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Schlumberger - Drill String Design & BHA Design
Schlumberger - Drill String Design & BHA Design
Schlumberger Private
Drill String and BHA Design
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• API SPEC 5D Specifications for Drill Pipe
• SLB Drill String Design manual
• TH Hill DS-1 Drill String Design
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• Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
• Thread types and tool-joints
• Drill collar weight and neutral point
• Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
• Margin Of Overpull
• Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled.
• Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers.
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• Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
• Bottom Hole Assembly Design
• Drill Pipe Selection
• Buckling and max WOB
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The drillstring serves the three main following functions :
D
1. Transmit and support axial loads - WOB P
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• Kelly
• Surface Safety Valves
• Drill Pipe
• Heavy Walled Drill Pipe
• Drill Collar
• Jars – Shock Subs – Bumper Subs
– Junk Baskets – Accelerators etc…
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well:
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• Supports the weight of the drillstring
• Connects to the swivel and allow circulation thru
pipe.
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The Kelly cock is used to close the inside
of the drillstring in the event of a kick.
The upper & lower Kelly cocks operate
manually.
IBOP / DPSV are not run in the drill string
but kept handy on the rig floor
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Advantages over the kelly system:
1. Efficient reaming and back reaming.
2. Circulating while running in hole or pulling out of hole in
stands
3. The kelly system can only do this in singles; ie 30 ft.
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Stabilizers
Reasons for Using Stabilizers:
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2. Help concentrate the weight of the BHA on the bit.
3. Minimize bending and vibrations which cause tool joint
wear and damage to BHA components such as MWDs.
4. Reduce drilling torque by preventing collar contact with
the side of the hole and by keeping them concentric in
the hole. (FG!!)
5. Help preventing differential sticking and key seating.
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drill Pipe
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drill Pipe
Function
To serve as a conduit or conductor for drilling fluid
To transmit the rotation from surface to the bit on bottom
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Components
A pierced, seamless tube of forged steel or extruded
Aluminum
Tool joints attached to each end of the seamless tube
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill string
Separate pieces of metal welded to the seamless tube
Thick enough to have pin or box cut into them
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3. Grade E - 75, X – 95, G – 105, S – 135
the numbers denote 1000’s of psi minimum yield
strength
For example a drill pipe could be - 5”, Range 2, G-105, 19.5ppf, New
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E or E-75 75,000 85,000 / 105,000
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Stress & Strength
Stress = Strength divided by Cross Section Area
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Minimum Yield Stress
The stress which gives a stretch of 0.5% (0.005”). When the stress
is removed, the steel will have acquired 0.2% of permanent
deformation.
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Used Drill Pipe Classification
Unlike casing and tubing, which are normally run new, drill
pipe is normally used in a worn condition. It therefore has
Classes:
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New: No wear, has never been used
Premium: Remaining wall not less than 80%.
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than 70%.
Class 3: Remaining wall less than 70%.
Other details such as, dents and mashing, slip area mechanical
damage, stress induced diameter variations, corrosion cuts and
gouges, specified on Table 24 ( Classification of Used Drill Pipe ) of
API RP 7G.
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•The drill-pipe can have
• Internal upsets (IU), ( OD stays the same )
• External upsets (EU), ( ID stays the same )
• Internal and External Upsets (IEU).
Plain end Weight – Refers to the weight per foot of the pipe body.
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Nominal Weight - Refers to an obsolete standard. ( Weight of
Range I pipe with connections ) Is used today to refer a class of Drill
pipe.
Adjusted Weight – Refers to the weight per foot of pipe including the
upset but excluding the tool joint based on a length of 29.4 ft
Approximate Weight – The average weight per foot of pipe and tool
joints of Range II pipe. This approximate weight is the number to
use in Design calculations.
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Wt DP Adjusted ×29.4 + Wt ToolJt Approx
Wt/ft =
29.4 +L ToolJtAdj
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( ) (
Wt Tool Jt Adj = 0 .222 × L D 2 − d 2 + 0 .167 × D 3 − D 3TE )
….(2)
− 0 .501×d ×(D − DTE )
2
L= combined length of pin and box (in) D= outside diameter of pin (in)
d= inside diameter of pin (in) DTE= diameter of box at elevator upset (in)
Data from Spec 7 Fig 6 Table 7
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Compare the value against the one published on Table 9 of API
RP7G.
