IGC 2

ELEMENT 1 WELFARE

HEAT-core body Temperature 37 C

HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEAT

 Sweating-cooling mechanism
 Heat rash
 Sun burns
 Heat Stress
 Heat cramps (spams of muscle)
 Heat exhaustion (fatigue)
 Heat stroke (death

CONTROL OF HEAT
 Acclimatization (adaptability)
 Drink one cup of water every 20 minutes
 Plan all physical work during cooler parts of day
Provide heat shelter (shade with fan, cool water
 Measure heat index’s (combination temperature & relative humidity)
 Rest pauses base on guide lines
 Buddy system
 Provide cotton clothing in hot environment
 Regular shower
 Balanced diet
 Flag system to stop work if heat index’s is more than 50 C

COLD-core body temperature drops below 37C

HEALTH EFFECTS OF COLD

1. Shivering
2. Frost bite (pain in extremities)
3. Hypothermia
4. Loss of senses
5. Reduce performance
6. Tingling

CONTROL OF COLD
 Cover head with thermal wear
 Provision of room heathers
 Avoid coffee and alcohol
 Warm fluids
 Regular exercise
LIGHTING
LUX is the unit of measuring lighting
Corridor---50 LUX
Ware house---150LUX
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Official---500LUX
Minute works (watch assembler)—900 LUX

FACTORS ON LIGHTING
1. Consider the natural lighting
2. Involve a combination of natural and artificial lighting
3. Always avoid glare
4. Reduce shadows
5. Avoid stroboscopic effect (flickering) of florescent bulb
6. Provide local lighting
7. Provide emergency lighting
8. Provide lamp guard
9. Clean the surface of lamp for better reflectivity

VIOLENCE
There are 3 forms of violence
1. Physical violence-hitting, kicking
2. Aggravated physical violence—use of weapons guns, knives
3. Psychological violence—criticism, bullying

OCCUPATIONS AT RISK
 Police, medic and paramedic,
 Security guards ATM guards
 Call center staff, lone worker
 Call taxis drivers, cab drivers

CONTROL OF VIOLENCE
1. Zero tolerance policy against violence
2. Encourage Queue management
3. Cashless system
4. Motivational program
5. Interview with staff
6. Buddy system
7. CCTV surveillance
8. Involve the workers in decision making

DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ON WORKPLACE

EFFECT CONTROL OF DRUGS AND ALCOHOL

1. Poor coordination  Zero tolerance policy on drugs and

2. Reduce ability alcohol
3. Reduce medical fitness  Awareness campaign of effects on
4. Mood changes drugs and alcohol
5. Low time keeping  Re-habitation program
6. Ineffective  Screening test
communication  Psychiatric consultation
7. Aggressive behavior  Medical treatment
IGC 2
 Fines, program and other
disciplinary actions
 Consider termination

SLIP, TRIP AND FALL

CAUSES CONTROL
1. Uneven floor  Even Floor
2. Slippery surfaces  Avoid slippery surface
3. Spills  Barricade with signs
4. Obstruction on Floor  Remove all obstruction
5. Inadequate lighting  Provide adequate lighting
6. Pot holes  Fill the pot holes
7. Unsuitable foot ware  Provide proper PPE
8. Trailing cable  Reroute the cable

Construction is any activity that involves erection, demolition, alteration of

building

DEMOLITION
CAUSE CONTROL
 Fall of men,  Approved permit to work
 Dust  Risk assessment
 Noise and vibration  Simops procedure
 Manual handling (simultaneous operation)
 Electrical hazard  Dust extraction system
 Fire  PPE
 Adverse weather  Control collapse of building
 Contact with overhead power  Fencing and guarding to keep
lines public away
 Premature collapse of building  Security systems
 Chemical hazard  Traffic management plan
 Bio hazard  Weather monitoring
 Vehicle hazard  Chute arrangement to remove
 Poor access and egress debris
 Asbestos, silica  Fire protection systems
 Public movement  Warning sings
 Asbestos management

WORKING AT HEIGHT (MEWP)

CONTROLS of MEWP
 Pre used inspection of MEWP  Weather condition
 Check the stability of soil  Overhead power cables
 Barricade with signs  Controls to be provided on cradle
 Medical fitness for work men  PPE-safety harness
going up  Safe working load
IGC 2
 Height should not be extended  Supervision
then manufacturers guideline  Communication

CONTROLS FOR MOBILE SCAFFOLD

1. Height of tower not to exceed manufacturer guidance
2. Regular inspection is necessary
3. Caster wheels are to be turned out and lock
4. Never push or pull with men and material on top
5. Gently push at the base for movement
6. Access must be provided within
7. Check overhead power cables
8. PPE including safety harness
9. Toe-boats mid rails, hand rails

SCAFFOLDERS
1.INSPECTION
 Soon after erection
 Every 7 days
 After the accident
 Under adverse weather conditions
 Un authorized modification

