC MET-O 222 https://research.csiro.
au/ncmi-
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY idc/information/ocean
FINAL WEEK 2 -circulation/ocean-
current-diagrams/
d. Ocean Current Diagrams
§ 20 Still images of global and Australian regional ocean currents.
• Circumpolar currents
• Circumpolar currents in the Southern Ocean

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Australian regional currents
• Regional and global ocean currents in the Australasian region.

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans
• Currents in the Indian, Pacific and Southern Ocean.

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Tasman Sea
• Ocean current in Tasman Sea

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Global views
• A global ‘fly-through’ of ocean currents.

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Global views
• A global ‘fly-through’ of ocean currents.

au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
§ Indonesian Throughflow
• The Indonesian throughflow, a system of currents linking the Pacific and

Indian Oceans.
au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
§ Australian Regions
• Ocean currents in the Australian Ocean currents in the Australian

region – North. region - North East
au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/

region – North West. region - South
au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/

region – East Coast and Tasman Sea. region - Tasmania
au/ncmi-
current-diagrams/
• Ocean currents in the Australian region- West

METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
Reeds Nautical Almanac 2021
by: Perrin Towler, Mark Fishwick
§ Reeds Nautical Almanac is the indispensable trusted annual
compendium of navigational data for yachtsmen and motorboaters, and
provides all the information required to navigate Atlantic coastal waters
around the whole of the UK, Ireland, Channel Islands and the entire
European coastline from the tip of Denmark right down to Gibraltar,
Northern Morocco, the Azores and Madeira.
https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/reeds-nautical-almanac-2021-9781472980212/
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ The 2021 edition continues the Almanac's tradition of year on year
improvement and meticulous presentation of all the data required for
safe navigation. Now with an improved layout for easier reference and
with over 45,000 annual changes, it is regarded as the bible of
almanacs for anyone going to sea.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ The 2021 edition is updated throughout, containing over 45,000
changes, and includes: 700 harbour chartlets; tide tables and tidal
streams; buoyage and lights; 7,500 waypoints; invaluable passage
notes; distance tables; radio, weather and safety information; first aid
section. Also: a free Marina Guide.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Also available: free supplements of up-to-date navigation changes from
January to June at: www.reedsnauticalalmanac.co.uk
§ Table of contents
§ The print version includes: 700 chartlets, Harbour facilities, Tide tables
and streams, 7,500 waypoints, International codes and flags, Weather,
Distance tables, Passage advice, Area planning charts, Rules of the road,
Radio information, Communications, Safety, Mayday and distress
procedures, and Documentation and Customs.
METC MET-O 222 https://www.bookdep
ository.com/Agricultur
ME METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY al-nautical-almanac-
for-1894-
FINAL WEEK 2 McMillan/9785519271
929
e. Agricultural and nautical almanac for 1894
(Paperback English)
Compiled by McMillan A. , Compiled by McMillan J.
§ McMillan's agricultural and nautical almanac for 1894 with
astronomical tables adapted to the provinces of New Brunswick
and Prince Edward Island.
§ This book, "Agricultural and nautical almanac for 1894", by A.

McMillan, J. McMillan, is a replication of a book originally
published before 1894. It has been restored by human beings,
page by page, so that you may enjoy it in a form as close to the
original as possible. This book was created using print-on-
demand technology. Thank you for supporting classic literature.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
e. Computer Predictions
§ Prediction with Electronic Computers
§ Since 1966, predictions in the U.S. have been made by electronic
computer, initially these were large "mainframe" computers running tide
prediction software written in FORTRAN. Despite the advent of
electronic computers, the annual creation and publication of the U.S.
Tide and Tidal Current Prediction Tables remained a rather labor
intensive and exacting process.
https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/predmach.html
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ In 1965 the Table master pages were hand typed each year. In 1973
predictions were done on a CDC6600® which produced a closet sized
room of 80-column computer punch cards.
§ These were "feed" into an IBM360® to generate another closet sized
room of punch cards representing "near" master Tide Table pages.
§ After extensive hand sorting these were reassembled into card decks to
individual master pages on a WANG® computer-driven printer.
METC MET-O 222
FINAL WEEK 2
§ Interactive telephone dial-up access to a UNIVAC® computer replaced the
CDC and IBM machines in 1979 and a Diablo® 1640 printer replaced the
WANG.
§ Personal Computers became the prediction and production engines in 1987,
and by 1990 the PCs were on a Local Area Network driving a high density
(1200x1200 dots per inch) Printware® Model 720 PostScript® printer.
Successive generations of personal computers and peripherals have come and
gone.
§ Today, the official publication of the Tide and Tidal Current Prediction Tables is
no longer in the form of a book.
§ All seven volumes fit on one CD-ROM.
METC MET-O 222
METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY

MODULE 4
FINAL WEEK 2
END
THANKS!
CAPT REYNALDO F. ALISACA, M.M.

Meteorology & Oceanography Final Week 2: Metc Met-O 222

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METC MET-O 222

METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY

CAPT REYNALDO F. ALISACA, M.M.

§ Tide Table is a list of the times at which the tide in a

§ Government agencies throughout the world measure tides

§ Publications for Predicting Tides and Currents

§ Using Tide Tables

§ Tide and Current Tables

§ Tide and Current Tables : Using Current Tables

§ Using Current Tables

§ Using Current Tables

§ Using Current Tables

§ Tide and Current Tables

§ Tide and Current Tables

§ Additional Resource: Canadian Tide and Current Tables

• Circumpolar currents in the Southern Ocean

• Regional and global ocean currents in the Australasian region.

• Currents in the Indian, Pacific and Southern Ocean.

• Ocean current in Tasman Sea

• A global ‘fly-through’ of ocean currents.

• A global ‘fly-through’ of ocean currents.

• The Indonesian throughflow, a system of currents linking the Pacific and

• Ocean currents in the Australian Ocean currents in the Australian

• Ocean currents in the Australian Ocean currents in the Australian

• Ocean currents in the Australian Ocean currents in the Australian

• Ocean currents in the Australian region- West

§ This book, "Agricultural and nautical almanac for 1894", by A.

METEOROLOGY & OCEANOGRAPHY

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