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
DP Data from Table 7 Spec 7
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
API RP 7G
• Table 1-3 New Pipe Data
• Table 4-5 Premium Pipe Data
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• Table 6-7 Class Two Pipe Data
• Table 8-9 Tool-joint Data
• Table 10 Make-up Torque Data
• Table 12 Connection interchangeability
• Table 24 Classification of used DP
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tube torsional strength.
• Make up torque is determined by pin ID or box OD. The make
up torque is 60% of the tool joint torsional capacity. The
equation for determining make up can be obtained from the
appendix of API RPG7. ( Numeral A.8.2 ). This equation is
rather complex, so the API developed a series of charts to find
the recommended make up torque to any connection given the
tool jt OD of box and ID of pin. These charts can be found in
API RP 7G ( Figures 1 to 25 )
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How do these values compare to the ones reported on
Table 10 ?
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drillstring Connections
The most common thread style in drillpipe is NC
The thread has a V-shaped form and is identified by the pitch
diameter, measured at a point 5/8 inches from the shoulder
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Connection Number is Pitch dia*10 truncated to two digits
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pipe and NC 38 for 4 3/4” tool joints and 3 1/2” pipe.
• Seal is provided by shoulder not threads. A clearance
exists between the crest of one thread and the root of the
mating thread
• Use of Lead based dope vs Copper based dope for DCs.
Not for sealing but for lubrication, to help make-up and
prevent galling
Full Hole FH 4
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Extra XH 2-7/8 3-1/2 4-1/2 5
Hole
Dbl DSL 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2
Streamline
Slim Hole SH 2-7/8 3-1/2 4 4-1/2
Ext Flush EF 4-1/2
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drill Collars
Description
They are heavy walled metal tubes
The ends are threaded (box and pin)
Functions
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To put weight on bit (WOB)
To keep the drill string from buckling
Types
Comes in many OD and ID sizes
Typically 4 ¾” to 9 ½” OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Square collars where the holes tend to be crooked
Spiral collars where there is chance of getting stuck
Collars with elevator and slip recesses
DPT Drill String and BHA design
More functions of Drill Collars
1. Protect the Drill string from Bending and Torsion
2. Control direction and inclination of wells
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3. Drill straighter holes or vertical holes
4. Provide Pendulum effect
5. Reduce dog legs, key seats and ledges
6. Improve the probabilities of getting casing in the hole.
7. Increase bit performance
8. Reduce rough drilling, sticking and jumping
9. As a tool in fishing, testing, completing
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2. In areas where differential
sticking is a possibility spiral drill
collars and spiral HWDP should
be used in order to minimize
contact area with the formation.
OD
elevator slip
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Fish neck
recess recess I
connection
D
Well# TRG 1 Bit # 1
Date: 28-Jul-03 Sl # 1234
Rig: IDPT Type atm 234
BHA#: 1 Manuf Hughes
Hole Size 26" Jets 20-20-20
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3 1/2 1 - 1.5 27 - 30 7 1/4 1.5 - 4 93 - 134
3 3/4 1 - 1.5 32 - 35 7.5 1.5 - 4 102 - 144
4 1 - 2.25 29 - 40 7.75 1.5 - 4 112 - 154
4 1/8 1 - 2.25 32 - 43 8 1.5 - 4 122 - 165
4 1/4 1 - 2.25 35 - 46 8 1/4 1.5 - 4 133 - 176
4 1/2 1 - 2.25 41 - 51 8 1/2 1.5 - 4 150 - 187
4 3/4 1.5 - 2.5 44 - 54 9 1.5 - 4 174 - 210
5 1.5 - 2.5 50 - 61 9 1/2 1.5 - 4 198 - 234
5 1/4 1.5 - 2.5 57 - 68 9 3/4 1.5 - 4 211 - 248
5 1/2 1.5 - 2.8125 60 - 75 10 1.5 - 4 225 - 261
5 3/4 1.5 - 3.25 60 - 82 11 1.5 - 4 281 - 317
6 1.5 - 3.25 68 - 90 12 1.5 - 4 342 - 379
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• The shoulder provide the only positive seal against fluid leakage
• The lubricant is Copper based dope
• The connection is the weakest part of the entire BHA
• The DC connections go through cycles of tension-compression
and are subject to bending stresses
• Improper M/U torque, improper or insufficient lubricant, galling
can all lead to connection failure
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• DP body bends easily and takes up the majority of the applied
bending stress, DP connections are therefore subjected to less
bending than the DP body.