2.SCHAFOLDERS TO COLLAPSE
 incompetent erection
 built on lose soil
 excavation close by
 over load
 being hit by
 un authorized modification
 adverse weather condition

SCHOOL ROOF WORKING CONTROL MEASURES

1. Carry out risk assessment
2. Permit to work
3. Consider work after school hours
4. Barricade and fence site
5. Use roof ladders
6. Use crawling board on slope of the roof
7. Fall arrest system like safety net
8. Provide edge protection (mesh guard)
9. Consider the safety of teachers and children
10. Remove the ladders after work to prevent unauthorized access
11. PPE, IITS
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LADDER
FACTORS to considered
 Serial number  Ladder to extend by 1m height
 Defective ladders are to be above landing point
removed  Use holsters to carry materials
 Maintain a ladder register  Monitor the weather
 Angle of inclination to be 75  Avoid contact with overhead
 Maintained 3 point contact cables
 Secure the ladder  PPE, IITS

EXCAVATION
HAZARDS OF EXCAVATION
1.undergraund or buried service
 electrical
 tele communication
 sewer lines
 water lines
 gas lines
2.Fall of men material and machine
3.Biohazards
4.Land collapse
5.Poor access and egress
6.crossing points
7.flooding
8.wehicle exhaust
9.contact with pesticides if the oil was used for agriculture
10.contact with heavy metals if the soil was used for metal industry (steel)
11.no edge protection
12.noise, vibration, dust

CONTROLS OF EXCAVATION
1.DOCUMENTS
 permit to work
 risk assessment
 method Statement
 site layout
 site drawing
 previous history of soil
 certification for vehicles and personnel
 weather report
2.SITE PREPARATION
 barricade the site with signs
 using a cable identification tool, identify the buried services and
physically mark the area
 provide stop block at /in from excavation
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 Dewatering pumps
 fuel storage
 waste management

3.EXCAVATION
 manually excavate the buried service area
 provide proper access and egress
 provide shoring to prevent land slide
 secure the ladder
 remove the top soil away from edges
 provide ramps for crossing the excavation
 adequate lighting
 communication facilities
 proper coordination with concerned
 PPE, IITS
4.COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION
 clear the site
 back fill the excavation
 compact the soil

ELEMENT 2 TRANSPORT HAZARDS

CAUSES FOR TRANSPORT HAZARDS
1. Over speeding 8. Incompetent driver
2. Over loaded 9. Language barriers
3. Not properly secured 10. Fatigue (tiredness)
4. Protruding outside 11. Communication errors
5. Nature of load 12. Mobile phones
6. Visibility (FOG) 13. Poor maintained of vehicles
7. Weather conditions (rain, Wind) 14. Poor road surface

CONTROLS FOR TRANSPORT HAZARDS

1. Site roles 9. Defined communication
2. Have traffic management plan 10. Load (within limitation)
3. Pre used inspections 11. Huge height of load within
4. Competency of driver limitation
5. Meeting legal requirements 12. Journey management plan
6. Weather monitoring 13. Road surfaces
7. Speed bumps 14. Defensive driving
8. Rest pauses

SAFETY OF PERSONS IN VEHICLE MANEUVERING AREA

 Establish pedestrian zone
 Have a designate route for pedestrians well barricaded with warning tape
and sings
 Consider one way traffic
 Designate route for vehicles only
 High visible west for pedestrians
 Audio visual system fitted on vehicles
 Good lighting level, free from glare
IGC 2

SAFETY OF PERSONS IF SEPARATION IS NOT POSSIBLE IN

VEHICLE MANEUVERING AREA
 Traffic lights
 Establish safe crossing points
 Speed humps
 Speed limitations to be fitted
 Sign post on speed and warning of pedestrians
 Banksmen to control the traffic
 Provision of dome mirrors at blind spots
 Fitted with audio-visual sirens
 Effective supervision and monitoring
 CCTV surveillance
 High visible vest

REVERSING OF VEHICLES
 Avoid reversing as much as  Reverse camera
possible  Dome mirrors
 Have a designated parking  Supported by banksmen
 Consider one way traffic  Rear view mirrors
 Reverse alarm  Good lighting level

FORK LIFT
CAUSES FOR FORK LIFT TO OVERTURN
1. Over loaded above safe working load
2. Undistributed load
3. Wary poor surface
4. Driving on poor roads
5. Incompetent driving
6. Going on slope and leasing level
7. Getting down on slope (reversing)
8. Over speeding and hitting structures
9. Harsh breaking
10. Slippery surface

UNATTENDED FORK LIFT FACTORS (PARKING)

1. Park in designated area
2. Avoid parking in muster point, fire exist, emergency routine
3. Rest the forks on floor
4. Bring the gear to neutral
5. Apply hand brake
6. Remove the key
7. Hand over to authorized person
IGC 2

