SECTION ASSESSMENT

I. Some statements of Dalton's original Atomic Theory no longer holds true in modern chemistry and has
been modified. For the original statements below, explain why this is so.
1. An atom cannot be created, destroyed or divided into smaller particles.

- Atoms cannot be created or destroyed, nor can they be broken down into smaller parts due to the Law of
Conservation of Mass. It was later discovered that atoms could be broken down into smaller pieces as a result of
chemical reactions that involve the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms.

2. The atoms of one element cannot be converted into the atoms of another element.

- Atoms of one element cannot be converted into atoms of another element because in chemical reactions, the atoms of
the original substances recombine to form different substances.

3. All atoms of an element have the same properties such as mass.

- Atoms of a given element is all the same (meaning they have the same mass and properties). In all chemical reactions,
atoms retain their identity. This is essentially the Law of Conservation of Matter, which states that there is an equal
amount of mass before and after a reaction.

II. Give examples of compounds that demonstrate the

1. Law of Definite Proportions

- The Law of Definite Proportion, also known as Proust's Law, specifies that a chemical compound's constituent elements
are usually in a specified mass ratio, regardless of its source or preparation process. We can also state the law of definite
proportion in a different manner as well.

An Example of a Law of Definite Proportions:

For example, oxygen makes up nearly 8/9 of any sample of pure water mass, while hydrogen makes up the rest of the
1/9 mass: the mass of two elements present in a compound is always in the same ratio. Along with the Law of multiple
proportions, the Law of definite proportions produces the stoichiometry basis.

2. Law of Multiple Proportions

- The law of multiple proportions states that when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the mass
of one element, which combines with the fixed mass of the other element, will always be a ratio of whole numbers.

An Example of a Law of Multiple Proportions

The law of multiple proportions can be explained by comparing the ethane (C 2H6) compound with the propane (C3H8)
compound. Hydrogen’s weight combined with 1 g of carbon is 0.252 g in the ethane and 0.224 g in the propane. The
ratio is 1.125, which is equal to the ratio of two small numbers (9:8).