• DCs and other BHA components are however much stiffer than
the DPs and much of the bending stresses are transferred to the
connections.
• These bending stresses can cause fatigue failure at the
connections Stress Relief Groove / Bore Back
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Stress Relief Pin & Box Features
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drill Collar Connections
• The stress relief groove is to mitigate the fatigue cracks
where the face and threads would have otherwise joined
• The Bore Back serves the same purpose at the bottom of the
box
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• Stress relief features should be specified on all BHA
connections NC-38 or larger.
• Pin stress relief grooves are not recommended on
connections smaller than NC-38 because they may weaken
the connection’s tensile and torsional strength.
• Bore Back boxes could be used on smaller connections.
• The Low-Torque face is to increase the compressive stress at
normal M/U torque above that of a regular face
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Lo-Torq Feature
•The low torque feature
consists in removing part of
the shoulder area of the pin
and box.
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•This allows for lower make up
torque maintaining adequate
shoulder loading.
•It is a common feature in
large OD connections.
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• If DC make-up torque >Dp make-up torque you have no
routine problems.
• BH Torque at any point should not exceed 80% of make-
up torque for the connections in the hole to avoid over
tightening connections which can lead to damage of seals.
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torsional yield of the H-90 51.1% 56.2%
connection API NC 56.8% 62.5%
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Design
Heavier wall and longer tool joints
Center wall pad
Also available in spiral design
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Function
Used in transition zones between DC and DP
This prevents the DP from buckling
Can be used in compression (?)
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC sometimes (?)
To keep Drill Pipe in tension
Not to be used for Weight on Bit in normal
circumstances
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
Characteristics
• Has the same OD as a standard drill pipe but
with much reduced inside diameter (usually 3”
for 5” DP) and has an integral wear pad upset
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in the middle.
• It is used between standard Drill Pipe and Drill
Collars to provide a smooth transition between
the different sections of the drillstring
components.
• Tool-Joint and Rotary shouldered connection
just like DP
• HWDP, although stiffer than DP, can also
buckle
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Heavy Weight Drill Pipe
HWDP in Compression?
• HWDP can be run both in tension and in compression
BUT!!!
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• Manufacturers recommend not to run HWDP in compression
in hole sizes larger than 12 ¼”
• Experience shows that they should not be run in
compression in Vertical Holes
• If run in compression, rules of thumb are:
• TJOD + 6” > OH diameter
• 2 x TJOD > OH diameter
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• Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
• Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
• Drill Pipe Selection
• Buckling and max WOB
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• Greatest stiffness to resist buckling and smooth directional tendencies
• Cyclical movement is restricted due to tighter Clearances
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• BHA Weight must be sufficient to account for hole
inclination
• BHA Weight must be sufficient so that the neutral point of
axial loads is within the BHA – with a safety factor of 15%
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Tension
Max Available Wt
= 1.15
Max Working Wt
Neutral
point
Neutral Point (NP) to tension
Compression Design should be in drill collars
WOB
WOB
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BF = 1- (MW/65.5)
where
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
MW =Mud weight in use, ppg
65.5 =Weight of a gallon of steel, ppg
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where:
WOB=Desired weight on bit , lbf (x 1000)
BF =Buoyancy Factor, dimensionless
W dc =Drill collar weight in air, lb/ft
1.15 =15% safety factor.
The 15% safety factor ensures that the neutral point remains within
the collars when unforeseen forces (bounce, minor deviation and
hole friction) are present.
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DC Length = DC Length Vertical / Cos I
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Hole deviation = 0°
Mud density = 12 ppg
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• The larger the DC, the stiffer the BHA
• Stiffness Coefficient :
= Moment of Inertia x Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
= л (OD4 – ID4) / 64 x 30.000.000
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Bending Strength Ratio
• BSR is the relative stiffness of the box to the pin of a given connection.
• Describes the Balance between two members of a connection and how they
are likely to behave in a rotational cyclical environment
π (D4 − b4 )
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Z box 32 D
BSR = = Where:
Z pin π ( R − d )
4 4 Zbox = box section modulus
Zpin = pin section modulus
32 R D = Outside diameter of pin and box
b = thread root diameter of box threads at
(D4 − b4 ) . end of pin.
R = Thread root diameter of pin threads ¾
Z box
= 4D 4
. of an inch from shoulder of pin.
BSR = . d= inside diameter or bore.