BATTERY OPERATED FORK LIFT

HAZARDS
1. Sulfuric acid is corrosive
2. Hydrogen gas can lead to
explosion
3. Short circus may lead to fire
4. Carrying of batteries may lead
to manual handling risks
5. Batteries are not environmental
friendly care on disposal
6. Wary quite in operation
chances of coalition with
pedestrians
CONTROL
 Designated acid store with
shower and eye washing
station
 Hydrogen gas well ventilated
charging area
 Circuit brakes warning
devices
 Use mechanical assistance to
avoid manual handling
 Procedural control on
hazardous waste
 Fitted with audio visual siren

CAUSES FOR MOBILE CRANE FAILURE-accidents

1. Crane without 3 party certification
2. Incompetent driving
3. Crane placed on lose soil
4. Out-riggers not extended properly
5. Contact with overhead cables
6. Poor maintained of crane
7. Over loaded
8. Lifting radios is violated
9. Poor ringing practices
10. Poor communication (between crane operator and
signal men)
11. Wind speed

ELEMENT 3 MSD/RE (manual and material handling)

IGC 2
ERGONOMICS-study of fitting task for a person. Interface of man material and
machine.

ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT FOR DSE (display screen equipment) or VDU

(visual display unit) PERSONAL COMPUTER
1.FEATURES OF CHAIR
 must be made of good quality material
 5 wheels for stability
 It must rotate 360
 Adjust the height
 Arm rest
 Lumbar support for spine
 Neck rest for resting the neck
2.MAN
 feet must be firm on the floor or on the foot rest
 thigh to be parallel to floor
 spine to be kept 90
 neck to be resting
 arms to be on arm rest if idle
 distance between screen and eyes must be at 18 inch to 24 inch
 viewing angle must be acute (60-90 degrees)
3.SCREEN
 brightness and contrast to be adjusted
 avoid glare use blinds or Cretans to avoid glare
 reduce shadows
 working temperature to be comfortable
 free from noise
 phones to be with reach
 document holder for easy typing or reading
 mouse pad to have a wrist pad
 adequate space for keyboard
 10 mints rest every hour

HEALTH EFFECTS OF ERGONOMIC and MANUAL HANDLING

1.WRULD
IGC 2
 tennis elbow
 back pain
 Tendinitis
2.MSD-
 muscle pain-ligament tear
 Bone pain--Dislocation
3.TINGLING
4.loss of sense
5.cut injuries
6.friction /abrasion
7.HERNIA- (tear of abdominal wall)
8.Slip disk

MANUAL HANDLING
CONTROLS
L—load I---individual T---task E—environment

Weight of load Age Bending movement Free from noise

Size of load Gender Stop Correct lighting
Shape of the load Training
Nature of the load Height
Twisting No slip, trip and
(flammable, solid, Physical Over-reach fall
liquid) condition Climbing Proper flooring
Temperature of load Perception Distance to travel No obstruction
Bulkiness of load Attitude to complete the
Sharp corners of load
Marking on load
task
Frequency
Rest breaks

MATERIAL HANDLING
IGC 2
FACTORS TO BE INSURED FOR CRITICAL LIFTING
1.DOCUMENTS
 critical lifting plan
 permit to work for critical lift
 risk assessment for critical lift
 method statement
 certifications
o for operator
o crane it self-3rd party certification and lifting gear
o rigger certification
 pre used inspection
 checklist

2.PRE CHECK OF THE SITE

 stability of ground
 traffic flow
 overhead cables
 obtain weather information (wind speed)

3.LIFTING ACTIVITIES
 position the crane
 barricade the site with sings
 extend the out riggers
 check for safe working load
 secure the load using riggers
 provide taglines to prevent swinging
 on signal to signal man lift the load vertically
 comply with lifting radius
 flag man to control traffic
 no passenger in cabin
 lower the load as per instruction

4.COMPLETION
 check the site
 house keeping
 retract the outriggers on signal from signal men
 retract the boom
 move the crane to designate parking
 lower the boom, remove and handover the key

ELEMENT 4 work equipment/risk control (mechanical industry)

IGC 2

MOVEMENT OF MACHINE
1.roatation 2.reciproctal 3.trensverse

MECHANICAL HAZARDS NON MECHANICAL HAZARDS

1. Entanglement  Electrical hazard
2. Ejection  Noise
3. Cutting  Vibration
4. Crushing  Dust
5. Stabbing or puncturing  Heat
6. Draining in  Ergonomic issue (posture)
7. Impact  Manual handling
8. Kick back  Slip, trip, and fall
9. Abrasion/frication

PETROL DRIVEN CHAINSAW HAZARDS

MECHANICAL HAZARD NON MECHANICAL HAZARD
 Entanglement  Fall of saw
 Ejection  Fall of person
 Cutting  Fall of branch
 Friction/abrasion  Fire hazards
 Kick-back

IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS OF PHOTO COPY

Mechanical hazards Non mechanical hazard
 Entanglement  Heat
 Ejection  Ergonomic
 Non ionizing radiation
 Paper-fire hazard, waste
management

SANDERS
HAZARDS
 Entanglement
 Ejection of material
 Dust
 Noise, Vibration
 Kick back
 Slip, trip, fall
 Electrical hazard
 Injury due to rotating parts
 Manual handling
 Fire if used near fuel store
CONTROL MEASURES
 Procedural control
 Test/ maintenance of
equipment
 Avoid loose clothing
 Abrasive wheel to be fixed by
competent Pearson
 Securely clamp the disk
 Dust extraction at regular
intervals
 PPE-gloves, goggles, earplugs,
dust mask
IGC 2
CONTROLS OF WOOD CHISEL
EQUIPMENT Operator
 Suitable sized chisel  To take care
 Shack handle  Avoid slip, chip, cur
 Free from damage  PPE gloves, face shield
 Chisel to be sharp

NON POWER TOOLS (hand tool)

Control- There must be a tool grid (tool rom)
Tool register to be maintained to remove defective tools
SCREW DRIVER SPANNERS
 Check the handle  Correct size spanner
 Check for any damage of screwdriver  Teeth to be sharp
 Do not use flat screwdriver to remove  Avoid using spanner as hammer
Philips screw HAMMER
 Do not use screwdriver as extension  Check the handle to be firmly attached
handle  Avoid locally made hammer
 Check the head-avoid dull heads

CONTROL OF HAZARDS FOR WORK EQUIPMENT

1. Design and selection of work equipment
2. The work equipment to comply with
a. CE requirements
b. PUWER 1998 (provision and use of work equipment regulation
3. Installation of work equipment as per guideline
4. Correct training to be provided for operators
5. Operation as per guideline
6. Regular testing
7. PROVISION OF GUARDS
a. FIXED GUARD- best guard as it offers. Complete protection. It
covers the movable parts fully
b. INTER-LOCKED GARD-guard is inter-locked with the machine and
circuit It can be started only if guard is closed
c. ADJUSTABLE GUARD-the guard can be adjusted to offer
protection. EX: bench mounted circular saw, or bench top grinder
d. TRIP DEVICES-a photo electrical sensor that senses the
intervention to trip a device. It can also be a rope or a press as the
operator wants to trip
8. ADDITIONAL SAFETY FEATURES
 Two hand controls-both hands are required to press starts
buttons simultaneously. This ensures that the hands are away
from movable parts
 Push-tick-using stick to clear any block
 ON-OFF buttons—emergency on-off buttons to stop the machine
 Procedural control-
IGC 2
MERITS DEMERITS
INTER Convenient to useful It can be bye-passed
LOCKED protection Expensive

Trip device Trip fast It can be by-passed

Economical Falls trips may affect
Operator contact Sensitive
FIXED Offers complete protection If removed, it does not offer
GUARD Economical any protection
Easy to operate It generates heat
Manual handling

ELEMENT 5 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS AND RISK CONTROL

ELECTRICAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY

1.PRIMARLY EFFECTS 2.SECENDORY EFFECTS
 Minor cramps  Fall of a person
 Electrical burn  Being thrown of
 Muscular contraction  Fracture
 Electrical shock  Fire, explosion
 Electrocution  Document loss
 Fibrillation  Property damage
 Arcing, Death  Reputation or business loss

FACTORS THAT WILL INFLUENCE EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY

1. Voltage- is a potential difference measured in volts. Higher voltage
results in higher current and more effect
2. Current- current is measured in amps it is directly proportional to the
effect. High current effect is more
3. Resistance- it is measured in ohms it is inversely proportional high
resistance low effects
4. Duration-higher duration with current effect is more
5. Earthling-current flows to earth. If earth is not provided it increased the
effect
6. Frequency—current operates in frequency, cycles/second. Alternating
current is better than direct current
7. Path-localized effect if fingers of some hand are used. MULTIPLE effects if
both the hands are used
8. Environment--Wet environment increases effected of electricity

EMERGENCY ACTIONS INVOLVED IN ELECTRICITY

IGC 2
1.NORMAL VOLTAGE
 Raise the alarm
 Switch off the main
 Provide first aid if competent
 Move the person for treatment
2. HIGH VOLTAGE
 assess the situation
 stay away at least 25 m due to arching
 call the local electricity board to de energize the system
 after the system is dead proceed with normal
 rescue measures

CONTROL MEASURES of electrical hazards or RANGE OF CHECKS TO OR

ENSURE ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN WORK PLACE
1. FUSE-is a weak link that blows off under fault
2. REDUCE VOLTAGE- 110 v is better than 220 v. Reduce voltage is
recommended
3. Earthing —to be checked and provided for all electrical equipment
4. DOUBLE INSULATION—for higher current ensure the cables are doubly
insulated
5. miniature circuit breaker—provide for electrical installations
a. ELCB-earth circuit brake
b. RCD—residual brake
c. RCD is better than ELCB, RCCB tries faster it trips in 30 MS and in
30ma.The demerit of REC (Wary sensitive, it can’t be switched on
till the fault is fixed)
6. PPE-rubber boots, rubber gloves
7. Lock out/tag out (procedures LOTO)
8. VISUAL INSPECTION
a. Broken socket, broken plugs, Damage cables, wire joints, open
ends, poorly insulated cable, warning signs
9. electrical safety audit by 3th party
10.PORTABLE APPLIANCE TESTING
a. first level- operator to check
b. a second level- an appointed person
c. third level—a competent person to check
11. testing and maintained
12. certification of conformance