Z pin ( R − d )
R
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Section Modulus for Connections
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
BSR in DC Connections
• A Connection is said to be balanced
if the BSR is 2.5
• When BSR is higher tend to see
pin failures
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• When BSR is lower tend to see
more box failures
• However, field experience has
shown that:
• 8” Dc having BSR’s of 2.5
usually fail in the box
• 4-3/4” DC having BSR as low as
1.8 very rarely fail in the box.
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This table is from T.H. Hill & Associates Inc. Standard DS-1.
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• Low RPM Hard Formations Large DC (10 in in 12-1/4 hole
2.5-3.2 (3.4 if using lo-torq connection)
• Abrasive formations 2.5-3.0
• New DCs 2.75 – more wear resistant
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• Pages 39-44 of Spec 7G
list the BSR of
Connections by OD and
ID of the collar
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Stiffness Ratio
• The SR measures the stiffness of a connection in a transition between 2
types of pipe
• Based on field experience, in a transition
from one collar or pipe to another the SR
should not exceed
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• 5.5 for routine drilling
• 3.5 for severe or rough drilling
SR =
Z lwr
=
(4
ODupr ODlwr − IDlwr
4
)
4
Z upr ODlwr ODupr (
− IDupr
4
)
Note: Stiffness ratios are calculated using tube ODs & IDs, not connections.
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• Buoyancy
• Safety factor
• Connection Selection
• BSR
• SR
• Torque capability
• Stabilization and other directional requirements
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Given that we will drill a vertical 12 ¼” hole, with 9.5 ppg mud and 65000 pounds
in a relatively hard formations, what API collar would you recommend?
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• Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
• Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
• Drill Pipe Selection
• Buckling and max WOB
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• Less pressure loss in the string
• More hydraulics available at the bit
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load Pw) on the drillstring occurs
at the top joint at the maximum Drillpipe Ldp
drilled depth
Drillcollars Ldc
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[
Tsurf = (Ldp ×W dp + Ldc ×W dc ) × BF ]
….(1)
Drillpipe
Ld
p
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To prevent deformation damage to drillpipe, API recommends the use of
maximum allowable design load ( Pa)
Tmax = 0.9 x Tyield ….(2)
Tmax = Max. allowable design load in tension , lb
Tyield = theoretical yield strength from API tables , lb
0.9 = a constant relating proportional limit to yield strength
IPM Defines a tension Design factor of 1.1 be applied to design loads. These
accomplish the same thing.
Do not double dip!
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Margin of Overpull
Margin of overpull is nominally 50-100k, or in the limit of
the difference between the maximum allowable load less
the actual load
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• Overall drilling conditions
• Hole drag
• Likelihood of getting stuck
• Slip crushing
• Dynamic loading
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for)
[
Tsurf = (Ldp ×W dp + Ldc ×W dc ) × BF ]
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….(1)
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the length of Drill Pipe
T yield ×0 .9 − MOP W dc
Ldp = − × Ldc ….(4)
W dp × BF W dp
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T yield ×0 .9 − MOP W dc
Ldp = − × Ldc
W dp × BF W dp ….(4)
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Assume BF= 0.85
• Carry out calculations without MOP and with MOP of
100,000 lb
• Use API - RP7G Tables for the values of Approximate
Weight (Wdp) and for Minimum Yield Strength
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2
Hoop Stress S h DK DK
= 1+ +
Tensile Stress St 2 Ls 2 Ls
D = Pipe OD (in) ; Ls = Slip length (in )
K = 1 / tan( y + z ) ; y = Slip Taper (9ο 27 ' 45'' )
z = ArcTan( µ ) ; µ = coeff Friction (0.08 for dope )
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Horz to Tang Stress Ratio
Sh
PLoad = PAxial DP SLIP LENGTH
St TUBE 12 in 16 in
2 3/8 1.25 1.18
2 7/8 1.31 1.22
3 1/2 1.39 1.28
4 1.45 1.32
4 1/2 1.52 1.37
5 1.59 1.42
5 1/2 1.66 1.47
6 5/8 1.82 1.59
• You can only drill as far as you can set pipe in the slips.
• Different than overpull, this is based on working loads
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T yield × 0 . 9
Sh
ST W dc
L dp = − × L dc
W dp × BF W dp
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1) The maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when using (a)
new and (b) Premium Drill Pipe. (MOP only)
2) What is the maximum depth that can be drilled taking into
consideration slip crushing force for (a) and (b) above? To what
hook-load does this correspond? What is the MOP in this case?