ELEMENT 6 FIRE HAZARDS

IGC 2

FIRE CHEMISTRY
1. O2--BLANKETING SMOTHERING
2. Heat—cooling method
3. FUEL-starvation

SOURCES OF IGNITION
1. Smoking
2. Hot work-welding
3. Electrical short circus
4. Static electricity
5. Radiant heat (hot vessel)
6. Auto ignition
7. Arson- (deliberate setting fie)
8. Thunder lighting
9. Chemical reaction- exothermic
10. Vehicle sparks

CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
CLASS A—combustion, solid EX: paper, wood
CLASS B—flammable liquid EX petrol
CLASS C—flammable gases EX: LPG
CLASS D—combustible metals EX Sodium
CLASS K/F--Cooking oil or cooking fat

HEAT/FIRE SPREAD.
1. CONDUCTION-solid particles conduct heat and the fire spreads
a. CONTROL—insulation to prevent conduction

2. CONVECTION—hot air travels upwards as it is less in weight. It can

transfer the heat to any combustible or flammable material
a. CONTROL-provide fire door
3. RADIATION- hot vessel can radiate the heat to combustible or flammable
material
a. CONTROL --Increase the distance
4. DIRECT BURNING (arson)
a. CONTROL--Motivational program

FIRE PROTECTION
1.FIRE PREVENTION
 DETECTORS
2.FIRE FIGHTING
 Extinguisher
 Hose real
 Sprinkler

MEANS OF ESCAPE
IGC 2
1.FIRE MARSHAL
 must be medically fit
 perception
 effective communication skills
 knowledgeable on process
 langue skill
 receive training
2.EMERGENCY ARRANGEMENTS
1. approved emergency plan
2. approved emergency control center
3. emergency team members
4. identifies muster points
5. EXIT doors to be provided with exist signs. To be backed up by battery
6. Emergency route-free from occupancy
7. Emergency route 1m wide
8. One door if the height is 18 m
9. More than 35 meters provide multiple doors
3.EVACUATION
1. raise the alarm
2. assess the situation
3. on instruction, start evacuation
4. consider elders, young workers, excepted mother and physically
challenged person
5. do not rush
6. avoid lifts
7. do not permit to carry personal belongings
8. evacuate in orderly fashion
9. proceed to muster point
10. head cunt at muster point
4.COMPLETION
1. do not resume office unless all clear siren is given

CARRYING OUT A FIRE RISK assessment

1.FORMATION OF A TEAM
2.IDENTIFIES THE HAZARDS
a. Medical station oxygen station
b. Compressed gasses
c. Type of fuel (paper, wood)
d. Smoking, arson, short circuits
e. Training of people
3.WHO MIGHT BE HARMED AND HOW
 Contractors, public, worker, visitor, camp resident, young worker,
expected mother, physically challenged people
4.EVALUATE
 Fire drills, fire detectors, extinguisher, mutual aids arraignments,
alarms, public address, muster points, quantum of fuel, weather
report

SAFE STORAGE of FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCES

IGC 2
A. Always try to reduce flammable substance with less flammable substance
B. Reduce quantities
C. Provide MSDS
D. Fencing and guarding with sings
E. Provide detectors, fire points
F. Consider bund storage
G. Check for ignition sources
H. Provide intrinsically equipment (avoid short circuses)
I. Security arraignments
J. Regular supervision

ELEMENT 7

HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS—ill health caused by a hazardous chemical due

to exposure. EX: silica resulting in silicosis
TYPES of hazardous chemicals
A. Explosive -- LPG
B. Flammable -- petrol
C. Irritant -- ammonia
D. Radioactive -- isotopes
E. Corrosive -- acids

FORMS of hazardous chemicals

a. DUST—suspended particles in air due to cutting/grinding.
EX: silica dust
b. LIQUID-the substance in between freezing point and boiling point
EX: acid
c. GAS—formless fluid that occupies space EX: H2S
d. VAPOR—the substance that is close to boiling point. EX water vapor.

TYPES of exposure (or effect) of hazardous chemicals

1) Acute effect—Exposure to HIGHER CONCENTRATION of a hazardous
chemical to a SHORT duration of time. Often is reversible
EX: fainting due to exposure to methane
2) Chronic effect-exposure to LOVER CONCENTRATION of a hazardous
chemical to a LONG duration of time. Often is irreversible
EX: Silica-silicosis
3) Local effect-The point of contact of hazardous chemical and effect of
hazardous contact are at the same place
EX: acid spill on hand
4) Systematic effect—the point of contact of hazardous chemical and effect
of contact are at the different places
EX; Led effecting the brain

ROUTE OF eatery of hazardous chemical

IGC 2
 A—absorption-skin absorbers
Ex: pain reliever cream,
 I---inhalation-Breathing zone
EX: welding’s fume, smoking
 I—ingestion-Eating and drinking in workplace.
 I—injection—forceful piercing of skin to inject a hazardous
chemical

ROUTE OF ENTRY OF BIO HAZARDS- BODY FLUIDS

 Blood
 Sexually transited diseases
 Sputum
 Saliva

Target ORGAN-organ that is targeted by a hazardous chemical

 LEAD—BRAIN
 ALCOHOL –LIVER

BODY’S (or cellular) DEFENSE MECHANISM

 Blinking of eye
 Tear production
 SNEEZE-powerful mechanism to send the foreign particles
away
 Caught
 Vomit
 Dysentery/diarrhea
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM-drainage system in human body to send
the foreign particles
 FEVER-raises the temperature to indicate the infection
 SCAVENGING ACTIONS-the white blood are involved in fighting
against infection. This is CYTOGENETICS
 Blood loss-possible clouts(coagulation)
 Sweating- cooling of body

RESPIRABLE DUST (SILICOSIS)

The dust particles, which are 20.07 micron in size, can pass cilia. It
enters the lungs on chronic exposure. It can resolute in conduction
called silicosis-lung cancer

EXPOSURE LIMITS
IGC 2
(TLV, WEL, MAC, ILV) same definition
the contraction of a hazardous chemical in air to witch a worker can
be exposed to 8h/day or 40 h a week. EX: ammonia 18ppm
STEL—short time exposures limit (STEL ammonia 25pp)
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 Product label
Date of manufacturing
Date of exposure
Manufacturers name
Contact info
 Professional bodies
ACGIH----
NIOSH--- leaflets or documents on hazardous chemicals
HSE----
 MSD material data safety sheet
Document that is made available by manufacturer

MSD CONTENTS
1. Product label 9. Hazard info: TLV, STEL value
2. Physical property 10. Handling and use
3. Chemical property 11. Transport info
4. Radioactivity and stability 12. Storage info
5. Firefighting information 13. PPE
6. First aid information 14. Disposal info
7. Accidental info 15. Ecological info
8. Toxicology info 16. Any other regularly info

MONITORING TYPES
1.STAIN TUBE MONITORING (DRAGER)-
IGC 2
Select a stain tube to measure hazardous chemical.
Cut both ends, insert the direct end arrow in the pump, keep the pump at 30 cm
from nose. Squeeze the pump for 10 times.
The gas enters the tube and the color changes, measure the reading in ppm of
Hazardous chemical
2.DUST MONITORING
o PASSIVE SAMPLING-a personal dosimeter is attached to the cellar of a
worker after the set duration it is removed and analyzed to get
concentration of Hazardous chemical
o ACTIVE SAMPLING—a filter paper is weight and spread over a sampler.
The sampler is tied around the waist of the worker. keep the sample head
close to ears a filter paper is reweighting to know the concentration of
dust
o DUST LAMP (TYNDALL LAMP)—a powerful beam of light is shown
towards the dust particles. The direction reading gives the concentration
of dust. Care must be taken to keep the lamp surface clean to ensure the
reflectivity of lamp
o STATIC SAMPLING-normally for location monitoring, a high volume
sampler is used like an active sampler to measure dust concentration

CONTROLS OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

1.ENGENERING CONTROL
LEV (local exhaust ventilation)
o HOOD—
 capacity of hood to be considered
 design
 construction of good material
 installation by competent person
 suction speed (1m/s)
o DUCT
 Dust particles get accumulated in duct reducing the air flow
 Periodic cleaning is required
 It may also SAG because of gravity
 Maintained is required
o FILTRATION-
 Regularly emptied to avoid spill
 warning devices are necessary
o EXHAUST FAN
 Correctly positioned
 Blades free from corrosion
 Fan set at correct RPM
o DISCHARGE POINT
 Discharge must be at good height not close to AC or
compressed
IGC 2
2.PPE/RPE (respiratory protective equipment)
 dust mask
 SCBA- Self Containing Breathing Apparatus
 on-line respirators-compressor-supplies air-respirator-face mask

3.UK-HSE CONTROL
A. reduce the contraction of hazardous chemicals
B. Health surveillance of exposure group
C. RPE/PPE
D. Regular reporting of ill-health
E. IITS
F. Consider to replace hazardous chemicals with less
harmful ingredients.
G. modify the process
H. automate the process
I. job rotation of employees
J. monitor the concentration of hazardous chemicals by
measurements

Personal HYGIENE CONTROL

 Avoid drinking/eating in workplace
 Proper hand washing facilities with soap
 Regular shower
 Laundry facilities
 Mess hall (designated)
 Awareness camping of personal hygiene
 Keep nails/ hair short
 Balanced diet
SPECIFIC HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
CARCINOGENS
a. Silicosis
b. Asbestoses