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Pt ×0 .9 − MOP W dc
Ldp = − × Ldc
W dp W dp
• Step 2
• Drill collars and bottom drillpipe act as the weight
carried by top section…effectively the drill collar
• Apply the equation for top drill pipe last
DPT Drill String and BHA design
Exercise DP - 09 Mixed Drill Pipe
An exploration rig has the following grades of DP to be run in a 15,000 ft
deep well :
• Grade E : New 5” OD –19.5 # NC 50
• Grade G : New 5” OD – 19.5# NC 50
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It is desired to have an MOP of 50000 lbs on the grade E pipe. The total
length and weight of DCs plus HWDP are 984 ft and 101,000 lb
respectively. MW at 15,000’ = 13.4 ppg.
Calculate :
1. Max. length of E pipe that can be used.
2. Length of G pipe to use.
3. MOP for the G and E pipe.
4. Max weight on slips for the G and E pipe.
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• Shock Loads
• Bending Loads
• Buckling Loads
• Torsion
• Torsion with Simultaneous Tension
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External Pressure Load < Collapse rating / 1.15
• When the string is in tension, the Collapse rating is further
de-rated:
PBiaxial Collapse
= K <1
PNonimal Collapse
PBiaxial Collapse 4 − 3Z 2 − Z
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=
PNo min al Collapse 2
Load
Z=
0.7854(OD − ID ) * Yp Average
2 2
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• For Avg Yp Use Table in section 12.8 RP 7G
Grade YpAvg
E 85,000
X 110,000
G 120,000
S 145,000
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annulus will have 12.0 ppg mud. What is the collapse load on
the bottom joint of DP?
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Load
Z=
0.7854(OD − ID ) * Yp Average
2 2
50,000
Z=
0.7854(4.855 − 4.276 ) * 85,000
2 2
Z = 0.1417
DPT Drill String and BHA design
DP -10
PBiaxial Collapse 4 − 3Z 2 − Z
=
PNo min al Collapse 2
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4 − 3 * 0.14167 − 0.14167
2
=
2
PBiaxial Collapse
= 0.922
PNo min al Collapse
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Collapse design factor is 6489/5616=1.16
2 * Yp * t
PBurst =
D
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• Results are found in Spec 7G Table 3,5 & 7
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• In the last example assume we are performing a DST test
in the well at 9000 ft with BHP 200 psi less than the mud
wt. What is the burst DF on the top of the Premium Grade
E
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• BHP= 12*0.052*9,000-200=5,416 psi
• P Surf= 5416-900=4516 psi
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• Overpull tensile design at surface
• Lengths of DP Sections
• Burst Design Check
• Collapse under tension Design check
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Margin of OverPull MOP Desired excess tensile capacity
over an above the hanging weight of the string at Surface.
SLB MOP 50-100K
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design limits to tool joint make-up there is an adequate
design factor built into the system
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Buckling DFB In Highly deviated wells it is possible to use
DP in compression, provided it is not buckled.
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• Drill Collars - Drill Pipe - HWDP
III. Drill String Design
• Bottom Hole Assembly Selection
• Drill Pipe Selection
• Buckling and max WOB
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• Buoyancy is creating a hydrostatic effect: the
Pressure-Area Force
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• The depth is 10000 ft
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load
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• Neutral Point of Bending:
The point within a tube where the sum of
moments are equal to zero
The point within a tube where the average of
the radial and tangential stress in the tube
equals the axial stress
The point within a tube where the buoyed
weight of the tube hanging below that point
is equal to an applied force at its bottom
end
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Buckling
Neutral point of bending is H = WOB / buoyed weight per foot of string
• In vertical wells, buckling will occur only below the neutral point of
bending, hence the necessity to keep the buoyed weight of the BHA
exceeding the WOB
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• In deviated wells, buckling will not only occur below the neutral point
of bending but also above the neutral point of bending when the
compressive force in the drillstring exceeds a critical load
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DPT Drill String and BHA design
Drillstring Design
Now you should be able to describe:
• Functions of Drill Pipe , Drill Collars and BHA selection
• Grades of Drill Pipe and strength properties
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• Thread types and tool joints
• Drill collar weight and neutral point
• Bending Stress Ratios and Stiffness Ratios
• Margin of overpull – Slip crushing force
• Basic design calculations based on depth to be drilled.
• Functions of stabilizers and roller reamers
• Critical Buckling force and Neutral Point of Bending