ASBESTOSES-thread like structure

o White o Blue o Brown
CONTROL OF ASBESTOS
1) Avoided use of asbestoses
2) Monitor the place for asbestos contaminating material ACM
3) Provide high efficiency particulate air filter system
4) Enter through clean end-use dirty end- shower exit- clean end
5) Health surveillance
IGC 2
6) Asbestoses containing material-dabble bagged-secure-tangled-hand over
to license environment agency

Carbon monoxide -incomplete combustion

SOURCE-vehicle exhausts, boiler ovens
CONTROL-detector to warn, proper maintained, adequate ventilation
ASTHMAGENIC -chemical producing asthma EX; wood dust

CEMENT
HAZARDS OF CEMENT
o Dust (inhalation) o Heavy metal
o Skin ulcer o Involves manual handling
o Skin burns o Ejection of dust during
o Wet cement –skin allergy concrete mixture

CONTROL of CEMENT
 Consider the sensitivity of skin
 Cover cuts and wounds
 Proper welfare facilities (hand washing)
 Consider to purchase cement without hawed metal
 Reduce the size of bag
 Barricade the mixture (cement) area
 Personal hygiene controls
 RPE/PPE
 IITS
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
1) Bacteria-uni cellular organism, diseases producing bacteria are
called PATHOGENS EX: TB
2) Virus-non cellular organism-it duplicates and multiplies wary
fast EX: common cold
3) Fungi-uni cellular organism, parasites, grows well in moist
condition EX: yeast, mushroom

BACTERIAL DISEASES
 LEPTOSPIROSES (rat fewer) infected rat releases the bacteria in its
excretion. This can enter the body through cuts, or uncovered wounds
SYMPTOMS: fewer, severe back pain, body pain, phenomena,
death
CONTROL: pest control, PPE footwear, cover cuts
 LEGIONER DISES-legionella bacteria (water loving
bacteria) this bacterium enters the body through ingestion. The
bacteria are found in unused shower head or pipelines, swimming pools.
Grows wary well 20C-45C
OCCUPATIONS AT RISK-water plant cooling-tower operators,
swimming pool guards
IGC 2
CONTROLS-keep the water above 65C, Biocides to kill the
bacteria, Regular health surveillance, Shock chlorine of water systems

VIRAL DISEASES
 HEPATITIS A-sewage workers are at greater risk fever and death
 HEPATITIS B-blood medic and Para medic at risk vaccine exists. Fever,
jaundice, death

CONTROLS OF BIO HAZARDS

 Sterilization
 Good sanitation practices
 Vaccination
 Pest control
 Personal hygiene control
 Cover all wounds and cuts by proper dressing
 Rubber boot in vet environment PPE
 Report all ill health
 Safe needle procedure
 IITS
WASTE DISPOSAL
P—prevent waste R—recycle waste
R—reduce waste R—responsibility dispose
R—re-use waste

CONTROL OF BLOOD VIRUSES UK-HSE

o Avoid eating /drinking in work place
o Cover all cuts/ wounds of skin
o Medical waste procedures
o Needle stick injury
o Safe disposal of any sharp, used needles
o Using gloves, goggles, cover mouth
o Use of rubber boots

SPILL KIT
o Accesses the situation
o Alert the personnel services
o Full PPE
o Barricade the spill
o Use the spill kit
o Absorption pad
IGC 2
o The absorption (used)-Dobell bag it, tag it accrue, hand over
licensed environmental agency
o Shower
o Launder clothes
o Replace spill
o Report incident

ELEMENT 8
NOISE
Noise is unwanted sound
The unit to measure sound is dB(A)
Instrument to measure sound is –SOUND LEVEL METER
REGULATION- Noise work regulation 2005

HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE

1. AUDITORY EFFECTS
a) NIHL-NOISE induce hearing loss. The hearing of person drops
down because of exposure to noise on removing the particular
individual from the source of noise he recovers the lost hearing. It is
acute and reversible.
b) PTS-Permanent threshold shift-Chronically long term exposure.
Permanent and irreversible
c) Tinnitus –whispering sand in ears or ringing conditions of ears.
Eardrums are effected-ECHO sound
d) Acoustic trauma-Sudden exposure to huge noise resulting in
rupture of ear drums
2. NON –AUDITORY EFFECTS
 Increase blood pressure  Stressed
 Increase hart rate  Communicational loss
 Sleep disaster  Lack of concentration

CONTROL OF NOISE
S—SOURCE
1. Design and selection of equipment In terms of SPL
2. Legislation regulations
3. Corrective installations
4. Operating as per guidance
5. Arrest loose parts of machine
6. Testing and maintained
7. Lubrication of machines

P—PATH (ENGENDERING CONTROLS)

 ABSORPTION- the wall lining is made of absorbent material to absorb the
noise
 SILENCER-Noise travels in the coils of silencer and the noise energy is
converted to heat
 INSULATION OR ENCLOSURE-The source of noise is trapped up by
isolation material (silica or mineral wool noise gets reduced)
IGC 2
 ISOLATION-The noise machine is separated in a room away from
workers
 DAMPING-the machine is dumped by mounting on the flour using a
damping material like a rubber pad.
 LAGGING-only for HOT fluid carrying pipes or lagged in two in another
container to reduce noise
R—RECOVER
1. HEARING PROTECTIVE equipment Ear plugs, Ear muff

VIBRATION
Physical or mechanical force that can be exerted to a person
a. HAV-hand arm vibration (jackhammer-drilling machine)
b. WBV-whole body vibration (road roller)

HEALTH EFFECTS OF VIBRATION

1.WRULD—work related upper limb disorder(shoulder, neck, back pain)
2. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME—enlarged in the carpal area leading to
severe pain
3. TENNIS ELBOW—elbow is being exposed for longer duration on severe
pressure over stretching elbowed results in pain.
4. TENNITUS- swelling (inflammation) of tendons

2.MSD—muscular skeleton disorder. Pain in muscles, bones, ligaments

and nerves
1. VWF—vibration white finger (Reynolds disease) --The nerves of
hand are compressed due to hand arm vibration. Require amount of
blood does not reach the extremities and palms become white.
2. TINGLING-involuntary movement of finger, poor grip (dexterity)

CONTROLS OF VIBRATION
 Avoid vibration as much as
possible
 Consider automating the process
 Job rotation
 Use-anti vibrating gloves
 Warm clothing-increases blood
circulation and reduces
vibration
 Adjust the seat of equipment
 Avoid jolting and driving on
uneven surfaces
 Consider the design of
equipment during purchase
 Regular health surveillance
 Rest pauses
 PPE, IITS
IGC 2

RADIATION
Radiation is ionizing-receiving huge dose
1.IONAZING RADIATION
 ALPHA PARTICLE-subatomic particle, wary low energy can be
stopped by paper
 BETA PARTICLE—subatomic particle, more energy than alpha it
passes paper but cannot penetrate aluminum sheet, pass human
skin
 GAMA RAY—its energy level is wary high it stops by led sheet
 NEUTRON-Subatomic particle. Wary huge energy level passes
through paper, aluminum but cannot penetrate concrete
 X RAY-man made artificial radiation rays. Bombarding electrons in
electron generators produces it. The effect depends on current and
voltage

2.NON_IONAZING RADIATION
 ULTRAVIOLET—lamps, Sun, heat welding
HAZARDS—skin burn or sand in the eye
 VISIBLE LIGHT—laser printers, photo copy
HAZARDS—skin burn, eye irritation
 MICROWAVE AND RADIO FREQUENCY—cooking, TV transition,
AM, FM stations, mobile phones

HEALTH EFFECTS OF RADIATION

1) Skin burns
2) Hair loss
3) Radiation sickness -nausea, vomit, head ache
4) Keloids-boils on face and back

LONG TERM EFFECT OF RADIATION

 Leukemia-blood cancer  Growth retorted
 Infertility  Cancer
 Genetic mutation  Death

USES OF RADIATION
 Industrial radiology (weld  Medical-x rays
joint checking)  Chemotherapy
IGC 2
 Smoking detectors  Power generator
 Photo electrical guards  Communication system
 Airport screening devices  Cooking

CONTROL OF RADIATION
a) T—TIME-reduce the time of duration
b) D—DISTANCE- increase distance
c) S—SHIELD- provide effective shielding

OTHER WAYS OF CONTROL

 Carry out radiation during lean hours of the day
 Barricading area with signs
 Effective production
 Involve the services of radiation protection officer
 Measure the dose by personnel dose meters
 Calculate annual dose
 Medical screening
 Emergency services-especially to trace the last source
 PPE
 Information, instruction, training, supervision

STRESS
Failure to meet a demand. Failure to response to a stimulation.

CAUSES OF STRESS Effect of stress CONTROL OF

STRESS
 Un realistic targets PHYSICAL EFFECTS  Realistic targets
 Ill-defined roles a. Increasing of blood pressure  Well defined roles
 Conflict b. Sweeting  Work is in
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS capacity of worker
 Poor resources c. Depression  Conflict
EMOTIONAL management
 Poor working d. Dissatisfaction  Motivational
environment e. Tension schemes
BEHAVIOUR
 Poor industrial  Effective
f. Short temper
relationship communications
g. Aggressive behavior
 Ineffective  Stress relevant
h. Low time keeping
communication section
i. Reduce performance
 Not involved in decision BIOLOGICAL  Psychiatrically
making j. CDV- cardio vascular dieses consulting
 Poorly recognized 5. DEATH  Job rotation
 Over loaded  Shift changes
 Lone working  resources
 Long hours of  Welfare
working facilities